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Moulick D, Ghosh D, Gharde Y, Majumdar A, Upadhyay MK, Chakraborty D, Mahanta S, Das A, Choudhury S, Brestic M, Alahmadi TA, Ansari MJ, Chandra Santra S, Hossain A. An assessment of the impact of traditional rice cooking practice and eating habits on arsenic and iron transfer into the food chain of smallholders of Indo-Gangetic plain of South-Asia: Using AMMI and Monte-Carlo simulation model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28296. [PMID: 38560133 PMCID: PMC10981068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the consequences of rice cooking and soaking of cooked rice (CR) with or without arsenic (As) contaminated water on As and Fe (iron) transfer to the human body along with associated health risk assessment using additive main-effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and Monte Carlo Simulation model. In comparison to raw rice, As content in cooked rice (CR) and soaked cooked rice (SCR) enhanced significantly (at p < 0.05 level), regardless of rice cultivars and locations (at p < 0.05 level) due to the use of As-rich water for cooking and soaking purposes. Whereas As content in CR and SCR was reduced significantly due to the use of As-free water for cooking and soaking purposes. The use of As-free water (AFW) also enhanced the Fe content in CR. The overnight soaking of rice invariably enhanced the Fe content despite the use of As-contaminated water in SCR however, comparatively in lesser amount than As-free rice. In the studied area, due to consumption of As-rich CR and SCR children are more vulnerable to health hazards than adults. Consumption of SCR (prepared with AFW) could be an effective method to minimize As transmission and Fe enrichment among consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Moulick
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
- Plant Stress Biology & Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Dibakar Ghosh
- ICAR−Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Yogita Gharde
- ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur, 482004, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arnab Majumdar
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Munish Kumar Upadhyay
- Centre for Environmental Science & Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Deep Chakraborty
- Department of Environmental Science, Amity School of Life Sciences (ASLS), Amity University, Madhya Pradesh (AUMP), Gwalior, 474005, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Subrata Mahanta
- Department of Chemistry, NIT Jamshedpur, Adityapur, Jamshedpur, 831014, Jharkhand, India
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, 813210, India
| | - Shuvasish Choudhury
- Plant Stress Biology & Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Marian Brestic
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01, Nitra, Slovak, Slovakia
| | - Tahani Awad Alahmadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Medical City, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly), Moradabad, 244001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhas Chandra Santra
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Akbar Hossain
- Division of Soil Science, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
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Planer-Friedrich B, Kerl CF, Colina Blanco AE, Clemens S. Dimethylated Thioarsenates: A Potentially Dangerous Blind Spot in Current Worldwide Regulatory Limits for Arsenic in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9610-9618. [PMID: 35901520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) occurrence in rice is a serious human health threat. Worldwide, regulations typically limit only carcinogenic inorganic As, but not possibly carcinogenic dimethylated oxyarsenate (DMA). However, there is emerging evidence that "DMA", determined by routine acid-based extraction and analysis, hides a substantial share of dimethylated thioarsenates that have similar or higher cytotoxicities than arsenite. Risk assessments characterizing the in vivo toxicity of rice-derived dimethylated thioarsenates are urgently needed. In the meantime, either more sophisticated methods based on enzymatic extraction and separation of dimethylated oxy- and thioarsenates have to become mandatory or total As should be regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carolin F Kerl
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrea E Colina Blanco
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Plant Physiology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Abstract
Arsenic poisoning constitutes a major threat to humans, causing various health problems. Almost everywhere across the world certain “hotspots” have been detected, putting in danger the local populations, due to the potential consumption of water or food contaminated with elevated concentrations of arsenic. According to the relevant studies, Asia shows the highest percentage of significantly contaminated sites, followed by North America, Europe, Africa, South America and Oceania. The presence of arsenic in ecosystems can originate from several natural or anthropogenic activities. Arsenic can be then gradually accumulated in different food sources, such as vegetables, rice and other crops, but also in seafood, etc., and in water sources (mainly in groundwater, but also to a lesser extent in surface water), potentially used as drinking-water supplies, provoking their contamination and therefore potential health problems to the consumers. This review reports the major areas worldwide that present elevated arsenic concentrations in food and water sources. Furthermore, it also discusses the sources of arsenic contamination at these sites, as well as selected treatment technologies, aiming to remove this pollutant mainly from the contaminated waters and thus the reduction and prevention of population towards arsenic exposure.
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Roel A, Campos F, Verger M, Huertas R, Carracelas G. Regional variability of arsenic content in Uruguayan polished rice. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132426. [PMID: 34606901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the country internal variability of arsenic (As) accumulation in rice grain across different rice production regions is very important in order to analyze its compliance with international and regional limits. A robust sampling study scheme (n = 150 samples) was performed to determine total arsenic (tAs) and inorganic (iAs) levels from polished rice grain covering all rice producing regions along two growing seasons. The mean and median concentration of tAs were 0.178 mg kg-1 and 0.147 mg kg-1, with a minimum and maximum value of 0.015 mg kg-1 and 0.629 mg kg-1, respectively and a coefficient of variation of 63.6%. The mean and median concentration of iAs were 0.062 mg kg-1 and 0.055 mg kg-1 respectively ranging from 0.005 mg kg-1 up to a maximum of 0.195 mg kg-1 and a coefficient of variation of 51.5%. A moderate correlation was revealed within iAs and tAs. Levels of iAs in all of the samples were below the international limits of 0.2 mg kg-1 according to the international limits for human health by the Codex Alimentarius (FAO and WHO, 2019). Rice fields cultivated on soils originated from igneous geological material reported lower arsenic levels accumulated in rice grain in relation to sedimentary soils. Japonica cultivars presented significantly lower tAs and iAs concentrations than Indica ones (p = 0.0121 and p < 0.0001; respectively). Consumption of rice by male and female adults in Uruguay is safe according to its level of annual consumption and based on the mean iAs levels determined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roel
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Uruguay.
| | - F Campos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Uruguay
| | - M Verger
- Technological Laboratory of Uruguay LATU, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Huertas
- Technological Laboratory of Uruguay LATU, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - G Carracelas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Uruguay
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Kasote D, Sreenivasulu N, Acuin C, Regina A. Enhancing health benefits of milled rice: current status and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8099-8119. [PMID: 34036858 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1925629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Milled rice is an essential part of the regular diet for approximately half of the world's population. Its remarkable commercial value and consumer acceptance are mostly due to its promising cooking qualities, appealing sensory properties, and longer shelf life. However, the significant loss of the nutrient-rich bran layer during milling makes it less nutritious than the whole grain. Thus, enhancing the nutritive value of milled rice is vital in improving the health and wellbeing of rice consumers, particularly for those residing in the low-economic zones where rice is the primary source of calories and nutrition. This article provides a critical review on multiple frontiers of recent interventions, such as (1) infusing the genetic diversity to enrich amylose and resistant starch to reduce glycaemic index, (2) enhancing the minerals and vitamins through complementary fortification and biofortification as short and long-term interventions, and (3) developing transgenic solutions to improve the nutrient levels of milled rice. Additionally, the review highlights the benefits of functional ingredients of milled rice to human health and the potential of enhancing them in rice to address the triple burden of malnutrition. The potential merit of milled rice concerning food safety is also reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kasote
- Centre of Excellence in Rice Value Addition (CERVA), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South Asia Regional Centre, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Cecilia Acuin
- Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Ahmed Regina
- Centre of Excellence in Rice Value Addition (CERVA), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), South Asia Regional Centre, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India
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