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Ivanova M, Ovsepian A, Leekitcharoenphon P, Seyfarth AM, Mordhorst H, Otani S, Koeberl-Jelovcan S, Milanov M, Kompes G, Liapi M, Černý T, Vester CT, Perrin-Guyomard A, Hammerl JA, Grobbel M, Valkanou E, Jánosi S, Slowey R, Alba P, Carfora V, Avsejenko J, Pereckiene A, Claude D, Zerafa R, Veldman KT, Boland C, Garcia-Graells C, Wattiau P, Butaye P, Zając M, Amaro A, Clemente L, Vaduva AM, Romascu LM, Milita NM, Mojžišová A, Zdovc I, Escribano MJZ, De Frutos Escobar C, Overesch G, Teale C, Loneragan GH, Guerra B, Beloeil PA, Brown AMV, Hendriksen RS, Bortolaia V, Kjeldgaard JS. Azithromycin resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella from food-producing animals and meat in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:1657-1667. [PMID: 38775752 PMCID: PMC11215539 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the genetic basis of azithromycin resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella collected within the EU harmonized antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programme in 2014-18 and the Danish AMR surveillance programme in 2016-19. METHODS WGS data of 1007 E. coli [165 azithromycin resistant (MIC > 16 mg/L)] and 269 Salmonella [29 azithromycin resistant (MIC > 16 mg/L)] were screened for acquired macrolide resistance genes and mutations in rplDV, 23S rRNA and acrB genes using ResFinder v4.0, AMRFinder Plus and custom scripts. Genotype-phenotype concordance was determined for all isolates. Transferability of mef(C)-mph(G)-carrying plasmids was assessed by conjugation experiments. RESULTS mph(A), mph(B), mef(B), erm(B) and mef(C)-mph(G) were detected in E. coli and Salmonella, whereas erm(C), erm(42), ere(A) and mph(E)-msr(E) were detected in E. coli only. The presence of macrolide resistance genes, alone or in combination, was concordant with the azithromycin-resistant phenotype in 69% of isolates. Distinct mph(A) operon structures were observed in azithromycin-susceptible (n = 50) and -resistant (n = 136) isolates. mef(C)-mph(G) were detected in porcine and bovine E. coli and in porcine Salmonella enterica serovar Derby and Salmonella enterica 1,4, [5],12:i:-, flanked downstream by ISCR2 or TnAs1 and associated with IncIγ and IncFII plasmids. CONCLUSIONS Diverse azithromycin resistance genes were detected in E. coli and Salmonella from food-producing animals and meat in Europe. Azithromycin resistance genes mef(C)-mph(G) and erm(42) appear to be emerging primarily in porcine E. coli isolates. The identification of distinct mph(A) operon structures in susceptible and resistant isolates increases the predictive power of WGS-based methods for in silico detection of azithromycin resistance in Enterobacterales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirena Ivanova
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Armen Ovsepian
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- DIANA-Lab, Dept. of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
| | | | - Anne Mette Seyfarth
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mordhorst
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saria Otani
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mihail Milanov
- National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Maria Liapi
- Bacteriology Serology Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Cyprus
| | - Tomáš Černý
- State Veterinary Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jens A Hammerl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Szilárd Jánosi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Patricia Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Carfora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - Jelena Avsejenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Asta Pereckiene
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dominique Claude
- Laboratoire de Médecine Vétérinaire de l’État, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Kees T Veldman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Part of Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Ana Amaro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Clemente
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Angela M Vaduva
- Institute for Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Irena Zdovc
- Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Gudrun Overesch
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Guy H Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Amanda M V Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valeria Bortolaia
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Sejer Kjeldgaard
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Cossi MVC, Polveiro RC, Yamatogi RS, Camargo AC, Nero LA. Multi-locus sequence typing, antimicrobials resistance and virulence profiles of Salmonella enterica isolated from bovine carcasses in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1773-1781. [PMID: 38702536 PMCID: PMC11153481 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles and determine the sequence type (ST) by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Salmonella enterica isolates from bovine carcasses from slaughterhouse located in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and its relationship with bovine isolates obtained on the American continent based on sequence type profile. The MLST results were compared with all Salmonella STs associated with cattle on American continent, and a multi-locus sequence tree (MS tree) was built. Among the 17 S. enterica isolates, five ST profiles identified, and ST10 were the most frequent, grouping seven (41.2%) isolates. The isolates presented 11 different profiles of virulence genes, and six different antibiotics resistance profiles. The survey on Enterobase platform showed 333 Salmonella STs from American continent, grouped into four different clusters. Most of the isolates in the present study (13/17), were concentrated in a single cluster (L4) composed by 74 STs. As a conclusion, five different STs were identified, with ST10 being the most common. The isolates showed great diversity of virulence genes and antibiotics resistance profiles. Most of the isolates of this study were grouped into a single cluster composed by 74 STs formed by bovine isolates obtained on the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Costa Polveiro
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Camargo
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
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3
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Dias Costa R, Silva V, Leite A, Saraiva M, Lopes TT, Themudo P, Campos J, Vieira-Pinto M. Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae Control at a Pig Abattoir: Are We Missing Lairage Time Effect, Pig Skin, and Internal Carcass Surface Contamination? Foods 2023; 12:2910. [PMID: 37569179 PMCID: PMC10418833 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide meat safety and consumer protection, appropriate hygiene control measures at an abattoir are required. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of visual fecal contamination level (VFCL) and lairage time (LT) on pig skin (PS) and external (ECS) and internal (ICS) carcass surfaces. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella in PS, ECS, and ICS were evaluated. A total of 300 paired samples were collected from 100 pigs. Results underlined the importance of the skin (Enterobacteriaceae: 3.27 ± 0.68 log CFU/cm2; E. coli: 3.15 ± 0.63 log CFU/cm2; Salmonella: 21% of samples) as a direct or indirect source of carcass contamination. Although VFCL revealed no significant effect (p > 0.05), the increase of LT had a significant impact (p < 0.001) on Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli levels across all analysed surfaces, and Salmonella presence on ICS (p < 0.01), demanding attention to LT. Also, the ICS showed a higher level of these bacteria compared to ECS. These results highlight the need of food business operators to consider ICS as an alternative area to sample for Salmonella, as a criterion for process hygiene based on EC Regulation No. 2073/2005, and as a potential contamination source to be integrated in the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dias Costa
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences/Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Vanessa Silva
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Ana Leite
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- INSA—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Reference Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (T.T.L.)
| | - Teresa Teixeira Lopes
- INSA—National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Food Microbiology Laboratory, Reference Unit, Department of Food and Nutrition, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (T.T.L.)
| | - Patrícia Themudo
- INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Bacteriology and Micology Laboratory, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Joana Campos
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences/Inov4Agro—Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (A.L.)
- Veterinary Science Department—Gab. B.1.02, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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4
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Song L, Tan R, Xiong D, Jiao X, Pan Z. Accurate identification and discrimination of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum by a multiplex PCR based on the new genes of torT and I137_14430. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1220118. [PMID: 37476820 PMCID: PMC10354433 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1220118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cases of chicken salmonellosis are caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, which lead to a significant morbidity and fatality rate. Although the conventional Kaufmann-White scheme is the reliable method for the serotyping of Salmonella, it does not distinguish between closely related biotypes like S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum. Herein, we conducted a single one-step multiplex PCR assay that can identify and distinguish between S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum in an accurate manner. This PCR method was based on three genes, including torT for S. Pullorum identification, I137_14430 for S. Gallinarum identification, and stn as the genus-level reference gene for Salmonella. By comparing S. Pullorum to S. Gallinarum and other serovars of Salmonella, in silico study revealed that only the former has a deletion of 126 bp-region in the carboxyl terminus of torT. The I137_14430 gene does not exist in S. Gallinarum. However, it is present in all other Salmonella serotypes. The multiplex PCR approach utilizes unique sets of primers that are intended to specifically target these three different genes. The established PCR method was capable of distinguishing between the biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum from the 29 distinct Salmonella serotypes as well as the 50 distinct pathogens that are not Salmonella, showing excellent specificity and exclusivity. The minimal amount of bacterial cells required for PCR detection was 100 CFU, while the lowest level of genomic DNA required was 27.5 pg/μL for both S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum. After being implemented on the clinical Salmonella isolates collected from a poultry farm, the PCR test was capable of distinguishing the two biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum from the other Salmonella strains. The findings of the PCR assay were in line with those of the traditional serotyping and biochemical identification methods. This new multiplex PCR could be used as a novel tool to reinforce the clinical diagnosis and differentiation of S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, particularly in high-throughput screening situations, providing the opportunity for early screening of infections and, as a result, more effective management of the illness among flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruimeng Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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5
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Wang Z, Jiang Z, Xu H, Jiao X, Li Q. Prevalence and molecular characterization of mcr-1-positive foodborne ST34-Salmonella isolates in China. Microbiol Res 2023; 274:127441. [PMID: 37356255 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and S. 4,[5],12:i:- have become the most common serovars associated with human salmonellosis worldwide. Moreover, the emergence of mcr-carrying S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i:- with multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns has posed a threat to public health. In this study, we retrospectively screened 2009-2022 laboratory-preserved strains for the presence of mcr genes. We obtained 16 mcr-1-positive S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains with MDR that belonged to sequence type 34 (ST34). Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that the mcr-1 was located on the IncI2 or IncHI2 plasmids. The ISApl1 element downstream of mcr-1 was present in all pig-derived strains. Conjugation experiments confirmed that nine mcr-1-carrying IncHI2 plasmids could not be transferred to Escherichia coli due to loss of the conjugation region. Finally, core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analyses of the 16 mcr-1-carrying strains and 77 mcr-carrying ST34-Salmonella genome sequences from the NCBI and ENA databases showed that five out of eight clusters contained strains from pig and pig products, revealing pigs and pig products as key reservoirs of mcr-1-positive ST34-Salmonella strains. The transmission of mcr-carrying ST34 Salmonella strains to humans via the pig food chain is a potential cause for public health concern in controlling human salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China.
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China.
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Xiong D, Yuan L, Song L, Jiao X, Pan Z. A new multiplex PCR for the accurate identification and differentiation of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983942. [PMID: 36147848 PMCID: PMC9485580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide. The conventional serotyping and biochemical reactions have been used to identify Salmonella serovars. However, the conventional methods are complicated, time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. Furthermore, it is challenging to distinguish S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum via biochemical assays and serotyping because of their antigenic similarity. Although various PCR methods were established, a PCR protocol to detect and discriminate S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum simultaneously is lacking. Herein, a one-step multiplex PCR method was established for the accurate identification and discrimination of S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum. Three specific genes were used for the multiplex PCR method, with the I137_14445 and ybgL genes being the key targets to identify and differentiate S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, and stn being included as a reference gene for the Salmonella genus. In silico analysis showed that the I137_14445 gene is present in all Salmonella serovars, except for S. Gallinarum, and could therefore be used for the identification of S. Gallinarum. A 68-bp sequence deficiency in ybgL was found only in S. Pullorum compared to other Salmonella serovars, and this could therefore be used for the specific identification of S. Pullorum. The developed PCR assay was able to distinguish S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum among 75 various Salmonella strains and 43 various non-Salmonella pathogens with excellent specificity. The detection limit for the genomic DNA of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum was 21.4 pg./μL, and the detectable limit for bacterial cells was 100 CFU. The developed PCR method was used for the analysis of Salmonella isolates in a chicken farm. This PCR system successfully discriminated S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum from other different Salmonella serovars. The PCR results were confirmed by the conventional serotyping method. The newly established multiplex PCR is a simple, accurate, and cost-effective method for the timely identification and differentiation of S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Xinan Jiao,
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Zhiming Pan,
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Ramtahal MA, Amoako DG, Ismail A, Bester L, Abia ALK, Essack SY. Salmonella Yoruba: a rare serotype revealed through genomic sequencing along the farm-to-fork continuum of an intensive poultry farm in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106620. [PMID: 35907503 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen of worldwide public health importance. We characterised Salmonella isolates from poultry along the farm-to-fork continuum using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis. Three multilocus sequence types (MLSTs), i.e., ST15 (1.9%), ST152 (5.9%) and ST1316 (92.2%) and three serotypes, i.e., S. Heidelberg (1.9%), Kentucky (5.9%) and Yoruba (92.2%) were detected. The rare serotype, S. Yoruba, was detected among the farm and abattoir isolates and contained resistance and virulence determinants. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of the aac(6')-Iaa gene associated with aminoglycoside resistance, a single point mutation in the parC gene associated with fluoroquinolone and quinolone resistance, and a single isolate contained the fosA7 gene responsible for fosfomycin resistance. No antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were identified for isolates phenotypically non-susceptible to azithromycin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin and resistance was thought to be attributable to other resistance mechanisms. The fully susceptible profiles observed for the wastewater isolates suggest that the poultry environment may receive antibiotic-resistant strains and resistance determinants from poultry with the potential of becoming a pathway of Salmonella transmission along the continuum. Six plasmids were identified and were only carried by 92.2% of the S. Yoruba isolates in varying combinations. Four plasmids were common to all S. Yoruba isolates along the continuum; isolates from the litter and faeces on the farm contained two additional plasmids. Ten Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and 177 virulence genes were identified; some were serotype-specific. Phylogenetic analysis of S. Heidelberg and Kentucky showed that isolates were related to animal and human isolates from other countries. Phylogenetic analysis among the S. Yoruba isolates revealed four clades based on the isolate sources along the farm-to-fork continuum. Although the transmission of Salmonella strains along the farm-to-fork continuum was not evident, pathogenic, resistant Salmonella present in the poultry production chain poses a food safety risk. WGS analysis can provide important information on the spread, resistance, pathogenicity, and epidemiology of isolates and new, rare or emerging Salmonella strains to develop intervention strategies to improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Ramtahal
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Core Sequencing Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Linda Bester
- Biomedical Research Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Akebe L K Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, KwaZulu-Natal
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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8
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Kang X, Wang M, Meng C, Li A, Jiao X, Pan Z. Prevalence and whole-genome sequencing analysis of Salmonella reveal its spread along the duck production chain. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101993. [PMID: 35839552 PMCID: PMC9289855 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the most important foodborne pathogen in poultry production systems and can infect humans via consumption of contaminated food. Ducks, an important waterfowl widely raised in China, are also a vehicle that transmits Salmonella through the food supply chain. In this study, 701 samples were collected from each production stage of the duck production chain. Salmonella was isolated and identified, and the isolates were tested for drug sensitivity and molecular typing based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) to explore the prevalence of Salmonella in the duck production chain. Altogether, a total of 180 Salmonella isolates (25.7%) were obtained from the duck production chain, 82 (35.7%) isolates were from hatchery samples, followed by 64 (29.2%) from market samples, 17 (23.6%) from farm samples, and 17 (9.4%) from slaughterhouse samples. All isolates were divided into 9 serotypes, among which S. Typhimurium, S. Anatum, and S. Enteritidis were the dominant serotypes. The S. Typhimurium was distributed in various production stages in the duck production chain. Among the 16 antibiotics, selected 60 isolates were only resistant to NAL, indicating that resistance of Salmonella in the duck production chain was low. WGS phylogenetic relationship results based on core-genome SNPs showed that S. Typhimurium can spread across geographic regions and along between different stages of the duck production chain, eventually reaching the market where it is a potential threat to consumer health. This study explored the prevalence of Salmonella in the duck production chain which will provide data support for proposing some interventions to control Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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9
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Xiong D, Zhou Y, Song L, Liu B, Matchawe C, Chen X, Pelle R, Jiao X, Pan Z. Development of a Duplex TaqMan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Accurate Identification and Quantification of Salmonella Enteritidis from Laboratory Samples and Contaminated Chicken Eggs. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050742. [PMID: 35267375 PMCID: PMC8909838 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is a major causative agent of foodborne illnesses worldwide. As the traditional serotyping and quantification methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive, faster and more convenient molecular diagnostic methods are needed. In this study, we developed and validated a rapid duplex TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the accurate identification and quantification of S. enteritidis. The primers and TaqMan probes were designed based on the S. enteritidis-specific gene lygD and the Salmonella genus-specific gene invA. The melt curve and gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the designed primers had potent specificity for the amplification of lygD and invA. The duplex real-time PCR specifically identified S. enteritidis from a panel of 40 Salmonella strains that represented 29 serovars and 12 non-Salmonella organisms. The duplex real-time PCR assay detected four copies of S. enteritidis DNA per reaction. The intra- and inter- assays indicated a high degree of reproducibility. The real-time PCR could accurately detect and quantify S. enteritidis in chicken organs after Salmonella infection. Furthermore, the assay identified 100% of the S. enteritidis and Salmonella genus isolates from chicken egg samples with superior sensitivity after 6 h of pre-enrichment compared to the traditional culture method. Additionally, the most-probable-number (MPN) combined with qPCR and a shortened incubation time (MPN-qPCR-SIT) method was developed for the population determination of S. enteritidis and compared with various enumeration methods. Thus, we have established and validated a new duplex real-time PCR assay and MPN-qPCR-SIT method for the accurate detection and quantification of S. enteritidis, which could contribute to meeting the need for fast detection and identification in prevention and control measures for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chelea Matchawe
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (C.M.); (R.P.)
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde 4123, Cameroon
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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10
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Yuan X, Xue H, Xu X, Jiao X, Pan Z, Zhang Y. Closely related Salmonella Derby strains triggered distinct gut microbiota alteration. Gut Pathog 2022; 14:6. [PMID: 35078518 PMCID: PMC8787955 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-022-00480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Salmonella Derby is one of the most predominant Salmonella serotypes that seriously threatens food safety. This bacterium can be further differentiated to sub-populations with different population sizes; however, whether and how the S. Derby–gut microbiota interactions affect epidemic patterns of S. Derby sub-populations remain largely unknown.
Results
We selected two representative strains, 14T and 14C, which represent rarely distributed and prevalent sub-populations of the S. Derby ST40 group, respectively, to address this question using a mouse model. Effects of oral administration of both strains was monitored for 14 days. Alpha diversity of gut microbiota at early stages of infection (4 h post infection) was higher in 14C-treated mice and lower in 14T-treated mice compared with controls. Strain 14T triggered stronger inflammation responses but with lower pathogen titer in spleen compared with strain 14C at 14 days post infection. Certain known probiotic bacteria that can hinder colonization of Salmonella, such as Bifidobacteriaceae and Akkermansiaceae, exhibited increased relative abundance in 14T-treated mice compared with 14C-treated mice. Our results also demonstrated that Ligilactobacillus strains isolated from gut microbiota showed stronger antagonistic activity against strain 14T compared with strain 14C.
Conclusions
We identified how S. Derby infection affected gut microbiota composition, and found that the 14T strain, which represented a rarely distributed S. Derby sub-population, triggered stronger host inflammation responses and gut microbiota disturbance compared with the 14C strain, which represented a prevalent S. Derby sub-population. This study provides novel insights on the impacts of gut microbiota on the epidemic patterns of Salmonella populations.
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Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotype diversity of Salmonella isolates recovered from retail meat in Hebei Province, China. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 364:109515. [PMID: 35030440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella in 210 retail meat samples (105 raw chicken and 105 raw pork) collected from supermarkets and wet markets in 13 areas of Hebei Province, China, from June to October 2018. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on all 125 Salmonella isolates to investigate their genetic relationship. Core genome multilocus sequence typing of 77 representative isolates was used to further elucidate the genetic relatedness among the Salmonella isolated from retail meat. The mean detection rate of Salmonella in all samples was 59.5% (125/210). The prevalence of Salmonella was 53.3% (56/105) in chicken and 65.7% (69/105) in pork. Chicken and pork samples collected in July had the highest detection rate of Salmonella among the sampling months. The isolates were assigned to 19 serotypes, with S. Derby, S. London, and S. Thompson being the most frequent serotypes. Resistance to tetracycline (primarily used for the treatment of bacterial infections) was observed in 89.6% of the isolates, and 84.0% were resistant to doxycycline (also a tetracycline antibiotic) or gemifloxacin (commonly used for clinical treatment of human acute bronchitis). More than 80% of the isolates were multidrug resistant. A total of 21 sequence types were identified. Sequence type 40 (ST-40), the predominant genotype among all isolates, was found only in pork; the sequence types of chicken isolates were more diverse. A total of 58 different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected in the 125 isolates. Most types of ARGs were associated with aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance. Nevertheless, the tetracycline resistance gene tet(A) was the most frequently occurring ARG in all isolates at 78.4%. Multiple isolates of ST-26 contained 20 ARGs. All isolates of ST-40 were divided into two clusters, with at least 160 allelic differences between them. The findings highlight the need to continually monitor ARGs in foodborne Salmonella with particular emphasis on ST-40 and ST-26; the monitoring should include as many retail meat types as possible in the study area.
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12
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Evangelista AG, Corrêa JAF, Dos Santos JVG, Matté EHC, Milek MM, Biauki GC, Costa LB, Luciano FB. Cell-free supernatants produced by lactic acid bacteria reduce Salmonella population in vitro. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 34738887 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The genus Salmonella is closely associated with foodborne outbreaks and animal diseases, and reports of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella species are frequent. Several alternatives have been developed to control this pathogen, such as cell-free supernatants (CFS). Our objective here was to evaluate the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) CFS against Salmonella in vitro. Seventeen strains of LAB were used to produce CFS, and their antimicrobial activity was screened towards six strains of Salmonella. In addition, CFS were also pH-neutralized and/or boiled. Those with the best results were lyophilized. MICs of lyophilized CFS were 11.25-22.5 g l-1. Freeze-dried CFS were also used to supplement swine and poultry feed (11.25 g kg-1) and in vitro simulated digestion of both species was performed, with Salmonella contamination of 5×106 and 2×105 c.f.u. g-1 of swine and poultry feed, respectively. In the antimicrobial screening, all acidic CFS were able to inhibit the growth of Salmonella. After pH neutralization, Lactobacillus acidophilus Llorente, Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCT 1629, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PUCPR44, Limosilactobacillus reuteri BioGaia, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and Pediococcus pentosaceus UM116 CFS were the only strains that partially maintained their antimicrobial activity and, therefore, were chosen for lyophilization. In the simulated swine digestion, Salmonella counts were reduced ≥1.78 log c.f.u. g-1 in the digesta containing either of the CFS. In the chicken simulation, a significant reduction was obtained with all CFS used (average reduction of 0.59±0.01 log c.f.u. ml-1). In general, the lyophilized CFS of L. fermentum CCT 1629, L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and L. acidophilus Llorente presented better antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, CFS show potential as feed additives to control Salmonella in animal production and may be an alternative to the use of antibiotics, minimizing problems related to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gonçalves Evangelista
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Jessica Audrey Feijó Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Garcia Dos Santos
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique Custódio Matté
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Mônica Moura Milek
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Gabrieli Camila Biauki
- Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
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Wang J, Mei CY, Wu H, Wang Y, Wang ZY, Ma QC, Shen PC, Zhou YY, Jiao X. First detection of CTX-M-14-producing multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 epidemic clone from a retail vegetable, China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 26:252-254. [PMID: 34284127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Cai-Yue Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Han Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qin-Chun Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan-Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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14
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Wu B, Ed-Dra A, Pan H, Dong C, Jia C, Yue M. Genomic Investigation of Salmonella Isolates Recovered From a Pig Slaughtering Process in Hangzhou, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:704636. [PMID: 34305874 PMCID: PMC8298193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.704636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pig industry is the principal source of meat products in China, and the presence of pathogens in pig-borne meat is a crucial threat to public health. Salmonella is the major pathogen associated with pig-borne diseases. However, route surveillance by genomic platforms along the food chain is still limited in China. Here, we conducted a study to evaluate the dynamic prevalence of Salmonella in a pig slaughtering process in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Fifty-five of 226 (24.37%) samples were positive for Salmonella; from them, 78 different isolates were selected and subjected to whole genome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analyses to determine serovar distribution, MLST patterns, antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid replicons, and virulence factors. Moreover, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was performed using the broth dilution method against 14 antimicrobial agents belonging to 10 antimicrobial classes. Our results showed that samples collected from the dehairing area (66.66%) and the splitting area (57.14%) were the most contaminated. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance classified 67 of 78 isolates (85.90%) as having multidrug resistance (MDR), while the highest resistance was observed in tetracycline (85.90%; 67/78) followed by ampicillin (84.62%; 66/78), chloramphenicol (71.80%; 56/78), and nalidixic acid (61.54%; 48/78). Additionally, serovar prediction showed the dominance of Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 (51.28%; 40/78) among the 78 studied isolates, while plasmid prediction reported the dominance of IncHI2A_1 (20.51%; 16/78), followed by IncX1_1 (17.95%; 14/78) and IncHI2_1 (11.54%; 9/78). Virulence factor prediction showed the detection of cdtB gene encoding typhoid toxins in two Salmonella Goldcoast ST358 and one Salmonella Typhimurium ST19, while one isolate of Salmonella London ST155 was positive for genes encoding for the siderophore “yersiniabactin” and the gene senB encoding for enterotoxin production. From this study, we conclude that pig slaughterhouses are critical points for the dissemination of virulent and multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates along the food chain which require the implementation of management systems to control the critical points. Moreover, there is an urgent need for the implementation of the whole genome sequencing platform to monitor the emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant clones along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Hang Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghang Dong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Jia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Tian Y, Gu D, Wang F, Liu B, Li J, Kang X, Meng C, Jiao X, Pan Z. Prevalence and Characteristics of Salmonella spp. from a Pig Farm in Shanghai, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:477-488. [PMID: 34251907 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a major foodborne pathogen that is distributed among most pork production chains worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in Salmonella spp. along the pig breeding process monthly from April 2018 to March 2019 in a pig farm in Shanghai, China, and identify the potential critical control points during the production. In total, 239 Salmonella spp. isolates were obtained from 1389 samples, in which Salmonella were detected from 26.3% (222/843) of fecal samples, 7.1% (17/240) of feed samples, and 0.0% (0/306) of both water and insect samples. Seven different serotypes were identified, with the predominant serotype being Salmonella Derby (21.8%), followed by Salmonella Typhimurium (18.8%), Salmonella Rissen (16.3%), Salmonella Mbandaka (12.6%), and Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- (11.8%). Most probable number (MPN) analysis revealed that the load of Salmonella spp. gradually increased along the pig production chain, while the highest number of Salmonella spp. isolates was at the fattening stage (MPN value, 11-15 MPN/g). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that both Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Derby isolates were grouped to six clusters. The antimicrobial resistance analyzed demonstrated that 80.0% of the isolates were of multidrug resistance and resistant to sulfamethoxazole (84.5%), lincomycin (89.4%), ampicillin (96.9%), oxytetracycline (93.8%), and tetracycline (95.1%). We further evaluated the Salmonella spp. Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) showed an increasing trend along with the testing period indicating that the use of QACs could induce the resistance of Salmonella spp. to QACs. Our study confirmed the dynamic changes in Salmonella spp. over time and space in this pig farm and identified feed and the fattening house as the key points for the prevention and control of Salmonella spp. contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Tian
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan Gu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Yang C, Shao W, Wei L, Chen L, Zhu A, Pan Z. Subtyping Salmonella isolated from pet dogs with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). AMB Express 2021; 11:60. [PMID: 33893895 PMCID: PMC8068741 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella, as a zoonotic pathogen, has attracted widespread attention worldwide, especially in the transmission between household pets and humans. Therefore, we investigated the epidemic distribution of dog Salmonella from pet hospitals and breeding base in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, and used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) to subtype Salmonella isolates. From April 2018 to November 2019, a total of 469 samples were collected from pet hospitals and breeding base, including 339 dog samples and 60 cat samples. S. Kentucky (40.74%) was the most prevalent serotype, but other, such as S. Typhimurium (18.52%) and S. Indiana (18.52%), were also widespread. Eight different sequence type (ST) patterns were identified by MLST and ST198 was the highest proportion of these isolates. CRISPRs analysis showed that 9 different Kentucky CRISPR types (KCTs) was identified from ST198. 48 spacers including 29 (6 News) for CRISPR1 and 19 (4 News) for CRISPR2 that proved the polymorphic of Salmonella genes in samples from different sources. The analysis demonstrated that the common serotypes were widely present in pet hosts in the same area. This analysis shows that CRISPR genes have better recognition ability in the same serotype, which has a positive effect on the traceability of Salmonella and the prevention and treatment of salmonellosis.
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17
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Abstract
Salmonella is recognized as a major human foodborne pathogen and threat to public health world widely. It is important to carry out epidemiological investigations to determine the primary sources of bacterial contamination. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is an important method of the molecular typing, and play an important role in tracking the sources of infection and epidemic control. The PFGE is currently considered as "gold standard" of molecular typing methods for bacterial foodborne pathogen. Here, we describe the PFGE protocol to type the Salmonella from pork.
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18
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Zeng H, Rasschaert G, De Zutter L, Mattheus W, De Reu K. Identification of the Source for Salmonella Contamination of Carcasses in a Large Pig Slaughterhouse. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010077. [PMID: 33477347 PMCID: PMC7831019 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the major source of Salmonella contamination in a pig slaughterhouse, samples were collected from the clean and unclean area and Salmonella isolates were further typed. Carcasses entering the clean area showed a Salmonella contamination rate of 96.7% in the oral cavity and 55.0% in the rectum content samples. Evisceration seemed not to be critical as the contamination rate of the carcasses was similar before (16.7%) and after (18.3%) this slaughter step. In the unclean area, a limited number of oral cavity samples were positive after bleeding, while a dramatic increase of positives was observed after dehairing. Salmonella was detected in up to 0.01 mL of the recycled water collected from the dehairing machine. Genotyping of Salmonella isolates showed that similar pulsotypes were present in the oral cavity and recycled water. Based on these observations it can be concluded that the recycled water used in the dehairing machine was the major source for the carcass contamination in this slaughterhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zeng
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.Z.); (G.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.Z.); (G.R.)
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Infectious Diseases in Humans, Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Koen De Reu
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.Z.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-272-3043
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19
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Wang J, Wang ZY, Wang Y, Sun F, Li W, Wu H, Shen PC, Pan ZM, Jiao X. Emergence of 16S rRNA Methylase Gene rmtB in Salmonella Enterica Serovar London and Evolution of RmtB-Producing Plasmid Mediated by IS 26. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:604278. [PMID: 33519749 PMCID: PMC7843705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.604278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize 16S rRNA methylase genes among Salmonella and to elucidate the structure and evolution of rmtB-carrying plasmids. One hundred fifty-eight Salmonella isolates from one pig slaughterhouse were detected as containing 16S rRNA methylase genes; two (1.27%) Salmonella London isolates from slaughtered pigs were identified to carry rmtB. They were resistant to gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, florfenicol, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The complete sequences of RmtB-producing isolates were obtained by PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing. The isolate HA1-SP5 harbored plasmids pYUHAP5-1 and pYUHAP5-2. pYUHAP5-1 belonged to the IncFIBK plasmid and showed high similarity to multiple IncFIBK plasmids from Salmonella London in China. The rmtB-carrying plasmid pYUHAP5-2 contained a typical IncN-type backbone; the variable region comprising several resistance genes and an IncX1 plasmid segment was inserted in the resolvase gene resP and bounded by IS26. The sole plasmid in HA3-IN1 designated as pYUHAP1 was a cointegrate of plasmids from pYUHAP5-1-like and pYUHAP5-2-like, possibly mediated by IS26 via homologous recombination or conservative transposition. The structure differences between pYUHAP1 and its corresponding part of pYUHAP5-1 and pYUHAP5-2 may result from insertion, deletion, or recombination events mediated by mobile elements (IS26, ISCR1, and ISKpn43). This is the first report of rmtB in Salmonella London. IncN plasmids are efficient vectors for rmtB distribution and are capable of evolving by reorganization and cointegration. Our results further highlight the important role of mobile elements, particularly IS26, in the dissemination of resistance genes and plasmid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Han Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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20
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de Azevedo EC, Martins BTF, Tiba Casas MR, Possebon FS, Araújo Junior JP, Nero LA, Yamatogi RS. Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Swine Lymph Nodes. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:562-570. [PMID: 32865485 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a foodborne pathogen present in the pork production chain, leading to potential contamination of end products and causing salmonellosis cases and outbreaks worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp., especially isolates obtained from animal origin food, is a global concern. This study aimed to isolate Salmonella from swine mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and to characterize the virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles. MLN samples were obtained from a swine slaughterhouse and subjected to Salmonella spp. isolation. Ten MLN samples were positive and 29 isolates were identified based on PCR (invA and ompC) and serotyping: Derby, Cerro, and Give. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis allowed to group the isolates based on their serotypes, resulting in three major clusters. All isolates presented the virulence-related genes pefA, sipA, sopB, spaN, and pagC. Relatively high numbers of Salmonella spp. were resistant to neomycin, polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Furthermore, 25 isolates presented simultaneous resistance to three or more antibiotic classes, being characterized as MDR. The obtained results confirmed the relevance of swine as reservoirs of Salmonella spp. in the pork production chain and demonstrated the MDR profiles of isolates. Proper control and surveillance are required to avoid the contamination of end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Cruz de Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Bruna Torres Furtado Martins
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Sossai Possebon
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Augusto Nero
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Viçosa, Brazil
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21
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Rodrigues GL, Panzenhagen P, Ferrari RG, Paschoalin VMF, Conte-Junior CA. Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal Salmonella Isolates from Human and Swine Sources in Brazil: A Systematic Review of the Past Three Decades. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1260-1270. [PMID: 32412862 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. The widespread use of antimicrobials as prophylactic, therapeutic, and growth promoters in both livestock and human medicine has resulted in selective pressure regarding antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This systematic review summarizes phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles in Salmonella isolates from human and swine sources between 1990 and 2018 in Brazil. The 20 studies that matched the eligibility criteria-isolates from pigs and humans from Brazil, between 1990 and 2016, containing information on the number of Salmonella isolates, and applying the disk diffusion susceptibility method-were included. During the assessed period, Salmonella strains isolated from swine sources displayed the highest resistance rates for tetracycline (20.3%) and sulfonamides (17.4%). In contrast, human isolates displayed the highest resistance rates against ampicillin (19.8%) and tetracycline (17%). Salmonella Typhimurium was the most frequent AMR isolate from both swine and human sources, corresponding to 67% of all isolates. From 2001 to 2005, tetracycline and ampicillin were the top antimicrobial resistance compounds, and the most frequently detected in swine and human sources, respectively. A total of 63 and 58 multiple drug resistance profiles were identified in swine and human isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance has decreased throughout the 1990-2016 period, except for gentamicin and nalidixic acid in swine and human isolates, respectively. The results indicate that Salmonella isolated from human and swine display resistance against clinically important antimicrobials, indicating that swine are possibly one of the main vectors for spreading human salmonellosis in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle Lima Rodrigues
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis, Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis, Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis, Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis, Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Analytical and Molecular Laboratory Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.,National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Gu D, Wang Z, Tian Y, Kang X, Meng C, Chen X, Pan Z, Jiao X. Prevalence of Salmonella Isolates and Their Distribution Based on Whole-Genome Sequence in a Chicken Slaughterhouse in Jiangsu, China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:29. [PMID: 32154275 PMCID: PMC7046563 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella has been known as the most important foodborne pathogen, which can infect humans via consuming contaminated food. Chicken meat has been known as an important vehicle to transmit Salmonella by the food supply chain. This study determined the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic characteristics of Salmonella at different chicken slaughtering stages in East China. In total, 114 out of 200 (57%) samples were Salmonella positive, while Salmonella contamination was gradually increasing from the scalding and unhairing stage (17.5%) to the subdividing stage (70%) throughout the slaughtering. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was then performed to analyze the serotype, antimicrobial resistance gene profiles, and genetic relationship of all Salmonella isolates. The most common serotypes were S. Kentucky (51/114, 44.7%) and S. Enteritidis (37/114, 32.5%), which were distributed throughout the four slaughtering stages, and were also identified in the corresponding environments. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed that seven sequence types (STs) were occupied by six different serotypes, respectively. Only S. Kentucky had two STs, ST314 was the predominant ST shared by 50 isolates, while the ST198 has 1 isolate. The antimicrobial resistance gene analysis demonstrated that most of the strains belonging to S. Kentucky (39/51, 76.5%) and S. Indiana (15, 100%) contained over five groups of antimicrobial resistance genes. Based on the core genome analysis, 50 S. Kentucky isolates were genetically identical, indicating that one S. Kentucky strain with the same genetic background was prevalent in the chicken slaughtering line. Although 37 S. Enteritidis isolates only had three different antimicrobial resistance gene profiles, the core genome sequence analysis subtyped these S. Enteritidis isolates into five different clusters, which revealed the diverse genetic background of S. Enteritidis in the slaughterhouse. The antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were consistent with the presence of the corresponding resistance genes of S. Kentucky and S. Enteritidis, including tetA, floR, blaTEM-1B, strA/B, sul1/sul2, and gyrA (D87Y). Our study observed a high prevalence of Salmonella in the chicken slaughter line and identified the slaughtering environment as a main source of causing Salmonella cross-contamination during chicken slaughtering. Further studies will be needed to limit the transmission of Salmonella in the slaughterhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Tian
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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23
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Li Q, Yin J, Li Z, Li Z, Du Y, Guo W, Bellefleur M, Wang S, Shi H. Serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes of Salmonella isolated from a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, China. AMB Express 2019; 9:210. [PMID: 31884559 PMCID: PMC6935380 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important food-borne pathogen associated with public health and high economic losses. To investigate the prevalence and the characteristics of Salmonella in a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, a total of 80 Salmonella isolates were isolated from 459 (17.43%) samples in 2016–2017. S. Derby (35/80, 43.75%) was the most prevalent, followed by S. Rissen (16/80, 20.00%) and S. Newlands (11/80, 13.75%). The highest rates of susceptibility were observed to cefoxitin (80/80, 100.0%) and amikacin (80/80, 100.0%), followed by aztreonam (79/80, 98.75%) and nitrofurantoin (79/80, 98.75%). The highest resistance rate was detected for tetracycline (65/80, 81.25%), followed by ampicillin (60/80, 75.00%), bactrim (55/80, 68.75%), and sulfisoxazole (54/80, 67.50%). Overall, 91.25% (73/80) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while 71.25% (57/80) of the isolate strains were multidrug resistant in the antimicrobial susceptibility tested. In addition, 86.36% (19/22) of the 22 antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolates were identified. Our data indicated that the resistance to certain antimicrobials was significantly associated, in part, with antimicrobial resistance genes. Furthermore, 81.25% (65/80) isolates harbored the virulence gene of mogA, of which 2 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates carried the mogA, spvB and spvC virulence genes at the same time. The results showed that swine products in the slaughterhouse were contaminated with multidrug resistant Salmonella commonly, especially some isolates carry the spv virulence genes. The virulence genes might facilitate the dissemination of the resistance genes to consumers along the production chain, suggesting the importance of controlling Salmonella during slaughter for public health.
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24
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Ferrari RG, Rosario DKA, Cunha-Neto A, Mano SB, Figueiredo EES, Conte-Junior CA. Worldwide Epidemiology of Salmonella Serovars in Animal-Based Foods: a Meta-analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00591-19. [PMID: 31053586 PMCID: PMC6606869 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are among the most important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of human death among diarrheal diseases worldwide. Animals are the primary source of this pathogen, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of Salmonella serovars is key to controlling and monitoring this bacterium. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella enterica serovars in animal-based foods (beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) throughout the five continents (Africa, the Americas [North and Latin America], Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The meta-analysis consisted of a chemometric assessment (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to identify the main epidemiological findings, including the prevalence and diversity of the Salmonella serovars in each matrix. Regarding the serovar distribution, S Typhimurium presented a cosmopolitan distribution, reported in all four assessed matrices and continents; poultry continues to play a central role in the dissemination of the Enteritidis serovar to humans, and Anatum and Weltevreden were the most frequently found in beef and seafood, respectively. Additionally, we recommended careful monitoring of certain serovars, such as Derby, Agona, Infantis, and Kentucky. Finally, given the scientific data regarding the most frequently reported serovars and which matrices constitute the main vehicles for the transmission of this pathogen, control programs may be improved, and specific interventions may be implemented in an attempt to reduce the risk of this pathogen reaching humans.IMPORTANCE Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella spp. and is the third leading cause of death among food-transmitted diseases. This pathogen is commonly disseminated in domestic and wild animals, and the infection's symptoms are characterized by acute fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The animals are the primary source of salmonellae, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Therefore, data collected from these sources could contribute to future global interventions for effective control and surveillance of Salmonella along the food chain. In light of this, the importance of our research is in identifying the prevalence of Salmonella serovars in four animal-based food matrices (pork, poultry, beef, and seafood) and to evaluate the importance that each matrix has as the primary source of this pathogen to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela G Ferrari
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denes K A Rosario
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adelino Cunha-Neto
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E S Figueiredo
- Animal Science Program, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Prevalence and characterisation of Salmonella Waycross and Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae in Nile perch (Lates niloticus) of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Shang K, Wei B, Jang HK, Kang M. Phenotypic characteristics and genotypic correlation of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Salmonella isolates from a poultry slaughterhouse and its downstream retail markets. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Xu H, Zhang W, Guo C, Xiong H, Chen X, Jiao X, Su J, Mao L, Zhao Z, Li Q. Prevalence, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles Among Salmonella Isolated from Food Catering Workers in Nantong, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:346-351. [PMID: 30657345 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a worldwide foodborne pathogen causing human disease. Food handlers, who are potential carriers of Salmonella, may transmit the pathogen to consumers through food. To determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars among food handlers working in the catering industry in Nantong, China, a total of 214,542 food handlers' fecal samples were tested for Salmonella in the Nantong CDC (Centers for Disease Control) from 2012 to 2017. Among those tested, 193 (0.09%) were identified to be positive for Salmonella, and the highest detection rate was 0.16% during the period of July to September. Serotyping analysis showed that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was the predominant serotype (16.1%), followed by Salmonella Derby (13.5%), Salmonella Enteritidis (11.4%), and Salmonella London (11.4%). The high detection rate of Salmonella Derby was probably closely related to its high prevalence of the serotype in pork, which is the primary meat consumed by the Chinese. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis demonstrated that 73.4% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains with predominant resistance to ampicillin (AMP, 64.6%), followed by resistance to sulfisoxazole (SUL, 58.1%), nalidixic acid (55.8%), and tetracycline (TET, 44.5%). Therefore, MDR Salmonella strain carriage among food handlers working in the catering industry might be a potential source of human salmonellosis, especially for the predominant MDR genotype isolates (32.3%) with resistance to AMP, SUL, and TET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China.,2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Chen Guo
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Haiping Xiong
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Su
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Liting Mao
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- 1 Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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28
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Fei X, Yin K, Yin C, Hu Y, Li J, Zhou Z, Tian Y, Geng S, Chen X, Pan Z, Li Q, Jiao X. Analyses of prevalence and molecular typing reveal the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infection across two breeder chicken farms. Poult Sci 2019; 97:4374-4383. [PMID: 30016482 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance were evaluated at various production stages in 2 geographically separated breeder farms (referred to as G and F). Day-old chicks for the breeder flock at farm F were purchased from farm G. A total of 219 Salmonella isolates, all identified as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, were recovered from 1,430 samples (sick chicken carcasses and/or dead embryos). The isolation rates at breeder farms G and F were 10.53% (56/532) and 18.15% (163/898), respectively. Resistance to 4-6 antimicrobial agents was the most frequent phenotype during the laying stage at both farms, suggesting that chicks are exposed to higher risk of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infection during this stage of the breeding process. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) typing, 5 CRISPR patterns were identified, out of which one pattern was shared by the 2 farms. In addition, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing result indicated that 2 clusters (PF-1 and PF-2) were shared among the 2 breeder farms, suggesting that strains were transmitted from breeder farm G to farm F via the trade of day-old chicks. Our findings suggested that the trade of day-old breeder chicks could be one of the potential Salmonella transmission routes, and antibiotics should be administered with caution during the laying stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fei
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Kequan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Chao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Yachen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Zihao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Yuqi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 225009, China
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29
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Xiong D, Song L, Pan Z, Jiao X. Identification and Discrimination of Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum Based on a One-Step Multiplex PCR Assay. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1718. [PMID: 30108571 PMCID: PMC6079294 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Pullorum (S. Pullorum) and Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) can result in pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in avian species, respectively, and cause considerable economic losses in poultry in many developing countries. Conventional Salmonella serotyping is a time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive process, and the two biovars cannot be distinguished using the traditional serological method. In this study, we developed a rapid and reliable one-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to simultaneously identify and discriminate the biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum. The multiplex PCR method focused on three specific genes, stn, I137_08605 and ratA. Based on bioinformatics analysis, we found that gene I137_08605 was present only in S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, and a region of difference in ratA was deleted only in S. Pullorum after comparison with that of S. Gallinarum and other Salmonella serovars. Three pairs of primers specific for the three genes were designed for the multiplex PCR system and their selectivity and sensitivity were determined. The multiplex PCR results showed that S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum could be identified and discriminated accurately from all tested strains including 124 strains of various Salmonella serovars and 42 strains of different non-Salmonella pathogens. In addition, this multiplex PCR assay could detect a minimum genomic DNA concentration of 67.4 pg/μL, and 100 colony forming units. The efficiency of the multiplex PCR was evaluated by detecting natural-occurring Salmonella isolates from a chicken farm. The results demonstrated that the established multiplex PCR was able to identify S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum individually, with results being consistent with traditional serotyping and biochemical testing. These results demonstrated that a highly accurate and simple biovar-specific multiplex PCR assay could be performed for the rapid identification and discrimination of Salmonella biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, which will be useful, particularly under massive screening situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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30
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The prevalence and load of Salmonella, and key risk points of Salmonella contamination in a swine slaughterhouse in Jiangsu province, China. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Ni P, Xu Q, Yin Y, Liu D, Zhang J, Wu Q, Tian P, Shi X, Wang D. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella serovars isolated from farm products in Shanghai. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Pereira JM, Leme LM, Perdoncini MRFG, Valderrama P, Março PH. Fast Discrimination of Milk Contaminated with Salmonella sp. Via Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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