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Lawrence S, Elliott C, Huisman W, Dean M, van Ruth S. Food fraud threats in UK post-harvest seafood supply chains; an assessment of current vulnerabilities. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:30. [PMID: 38802407 PMCID: PMC11130318 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Seafood fraud is commonly reported on food fraud databases and deceptive practices are highlighted by numerous studies, with impacts on the economy, health and marine conservation. Food fraud assessments are a widely accepted fraud mitigation and prevention activity undertaken to identify possible points of deception within a supply chain. This study aims to understand the food fraud vulnerability of post-harvest seafood supply chains in the UK and determine if there are differences according to commodity, supply chain node, business size and certification status. The SSAFE food fraud vulnerability assessment tool was used to assess 48 fraud factors relating to opportunities, motivations and controls. The analysis found seafood supply chains to have a medium vulnerability to food fraud, with the highest perceived vulnerability in technical opportunities. Certification status was a stronger determinant of vulnerability than any other factor, particularly in the level of controls, a factor that also indicated a higher perceived level of vulnerability in smaller companies and the food service industry. This paper also reviews historic food fraud trends in the sector to provide additional insights and the analysis indicates that certain areas of the supply chain, including uncertified prawn supply chains, salmon supply chains and food service companies, may be at higher risk of food fraud. This study conducts an in-depth examination of food fraud vulnerability relating to the UK and for seafood supply chains and contributes to a growing body of literature identifying areas of vulnerability and resilience to food related criminality within the global food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lawrence
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Wim Huisman
- Faculty of Law, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Moira Dean
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Saskia van Ruth
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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2
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Acosta-Pérez VJ, Ángeles-Hernández JC, Vega-Sánchez V, Zepeda-Velázquez AP, Añorve-Morga J, Ponce-Noguez JB, Reyes-Rodríguez NE, De-La-Rosa-Arana JL, Ramírez-Paredes JG, Gómez-De-Anda FR. Prevalence of Parasitic Infections with Zoonotic Potential in Tilapia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202800. [PMID: 36290186 PMCID: PMC9597807 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilapia has a high socioeconomic value in many countries worldwide. However, it has been identified as a zoonotic parasite reservoir. A systematic literature search and meta-analysis were carried out in order to estimate the global prevalence of zoonotic parasites that affect tilapia. The search was performed by three field experts to avoid reviewer bias. Polled prevalence was estimated using a logistic-normal random-effect regression model in the R software. We dealt with the heterogeneity among studies through subgroup analysis, taking into account the continent, country, genus of the host, parasite taxonomic group, sample origin, and type of diagnostic test as moderator variables. Fifty-two eligible articles were identified covering five tilapia genera with a pooled prevalence of 0.14 (95% CI: 0.10−0.20) showed significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98.4; p < 0.001). The subgroup analysis revealed that the most affected host was Sarotherodon, with a prevalence of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.22−0.65). Cestode was the taxonomic group with the largest prevalence (0.40; 95% CI:0.32−0.48), followed by amoeba (0.24; 95% CI: 0.16−0.35) and nematode (0.22; 95% CI: 0.11−0.38), among which, Schyzocotyle spp., Opistorchis spp., Gnathostoma spp. and Vermamoeba spp. have an impact on public health. Significant differences (p < 0.004) were found among continents and countries, with the highest value of prevalence detected in the African continent (0.28; 95% CI: 0.20−0.37), specifically in Tanzania (0.56; 95% CI: 0.22−0.87) and Egypt (0.43; 95% CI: 0.20−0.55). The origin of samples had a significant effect (p < 0.0001) on the detected prevalence, especially from those that showed the highest prevalence (0.24; 95% CI: 0.17−0.33). Finally, there were no differences in prevalence according to the diagnostic test (p = 0.97). Our results provide useful information on the development of epidemiological programs for the control of zoonoses associated with parasites in tilapia and in the design, planning, and implementation of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Johan Acosta-Pérez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Ángeles-Hernández
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.C.Á.-H.); (F.R.G.-D.-A.); Tel.: +52-77-2106-7438 (J.C.Á.-H.); +52-55-3745-2556 (F.R.G.-D.-A.)
| | - Vicente Vega-Sánchez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico
| | - Andrea Paloma Zepeda-Velázquez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico
| | - Javier Añorve-Morga
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básica e Ingeniería, Kilometro 4.5 Carretera Pachuca—Tulancingo, Col. Carbonera Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo 42082, Mexico
| | | | - Nydia Edith Reyes-Rodríguez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis De-La-Rosa-Arana
- Microbiología en Salud Humana, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuahutitlan Izcalli, Estado de Mexico 54743, Mexico
| | - José Gustavo Ramírez-Paredes
- Ridgeway Biologicals Ltd., a Ceva Santé Animale Company, Units 1–3 Old Station Business Park, Compton RG20 6NE, UK
| | - Fabián Ricardo Gómez-De-Anda
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.C.Á.-H.); (F.R.G.-D.-A.); Tel.: +52-77-2106-7438 (J.C.Á.-H.); +52-55-3745-2556 (F.R.G.-D.-A.)
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3
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Mislabeling in seafood products sold on the Italian market: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Socorro TR, Joran V, Sofie D. Evaluation of DNA metabarcoding using Oxford Nanopore sequencing for authentication of mixed seafood products. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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5
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Establishment of a rapid method for skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) authentication using molecular beacons in loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Food Chem 2022; 382:132365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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More Than Fish—Framing Aquatic Animals within Sustainable Food Systems. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101413. [PMID: 35626983 PMCID: PMC9141230 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic animals are diverse in terms of species, but also in terms of production systems, the people involved, and the benefits achieved. In this concept piece, we draw on literature to outline how the diversity of aquatic animals, their production, and their consumption all influence their impact within the food system. Built on evidence from an array of reductionist and non-reductionist literature, we suggest that food systems researchers and policymakers adapt current methods and theoretical frameworks to appropriately contextualise aquatic animals in broader food systems. We do this through combining current understandings of food systems theory, value chain, livelihoods, nutritional outcomes, and planetary boundaries thinking. We make several claims around understanding the role of aquatic animals in terms of nutritional output and environmental impacts. We suggest a need to consider: (1) the diversity of species and production methods; (2) variable definitions of an “edible yield”; (3) circular economy principles and the impacts of co-products, and effects beyond nutrient provision; (4) role of aquatic animals in the overall diet; (5) contextual effects of preservation, preparation, cooking, and consumer choices; (6) globalised nature of aquatic animal trade across the value chain; and (7) that aquatic animals are produced from a continuum, rather than a dichotomy, of aquaculture or fisheries. We conclude by proposing a new framework that involves cohesive interdisciplinary discussions around aquatic animal foods and their role in the broader food system.
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7
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Yao L, Qu M, Jiang Y, Guo Y, Li N, Li F, Tan Z, Wang L. The development of genus-specific and species-specific real-time PCR assays for the authentication of Patagonian toothfish and Antarctic toothfish in commercial seafood products. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1674-1683. [PMID: 34453344 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The substitution or mislabeling of toothfish is an issue of significant concern for seafood authorities; it also reduces the effectiveness of marine conservation and management programs for its over-exploitation and illegal trafficking, boosting the need for identification methods. RESULTS Two species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the identification of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) and Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) and a genus-specific real-time PCR assay for Dissostichus spp. identification were developed based on fragments of the 16S rRNA and COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) genes. These methods were confirmed to be rapid, simple, and sensitive (absolute sensitivity of 0.0002 ng μL-1 and relative sensitivity of 0.1 g kg-1 with good specificity). These methods can be applied to processed and commercial fish products. CONCLUSIONS These approaches can be beneficial for protecting both consumers and producers from economic fraud and might also help protect toothfish from over-exploitation as well as combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fisheries. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengling Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
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8
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Mislabelled frozen fish fillets in the Klang Valley in Malaysia and its potential impact on consumers. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-022-01373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Chang CH, Tsai ML, Huang TT, Wang YC. Authentication of fish species served in conveyor-belt sushi restaurants in Taiwan using DNA barcoding. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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DNA barcoding of yellow croakers (Larimichthys spp.) and morphologically similar fish species for authentication. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid screening of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in processed fish products. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Fast and Green Method to Control Frauds of Geographical Origin in Traded Cuttlefish Using a Portable Infrared Reflective Instrument. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081678. [PMID: 34441458 PMCID: PMC8391955 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate seafood origin identification is essential for labelling regulation but also economic and ecological issues. Near infrared (NIRS) reflectance spectroscopy was employed to assess the origins of cuttlefish caught from five fishing FAO areas (Adriatic Sea, northeastern and eastern central Atlantic Oceans, and eastern Indian and western central Pacific Oceans). A total of 727 cuttlefishes of the family Sepiidae (Sepia officinalis and Sepiella inermis) were collected with a portable spectrophotometer (902–1680 nm) in a wholesale fish plant. NIR spectra were treated with standard normal variate, detrending, smoothing, and second derivative before performing chemometric approaches. The random forest feature selection procedure was executed to select the most significative wavelengths. The geographical origin classification models were constructed on the most informative bands, applying support vector machine (SVM) and K nearest neighbors algorithms (KNN). The SVM showed the best performance of geographical classification through the hold-out validation according to the overall accuracy (0.92), balanced accuracy (from 0.83 to 1.00), sensitivity (from 0.67 to 1.00), and specificity (from 0.88 to 1.00). Thus, being one of the first studies on cuttlefish traceability using NIRS, the results suggest that this represents a rapid, green, and non-destructive method to support on-site, practical inspection to authenticate geographical origin and to contrast fraudulent activities of cuttlefish mislabeled as local.
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13
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Bioinformatics Approach to Mitigate Mislabeling in EU Seafood Market and Protect Consumer Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147497. [PMID: 34299949 PMCID: PMC8305968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fisheries products are some of the most traded commodities world-wide and the potential for fraud is a serious concern. Fish fraud represents a threat to human health and poses serious concerns due to the consumption of toxins, highly allergenic species, contaminates or zoonotic parasites, which may be present in substituted fish. The substitution of more expensive fish by cheaper species, with similar morphological characteristics but different origins, reflects the need for greater transparency and traceability upon which which the security of the entire seafood value-chain depends. Even though EU regulations have made significant progress in consumer information by stringent labelling requirements, fraud is still widespread. Many molecular techniques such as DNA barcoding provide valuable support to enhance the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) in the protection of consumer interests by unequivocally detecting any kind of fraud. This paper aims to highlight both the engagement of EU fishery policy and the opportunity offered by new biotechnology instruments to mitigate the growing fraud in the globalized fish market and to enforce the food security system to protect consumers' health. In this paper, after a presentation of EU rules on fish labeling and a general overview on the current state of the global fish market, we discuss the public health implications and the opportunities offered by several techniques based on genetics, reporting a case study to show the efficacy of the DNA barcoding methodology in assessing fish traceability and identification, comparing different species of the Epinephelus genus, Mottled Grouper (Mycteroperca rubra) and Wreckfish (Polyprion americanus), often improperly sold with the commercial name of "grouper".
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Chen X, Fu M, Xu W, Huang M, Cui X, Cao M, Xiong X, Xiong X. One‐step triplex high‐resolution melting (HRM) analysis for rapid identification of Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua
), Alaska pollock (
Gadus chalcogrammus
) and haddock (
Melanogrammus aeglefinus
). Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Chen
- College of Food Science and Light Industry Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211800China
| | - Mingyang Fu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211800China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211800China
| | - Manhong Huang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211800China
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- College of Food Science and Light Industry Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211800China
| | - Min Cao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211800China
| | - Xiaohui Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211800China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry Nanjing Tech University Nanjing211800China
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15
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DNA-based techniques for seafood species authentication. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2020; 95:207-255. [PMID: 33745513 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Global trade of seafood has increased in the last decade, leading to significant concerns associated with seafood fraud. Seafood fraud involves the intentional misrepresentation of fish or shellfish for the purpose of economic gain and includes acts such as species substitution, illegal transshipment, overtreatment/short weighting, and mislabeling country of origin or production method. These fraudulent acts have had economic, environmental, and public health consequences on a global level. DNA-based techniques for seafood authentication are utilized by regulatory agencies and can be employed as part of a food fraud risk mitigation plan. This chapter will focus specifically on the use of DNA-based methods for the detection of seafood species substitution. Various methods have been developed for DNA-based species identification of seafood, including polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), species-specific PCR, real-time PCR, Sanger sequencing, microarrays, and high-resolution melting (HRM). Emerging techniques for seafood authentication include droplet digital PCR, isothermal amplification, PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and high-throughput or next-generation sequencing. Some of these DNA-based methods target specific species, such as real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR, while other methods allow for simultaneous differentiation of a wide range of fish species, including Sanger sequencing and high-throughput sequencing. This chapter will begin with an introduction on seafood fraud and species substitution, followed by an analysis of the main DNA-based authentication methods and emerging techniques for species identification.
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Determining the Authenticity of Shark Meat Products by DNA Sequencing. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091194. [PMID: 32872285 PMCID: PMC7555804 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that the global shark meat market is poised to grow in future years, the aim of this study was to use DNA sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (NADH2) mitochondrial genes to examine the market of shark meat products in Italy. This made it possible to analyze patterns of species utilization and commercialization of threatened, endangered and/or prohibited species, focusing on fraudulent activities in the shark food chain in order to propose seafood safety and environmental sustainability solutions. The study shows that the labeling of shark meat products generally lacks comprehensive information, thus making it difficult for consumers to make informed purchasing decisions and fails to comply with European Union (EU) legislation regarding seafood labelling. Molecular investigation reveals a high mislabeling rate (45.4%), highlighting widespread use of cheaper species either in order to replace species that are better known and more popular, or else in order to sell various threatened species. Considering that seafood mislabeling can circumvent the management of sustainable fisheries and facilitate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, the routine use of genetic analysis should be encouraged among control and enforcement agencies in order to implement effective management measures. This would help to build a species-specific reporting system for all catches, and enhance control measures, in order to prevent illegal activities connected with shark catches and trade around the world.
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