1
|
Jung S, Lee H, Kim I, Kim S, Lee B, Lee J. The effect of plum extracts and antioxidants on reduction of ethyl carbamate in plum liqueur. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:2357-2366. [PMID: 39145126 PMCID: PMC11319578 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Stone-fruit liqueurs contain high contents of the carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC). In this study, we investigated the effect of plum fruit extract and single antioxidants present in plum fruit extracts on the reduction in the EC content during the macerating process in a plum liqueur model system and authentic plum liqueur. 30% ethanol model plum liqueur treated with 0.2% plum extract showed the lowest EC content with 55% reduction rate after the macerating process compared to the content in the control. Interestingly, neither 0.1% ascorbic acid nor 0.1% p-coumaric acid lowered the EC contents in the model liqueur, while they decreased the EC contents in authentic plum liqueur. This was possibly attributed to the synergistic effect of the plum fruit phenolics with the ascorbic acid and p-coumaric acid antioxidants. Thus, plum extracts can be applied to plum liqueurs to reduce the rate of EC formation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-024-01585-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyeon Jung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwan Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Liu Q, Luo J, Luo P, Wu Y. A Straightforward, Sensitive, and Reliable Strategy for Ethyl Carbamate Detection in By-Products from Baijiu Production by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Foods 2024; 13:1835. [PMID: 38928776 PMCID: PMC11203372 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Baijiu is a renowned Chinese distilled liquor, notable for its distinctive flavor profile and intricate production process, which prominently involves fermentation and distillation. Ethyl carbamate (EC), a probable human carcinogen, can be potentially formed during these procedures, thus prompting significant health concerns. Consequently, the contamination of EC during Baijiu production has become an increasingly pressing issue. In this study, we developed a rapid and easily operable immunoassay for determining EC in the fermented materials used in Baijiu production. The development of a high-quality antibody specific to EC facilitated a streamlined analytical procedure and heightened method sensitivity. Furthermore, we systematically evaluated other essential parameters. Following optimization, the method achieved an IC50 value of 11.83 μg/kg, with negligible cross-reactivity against EC analogs. The recovery study demonstrated the method's good accuracy and precision, with mean recovery rates ranging from 86.0% to 105.5% and coefficients of variation all below 10%. To validate the feasibility of the technique, we collected and analyzed 39 samples simultaneously using both the proposed immunoassay and confirmatory gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A robust correlation was observed between the results obtained from the two methods (R2 > 0.99). The detected EC levels ranged from 2.36 μg/kg to 7.08 μg/kg, indicating an increase during the fermentation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Wang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiaqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
| | - Pengjie Luo
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (Q.L.); (Y.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li M, Jia W. Formation and hazard of ethyl carbamate and construction of genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in Huangjiu (Chinese grain wine). Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13321. [PMID: 38517033 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Huangjiu, a well-known conventional fermented Chinese grain wine, is widely consumed in Asia for its distinct flavor. Trace amounts of ethyl carbamate (EC) may be generated during the fermentation or storage process. The International Agency for Research on Cancer elevated EC to a Class 2A carcinogen, so it is necessary to regulate EC content in Huangjiu. The risk of intake of dietary EC is mainly assessed through the margin of exposure (MOE) recommended by the European Food Safety Authority, with a smaller MOE indicating a higher risk. Interventions are necessary to reduce EC formation. As urea, one of the main precursors of EC formation in Huangjiu, is primarily produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the catabolism of arginine, the construction of dominant engineered fermentation strains is a favorable trend for the future production and application of Huangjiu. This review summarized the formation and carcinogenic mechanism of EC from the perspectives of precursor substances, metabolic pathways after ingestion, and risk assessment. The methods of constructing dominant S. cerevisiae strains in Huangjiu by genetic engineering technology were reviewed, which provided an important theoretical basis for reducing EC content and strengthening practical control of Huangjiu safety, and the future research direction was prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shelash Al-Hawary SI, Malviya J, Althomali RH, Almalki SG, Kim K, Romero-Parra RM, Fahad Ahmad A, Sanaan Jabbar H, Vaseem Akram S, Hussien Radie A. Emerging Insights into the Use of Advanced Nanomaterials for the Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor of Pesticide Residues in Plant-Derived Foodstuff. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37728973 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2258971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides have an important role in rising the overall productivity and yield of agricultural foods by eliminating and controlling insects, pests, fungi, and various plant-related illnesses. However, the overuse of pesticides has caused pesticide pollution of water bodies and food products, along with disruption of environmental and ecological systems. In this regard, developing low-cost, simple, and rapid-detecting approaches for the accurate, rapid, efficient, and on-site screening of pesticide residues is an ongoing challenge. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) possesses the benefits of great sensitivity, the capability to resolve several analytes using different emission wavelengths or redox potentials, and excellent control over the light radiation in time and space, making it a powerful strategy for sensing various pesticides. Cost-effective and simple ECL systems allow sensitive, selective, and accurate quantification of pesticides in agricultural fields. Particularly, the development and progress of nanomaterials, aptamer/antibody recognition, electric/photo-sensing, and their integration with electrochemiluminescence sensing technology has presented the hopeful potential in reporting the residual amounts of pesticides. Current trends in the application of nanoparticles are debated, with an emphasis on sensor substrates using aptamer, antibodies, enzymes, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Different strategies are enclosed in labeled and label-free sensing along with luminescence determination approaches (signal-off, signal-on, and signal-switch modes). Finally, the recent challenges and upcoming prospects in this ground are also put forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitendra Malviya
- Department of Life Sciences & Biological Sciences, IES University, Bhopal, India
| | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami G Almalki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kibum Kim
- Department of Human-Computer Interaction, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Ahmad Fahad Ahmad
- Department of Radiology, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Hijran Sanaan Jabbar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Shaik Vaseem Akram
- Division of Research & Innovation, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Z, Qu P, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Lyu B, Miao H. A Nationwide Survey and Risk Assessment of Ethyl Carbamate Exposure Due to Daily Intake of Alcoholic Beverages in the Chinese General Population. Foods 2023; 12:3129. [PMID: 37628128 PMCID: PMC10453565 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC) is carcinogenic, and, in China, oral intake of EC mainly occurs as a result of the consumption of alcoholic beverages. To obtain the latest EC intake and risk analysis results for the general population in China, the China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) conducted the sixth total diet study (TDS) as a platform to analyze EC contents and exposure due to the intake of alcoholic beverages. A total of 100 sites in 24 provinces were involved in the collection and preparation of alcohol mixture samples for the sixth TDS. There were 261 different types of alcohol collected across the country, based on local dietary menus and consumption survey results. Ultimately, each province prepared a mixed sample by mixing their respective samples according to the percentage of local consumption. The EC levels of these twenty-four mixed samples were determined using our well-validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The values ranged from 1.0 μg/kg to 33.8 μg/kg, with 10.1 μg/kg being the mean. China's EC daily intake ranged from 0.001 ng/kg bw/d to 24.56 ng/kg bw/d, with a mean of 3.23 ng/kg bw/d. According to the margin of exposure (MOE), virtually safe dose (VSD), and T25 risk assessments of the carcinogenicity of EC, the mean lifetime cancer risk for the Chinese population was 9.8 × 104, 1.5 × 10-7, and 8.6 × 10-8, respectively. These data show that the carcinogenicity of EC in the general Chinese population due to alcoholic intake is essentially minimal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongjian Miao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), Beijing 100021, China; (Z.W.); (P.Q.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (B.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim D, Jeong J, Choi J. Exploring the potential of ToxCast™ data for mechanism-based prioritization of chemicals in regulatory context: Case study with priority existing chemicals (PECs) under K-REACH. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105439. [PMID: 37392832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the potential of ToxCast™ database to mechanism-based prioritization of chemicals. To explore the applicability of ToxCast data in the context of regulatory inventory chemicals, we screened 510 priority existing chemicals (PECs) regulated under the Act on the Registration and Evaluation of Chemical Substances (K-REACH) using ToxCast bioassays. In our analysis, a hit-call data matrix containing 298984 chemical-gene interactions was computed for 949 bioassays with the intended target genes, which enabled the identification of the putative toxicity mechanisms. Based on the reactivity to the chemicals, we analyzed 412 bioassays whose intended target gene families were cytochrome P450, oxidoreductase, transporter, nuclear receptor, steroid hormone, and DNA-binding. We also identified 141 chemicals based on their reactivity in the bioassays. These chemicals are mainly in consumer products including colorants, preservatives, air fresheners, and detergents. Our analysis revealed that in vitro bioactivities were involved in the relevant mechanisms inducing in vivo toxicity; however, this was not sufficient to predict more hazardous chemicals. Overall, the current results point to a potential and limitation in using ToxCast data for chemical prioritization in regulatory context in the absence of suitable in vivo data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyeon Kim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseong Jeong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han K, Lee H, Kang TG, Lee J, Kim SK. Direct and efficient elimination of ethyl carbamate by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae displaying urethanase. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
8
|
Xu Y, Li Y, Li J, Chen W. Ethyl carbamate triggers ferroptosis in liver through inhibiting GSH synthesis and suppressing Nrf2 activation. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102349. [PMID: 35623314 PMCID: PMC9142717 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are inevitably exposed to ethyl carbamate (EC) via consumption of fermented food and beverages. EC, known as an environmental toxin, can cause oxidative stress-mediated severe toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unveiled. Ferroptosis is a newly identified ROS-mediated non-apoptotic cell death characterized by iron accumulation and excessive lipid oxidation. In this study, we first found that EC triggered ferroptosis in liver cells by detection of decreased cell viability, GSH, GPX4 and Ferritin levels, as well as increased iron and MDA contents. Ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) pretreatment rescued ferroptotic damage, indicating that ferroptosis was critical for EC-caused cell death. Furthermore, GSH synthesis precursor N-acetylcysteine displayed significant anti-ferroptotic properties and we suggested that GSH depletion might be the main cause of ferroptosis under EC exposure. EC-triggered GSH depletion mainly depended on suppressed GSH synthesis via inhibition of SLC7A11 and GCLC expressions. Notably, EC blocked Nrf2 activation by repression of phosphorylation modification and nuclear translocation, which further resulted in ferroptosis occurrence. We also observed EC-induced liver dysfunction and inflammation, accompanied with oxidative stress, ferroptosis and downregulated Nrf2 signaling in Balb/c mice, which could be effectively reversed by Fer-1 and tBHQ pretreatment. Together, our study indicated that ferroptosis is a new mechanism for EC-caused toxicity, which was attributed to Nrf2 inactivation and GSH depletion. Ethyl carbamate (EC) caused ferroptosis in L02 cells and liver tissues. GSH depletion was critical for EC-induced ferroptotic cell death. EC exposure blocked GSH synthesis-related pathways. Inactivation of Nrf2 signaling was involved in EC-triggered ferroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abt E, Incorvati V, Robin LP, Redan BW. Occurrence of Ethyl Carbamate in Foods and Beverages: Review of the Formation Mechanisms, Advances in Analytical Methods, and Mitigation Strategies. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2195-2212. [PMID: 34347857 PMCID: PMC9092314 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a process contaminant that can be formed as a by-product during fermentation and processing of foods and beverages. Elevated EC concentrations are primarily associated with distilled spirits, but this compound has also been found at lower concentrations in foods and beverages, including breads, soy sauce, and wine. Evidence from animal studies suggests that EC is a probable human carcinogen. Consequently, several governmental institutions have established allowable limits for EC in the food supply. This review includes EC formation mechanisms, occurrence of EC in the food supply, and EC dietary exposure assessments. Current analytical methods used to detect EC will be covered, in addition to emerging technologies, such as nanosensors and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Various mitigation methods have been used to maintain EC concentrations below allowable limits, including distillation, enzymatic treatments, and genetic engineering of yeast. More research in this field is needed to refine mitigation strategies and develop methods to rapidly detect EC in the food supply. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
|
10
|
Ding J, Liu W, Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Liver-Based Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Exposure to Organophosphate Esters via Dust Ingestion Using a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312469. [PMID: 34886193 PMCID: PMC8657049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used and harmful to organisms and human health. Dust ingestion is an important exposure route for OPEs to humans. In this study, by integrating ToxCast high-throughput in vitro assays with in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) via physiologically based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling, we assessed the hepatocyte-based health risk for humans around the world due to exposure to two typical OPEs (TPHP and TDCPP) through the dust ingestion exposure route. Results showed that the health guidance value of TPHP and TCDPP obtained in this study was lower than the value obtained through animal experiments. In addition, probabilistic risk assessment results indicate that populations worldwide are at low risk of exposure to TPHP and TDCPP through dust ingestion due to low estimated daily intakes (EDIs) which are much lower than the reference dose (RfDs) published by the US EPA, except in some regional cases. Most margin of exposure (MOE) ranges of TDCPP for children are less than 100, which indicates a moderately high risk. Researchers should be concerned about exposure to TDCPP in this area. The method proposed in this study is expected to be applied to the health risk assessment of other chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin Zhu
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.F.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim S, Jung S, Kim I, Chung M, Shin S, Lee J. Ethyl carbamate in retail market condiments and risk assessment of its dietary exposure for the Korean population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:2026-2035. [PMID: 34407742 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1963491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl carbamate (EC), a potential human dietary carcinogen, is found in fermented foods including the fermented soybean-based condiments, the major part of the Korean diet. Therefore, it is expected that their EC contents might pose health risks. Herein, we collected 111 condiments and estimated their EC contents via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Further, dietary intake of EC was evaluated, and the risk levels were assessed via the margin of exposure (MOE) approach and excess cancer risk assessment. EC contents of the condiments ranged from not detectable to 39.47 μg/kg, and the daily EC exposure ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 ng/kg BW per day, depending on gender and age groups in Korea. Of the condiments, soy sauce was the largest contributor to EC exposure. MOE and excess cancer risks for the average consumer were 166,300 and 9.0 × 10-8, respectively, and those for the consumers in the 95th percentiles (P95) were 53,504 and 2.8 × 10-7, respectively, indicating that the risk of exposure to EC is of lower concern in average consumers than heavy consumers. However, the EC exposure from condiments was higher than that in other Asian countries.Abbreviations: EC: ethyl carbamate; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; MOE: margin of exposure; MRL: maximum residue level; IDL: instrumental detection level; IQL: instrumental quantification level; MDL: method detection level; MQL: method quantification level; EDI: estimated daily intakes; BMDL10: benchmark dose lower confidence limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyeon Jung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhwan Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - MyungSub Chung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangah Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|