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Xiang N, Wong CW, Guo X, Wang S. Infectivity responses of Salmonella enterica to bacteriophages on maize seeds and maize sprouts. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100708. [PMID: 38444730 PMCID: PMC10912052 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is a major foodborne pathogen leading to a large number of outbreaks and bringing food safety concerns to sprouts. The control of S. enterica on maize sprouts is important because raw maize sprouts have been gaining attention as a novel superfood. Compared to conventional chemical methods, the applications of bacteriophages are regarded as natural and organic. This study investigated the effects of a 2 h phage cocktail (SF1 and SI1, MOI 1000) soaking on reducing the populations of three Salmonella enterica strains: S. Enteritidis S5-483, S. Typhimurium S5-536, and S. Agona PARC5 on maize seeds and during the storage of maize sprouts. The results showed that the phage cocktail treatment effectively reduced populations of S. enterica strains by 1-3 log CFU/g on maize seeds and decreased population of S. Agona PACR5 by 1.16 log CFU/g on maize sprouts from 7.55 log CFU/g at day 0 of the storage period. On the other hand, the upregulations of flagella gene pefA by 1.5-folds and membrane gene lpxA by 23-folds in S. Typhimurium S5-536 indicated a differential response to the phage cocktail treatment. Conversely, stress response genes ompR, rpoS, and recA, as well as the DNA repair gene yafD, were downregulated in S. Agona PARC5. This work shows the use of bacteriophages could contribute as a part of hurdle effect to reduce S. enterica populations and is beneficial to develop strategies for controlling foodborne pathogens in the production and storage of maize sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, 120-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6R 1Z4, Canada
| | - Catherine W.Y. Wong
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, 120-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6R 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Siyun Wang
- Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, 120-2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6R 1Z4, Canada
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2
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Dai D, Wang J, Zhang H, Wu S, Qi G. Uterine microbial communities and their potential role in the regulation of epithelium cell cycle and apoptosis in aged hens. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:251. [PMID: 37951950 PMCID: PMC10638742 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations of the uterine microbiome are closely associated with various intrauterine diseases and physiological conditions, which are well-established in mammals. However, as representative oviparous animals, the research on the uterine microbial ecosystem and its functions with physiological homeostasis is limited in chickens. Additionally, continuous egg-laying disrupts the oviducal immune defenses of aged hens, susceptible to pathogen invasion, causing poor egg quality and food-borne infections in humans. Here, we investigated aging-related changes in the oviduct microbial colonization and transmission from the gut to eggs and their roles in a hen model. RESULTS The results of 16S rDNA sequencing showed significant differences in the oviduct microbial composition between young (38 weeks) and aged (77 weeks) laying hens. SourceTracker analysis further revealed differences in the effects of microbial transmission on the oviducal microbiota between young and aged hens. Enhanced barrier defense with cell apoptosis suppression and cell cycle arrest of the uterus were observed in aged hens reducing microbial transmission from the lower to upper reproductive tract. In addition, a total of 361 significantly differential metabolites were identified using metabolomics in the aged uterine microbiota, especially in products of amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites, which might have essential effects on cell apoptosis by regulating immune responses and cell cycle. Notably, antibiotics disrupted uterine microbiota by dietary intervention and direct perfusion did not retard aging-related physiological changes but further aggravated aging processes by disrupting the cell cycle and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The microbiota continuum along the reproductive tract in aged birds differs from that in young birds, especially with a significant shift in the uterus. The aged uterine microbiota probably contributes to the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis by microbial metabolites primarily involved in amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. These findings provide new insights into the roles of the reproductive tract microbiota in regulating the cell programming of the aged host, contributing to the exploration of the microbiome as a target for diagnosing aging health status and therapy for gynecological diseases in women. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Dai
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products On Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian district, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products On Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian district, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products On Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian district, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products On Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian district, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products On Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian district, Beijing, 100081, China
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3
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Lukić Bilela L, Matijošytė I, Krutkevičius J, Alexandrino DAM, Safarik I, Burlakovs J, Gaudêncio SP, Carvalho MF. Impact of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) on the marine environment: Raising awareness, challenges, legislation, and mitigation approaches under the One Health concept. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115309. [PMID: 37591052 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have long been known for their detrimental effects on the ecosystems and living organisms; however the long-term impact on the marine environment is still insufficiently recognized. Based on PFAS persistence and bioaccumulation in the complex marine food network, adverse effects will be exacerbated by global processes such as climate change and synergies with other pollutants, like microplastics. The range of fluorochemicals currently included in the PFAS umbrella has significantly expanded due to the updated OECD definition, raising new concerns about their poorly understood dynamics and negative effects on the ocean wildlife and human health. Mitigation challenges and approaches, including biodegradation and currently studied materials for PFAS environmental removal are proposed here, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring and bridging research gaps. The PFAS EU regulations, good practices and legal frameworks are discussed, with emphasis on recommendations for improving marine ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Lukić Bilela
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Inga Matijošytė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Jokūbas Krutkevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Diogo A M Alexandrino
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, P. Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juris Burlakovs
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences, Józefa Wybickiego 7 A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, NOVA Faculty for Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Maria F Carvalho
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Zhang Y, Liao X, Feng J, Liu D, Chen S, Ding T. Induction of viable but nonculturable Salmonella spp. in liquid eggs by mild heat and subsequent resuscitation. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bermudez-Aguirre D, Niemira B. Modeling quality changes and Salmonella Typhimurium growth in storage for eggs pasteurized by radio frequency treatments. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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Bermudez-Aguirre D, Niemira B. Microbial inactivation models of Salmonella Typhimurium in radio frequency treated eggs. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cinnamaldehyde inactivates Listeria monocytogenes at a low temperature in ground pork by disturbing the expression of stress regulatory genes. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a major food safety concern in developed and developing countries. Table eggs are often linked to cases of foodborne gastrointestinal disease. This review is focused on the latest findings on foodborne Salmonella infections acquired from poultry products and their implications on food safety. RECENT FINDINGS Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) are the predominant Salmonella serovars associated with human Salmonellosis. In Australia, ST is the predominant serovar but SE has been recently detected in some commercial free-range egg flocks. The Salmonella shedding in poultry flocks can be highly variable across different flocks and farms; as a result, the level of product contamination is largely attributed to the flock management. The microevolution in the ST genome after in-vivo passaging may have clinical significance. On farm use of Salmonella vaccines and/or interventions during the processing of the product can influence the bacterial load. The refrigeration of the product also influences the safety of the poultry product. SUMMARY Many interventions are in place for the control of Salmonella from farm to fork. However, given the biosecurity challenges because of the increase in public demand for free-range products, the emergence of Salmonella virulent types and expensive diagnostics, ongoing collaborative efforts from farmers, regulators and public health officials are required.
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Beale DJ, Nilsson S, Bose U, Bourne N, Stockwell S, Broadbent JA, Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Braun C, Baddiley B, Limpus D, Walsh T, Vardy S. Bioaccumulation and impact of maternal PFAS offloading on egg biochemistry from wild-caught freshwater turtles (Emydura macquarii macquarii). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153019. [PMID: 35026273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic contaminants that are pervasive in the environment. Toxicity resulting from elevated PFAS concentrations in wildlife has been studied, yet evidence of their accumulation, developmental toxicity and maternal offloading in egg-laying species is limited. Here we show the maternal offloading of PFAS in freshwater short-necked turtles (Emydura macquarii macquarii) exposed to elevated PFAS and the resulting biological impact on oviducal eggs. Total PFAS concentrations were determined in serum from adult females and harvested oviducal eggs collected from euthanised turtles exposed to low and high levels of PFAS and compared against turtle serum and eggs collected from a suitable reference site. Multi-omics assays were utilised to explore the biochemical impact of elevated PFAS on egg albumen, yolk and eggshell using a range of metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics techniques. Eggshells were also screened for metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analysis of the serum collected from adult female turtles and their oviducal eggs demonstrated PFAS offloading and transference that is 1.6 and 5.3 times higher in the low and high PFAS impacted eggs, respectively, compared to maternal serum concentrations. Oviducal egg yolk comprised >90% of the bioaccumulated PFAS load. Multi-omic analysis of the dissected egg fractions illustrated PFAS impacted eggs are significantly elevated in purine metabolism metabolites, which are tied to potential biological dysfunctional processes. The yolks were significantly depleted in lipids and lipid quality tied to growth and development. The high PFAS impacted oviducal eggshells were lower in calcium, important developmental and immune response proteins, and higher in glycerophosphoethanolamines (PE) lipids and histidine metabolism metabolites that are tied to a weakened physical structure. Further investigation is needed to establish the rate of PFAS offloading and quantify the developmental impact on hatchling and hatchling success to fully demonstrate PFAS-developmental toxicity linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Beale
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Sandra Nilsson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Utpal Bose
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Nicholas Bourne
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Sally Stockwell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - James A Broadbent
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | | | - Christoph Braun
- Water Quality and Investigation, Science and Technology Division, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Brenda Baddiley
- Water Quality and Investigation, Science and Technology Division, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Duncan Limpus
- Aquatic Threatened Species, Wildlife and Threatened Species Operations, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tom Walsh
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Research and Innovation Park, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Suzanne Vardy
- Water Quality and Investigation, Science and Technology Division, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
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Sornplang P, Aieamsaard J, Saksangawong C, Suayroop N. Risk factors associated with Salmonella prevalence, its antibiotic resistance, and egg antibiotic residues in the layer farming environment. Vet World 2022; 15:543-550. [PMID: 35497971 PMCID: PMC9047145 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.543-550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Human salmonellosis with non-typhoidal Salmonella remains a global public health concern related to the consumption of contaminated eggs and egg-based products. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of Salmonella, antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, and egg antibiotic residues concerning risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination in eggs, the layer farming environment, and laying hens kept in battery-cage closed-housing systems. Materials and Methods: This study used a repeated cross-sectional design to collect 488 samples from eggs, laying hens, and the farm environment on one laying farm for Salmonella detection according to ISO 6579:2002/AMD 1:2007. Salmonella-positive samples were further tested for serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion test. The layer farm contact person was interviewed at the sampling time to evaluate the risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination using logistic regression analysis. For each month, 24 eggs (144 eggs in total) were also randomly sampled from the collection egg area at the farm for antibiotic residue detection using the European Four Plate Test. Results: The highest Salmonella prevalence rates were in the samples from the layer pen floors, followed by the egg sizing machine (ESM) and eggshells at 65.5%, 52.5%, and 15%, respectively. Salmonellaenterica serovar Corvallis was the dominant serovar (48.38%), followed by Mbandaka (37.76%), Braenderup (14.29%), and Typhimurium (4.08%). Rodent presence at the farm and the frequency of changing the disinfectant foot dip were significant factors related to Salmonella contamination on the pen floors (odds ratio [OR]=22.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.11-240.48, p=0.01; OR=24, 95% CI=2.78-206.96, p=0.004, respectively). Hand-washing before sorting and cleaning the ESM were the significant factors (OR=13, 95% CI=1.2-140.73, p=0.04). The most resistant Salmonella isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline. One isolate of S. enterica Typhimurium was resistant to cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, and oxytetracycline. The antibiotic residues in the egg yolks were streptomycin, enrofloxacin, and tetracycline at prevalence rates of 36.11%, 11.81%, and 7.64%, respectively. Streptomycin was the most abundant residue in the albumen and yolk, followed by tetracycline. Conclusion: Salmonella prevalence in layer farming with a closed-housing system is related to effective biosecurity and hygiene issues, such as rodent control, clean farm equipment, and good worker hygiene. In addition, eggs’ antibiotic residues may be related to treating antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella isolates and medicated feed with inappropriate antibiotic withdrawal time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pairat Sornplang
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jareerat Aieamsaard
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chuleeporn Saksangawong
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Naritsara Suayroop
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Mitrovic M, Tomasevic I, Stefanovic S, Djordjevic V, Djekic I. Toxic elements in eggs and egg‐based products: occurrence, exposure assessment and risk characterisation for the Serbian population. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mitrovic
- Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade Belgrade 11080 Serbia
| | - Igor Tomasevic
- Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade Belgrade 11080 Serbia
| | - Srđan Stefanovic
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology Kaćanskog 13 Belgrade 11040 Serbia
| | - Vesna Djordjevic
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology Kaćanskog 13 Belgrade 11040 Serbia
| | - Ilija Djekic
- Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade Belgrade 11080 Serbia
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Jiang S, Wang F, Li Q, Sun H, Wang H, Yao Z. Environment and food safety: a novel integrative review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54511-54530. [PMID: 34431060 PMCID: PMC8384557 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Environment protection and food safety are two critical issues in the world. In this review, a novel approach which integrates statistical study and subjective discussion was adopted to review recent advances on environment and food safety. Firstly, a scientometric-based statistical study was conducted based on 4904 publications collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. It was found that the research on environment and food safety was growing steadily from 2001 to 2020. Interestingly, the statistical analysis of most-cited papers, titles, abstracts, keywords, and research areas revealed that the research on environment and food safety was diverse and multidisciplinary. In addition to the scientometric study, strategies to protect environment and ensure food safety were critically discussed, followed by a discussion on the emerging research topics, including emerging contaminates (e.g., microplastics), rapid detection of contaminants (e.g., biosensors), and environment friendly food packaging materials (e.g., biodegradable polymers). Finally, current challenges and future research directions were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxue Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qirun Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Haishu Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huijiao Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Khan S, McWhorter AR, Moyle TS, Chousalkar KK. Refrigeration of eggs influences the virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18026. [PMID: 34504138 PMCID: PMC8429434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a human pathogen associated with eggs and egg-derived products. In Australia, it is recommended that eggs should be refrigerated to prevent condensation that can enhance bacterial penetration across the eggshell. Except for the United States, the guidelines on egg refrigeration are not prescriptive. In the current study, in-vitro and in-vivo experiments were conducted to understand the role of egg storage temperatures (refrigerated vs ambient) on bacterial load and the virulence genes expression of Salmonella Typhimurium. The in-vitro egg study showed that the load of Salmonella Typhimurium significantly increased in yolk and albumen stored at 25 °C. The gene expression study showed that ompR, misL, pefA, spvA, shdA, bapA, and csgB were significantly up-regulated in the egg yolk stored at 5 °C and 25 °C for 96 h; however, an in-vivo study revealed that mice infected with egg yolk stored at 25 °C, developed salmonellosis from day 3 post-infection (p.i.). Mice fed with inoculated egg yolk, albumen, or eggshell wash stored at refrigerated temperature did not show signs of salmonellosis during the period of the experiment. Data obtained in this study highlighted the importance of egg refrigeration in terms of improving product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - Talia S Moyle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5371, Australia.
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