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Fakhar HI, Kasparek A, Kolodziejski K, Grunin L, Öztop MH, Hayat MQ, Janjua HA, Kruk D. Universal 1H Spin-Lattice NMR Relaxation Features of Sugar-A Step towards Quality Markers. Molecules 2024; 29:2422. [PMID: 38893297 PMCID: PMC11173471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
1H fast field-cycling and time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry studies have been performed for 15 samples of sugar of different kinds and origins (brown, white, cane, beet sugar). The extensive data set, including results for crystal sugar and sugar/water mixtures, has been thoroughly analyzed, with a focus on identifying relaxation contributions associated with the solid and liquid fractions of the systems and non-exponentiality of the relaxation processes. It has been observed that 1H spin-lattice relaxation rates for crystal sugar (solid) vary between 0.45 s-1 and 0.59 s-1, and the relaxation process shows only small deviations from exponentiality (a quantitative measure of the exponentiality has been provided). The 1H spin-lattice relaxation process for sugar/water mixtures has turned out to be bi-exponential, with the relaxation rates varying between about 13 s-1-17 s-1 (for the faster component) and about 2.1 s-1-3.5 s-1 (for the slower component), with the ratio between the amplitudes of the relaxation contributions ranging between 2.8 and 4.2. The narrow ranges in which the parameters vary make them a promising marker of the quality and authenticity of sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Imran Fakhar
- Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory (MPRL), Department of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (H.I.F.); (M.Q.H.)
| | - Adam Kasparek
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Karol Kolodziejski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Leonid Grunin
- Resonance Systems GmbH, D-73230 Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany;
| | - Mecit Halil Öztop
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Muhammad Qasim Hayat
- Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory (MPRL), Department of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (H.I.F.); (M.Q.H.)
| | - Hussnain A. Janjua
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Danuta Kruk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Saraiva A, Carrascosa C, Ramos F, Raheem D, Lopes M, Raposo A. Coconut Sugar: Chemical Analysis and Nutritional Profile; Health Impacts; Safety and Quality Control; Food Industry Applications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3671. [PMID: 36834366 PMCID: PMC9964017 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumers often wish to substitute refined sugar with alternative sweeteners, such as coconut sugar, given growing interest in healthy eating and the public's negative perception of excess sugar intake. Coconut sugar is a healthier, sweetener option than the majority of other sugars that are commercially available. Sap is collected from trees to be transported, stored, and evaporated during processing, which are labor- and resource-intensive operations. Consequently, the cost of production is higher than it is for cane sugar. Given its high nutritional value and low glycemic index, people are willing to pay higher prices for it. However, one barrier is ignorance of its health benefits. This review examines and deals in-depth with the most significant features of coconut sugar chemical analyses to focus on several analytical methodologies given the increasing demand for naturally derived sweeteners in the last 10 years. A deeper understanding of the quality control, safety, health effects, nutritional profile, and sustainability issues corresponding to coconut sugar is necessary to effectively implement them in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Saraiva
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Conrado Carrascosa
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dele Raheem
- Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM), Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Maria Lopes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
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LC-HRMS-Based Non-Targeted Metabolomics for the Assessment of Honey Adulteration with Sugar Syrups: A Preliminary Study. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100985. [PMID: 36295887 PMCID: PMC9607529 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey is a natural product that is in great demand and has a relatively high price, thus making it one of the most common targets of economically motivated adulteration. Its adulteration can be obtained by adding cheaper honey or sugar syrups or by overfeeding honeybees with sugar syrups. Adulteration techniques are constantly evolving and advanced techniques and instruments are required for its detection. We used non-targeted metabolomics to underscore potential markers of honey adulteration with sugar syrups. The metabolomic profiles of unadulterated honeys and sugar beet, corn and wheat syrups were obtained using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The potential markers have been selected after data processing. Fortified honey (5%, 10% and 20%), honey obtained from overfeeding, and 58 commercial honeys were analyzed. One potential marker appeared with a specific signal for syrups and not for honey. This targeted analysis showed a linear trend in fortified honeys with a calculated limit of quantification around 5% of fortification.
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Bruni GO, Klasson KT. Aconitic Acid Recovery from Renewable Feedstock and Review of Chemical and Biological Applications. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040573. [PMID: 35206048 PMCID: PMC8871043 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aconitic acid (propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) is the most prevalent 6-carbon organic acid that accumulates in sugarcane and sweet sorghum. As a top value-added chemical, aconitic acid may function as a chemical precursor or intermediate for high-value downstream industrial and biological applications. These downstream applications include use as a bio-based plasticizer, cross-linker, and the formation of valuable and multi-functional polyesters that have also been used in tissue engineering. Aconitic acid also plays various biological roles within cells as an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in conferring unique survival advantages to some plants as an antifeedant, antifungal, and means of storing fixed pools of carbon. Aconitic acid has also been reported as a fermentation inhibitor, anti-inflammatory, and a potential nematicide. Since aconitic acid can be sustainably sourced from renewable, inexpensive sources such as sugarcane, molasses, and sweet sorghum syrup, there is enormous potential to provide multiple streams of additional income to the sugar industry through downstream industrial and biological applications that we discuss in this review.
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