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Masci M, Caproni R, Nevigato T. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Glyphosate in Cereals Together with a Discussion of Its Occurrence, Accumulation, Fate, Degradation, and Regulatory Status. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:38. [PMID: 38804332 PMCID: PMC11130892 DOI: 10.3390/mps7030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Union's recent decision to renew the authorization for the use of glyphosate until 15 December 2033 has stimulated scientific discussion all around the world regarding its toxicity or otherwise for humans. Glyphosate is a chemical of which millions of tons have been used in the last 50 years worldwide to dry out weeds in cultivated fields and greenhouses and on roadsides. Concern has been raised in many areas about its possible presence in the food chain and its consequent adverse effects on health. Both aspects that argue in favor of toxicity and those that instead may indicate limited toxicity of glyphosate are discussed here. The widespread debate that has been generated requires further investigations and field measurements to understand glyphosate's fate once dispersed in the environment and its concentration in the food chain. Hence, there is a need for validated analytical methods that are available to analysts in the field. In the present review, methods for the analytical determination of glyphosate and its main metabolite, AMPA, are discussed, with a specific focus on chromatographic techniques applied to cereal products. The experimental procedures are explained in detail, including the cleanup, derivatization, and instrumental conditions, to give the laboratories involved enough information to proceed with the implementation of this line of analysis. The prevalent chromatographic methods used are LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/SIM, and GC-MS/MS, but sufficient indications are also given to those laboratories that wish to use the better performing high-resolution MS or the simpler HPLC-FLD, HPLC-UV, GC-NPD, and GC-FPD techniques for screening purposes. The concentrations of glyphosate from the literature measured in wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats, soybean, and cereal-based foods are reported, together with its regulatory status in various parts of the world and its accumulation mechanism. As for its accumulation in cereals, the available data show that glyphosate tends to accumulate more in wholemeal flours than in refined ones, that its concentration in the product strictly depends on the treatment period (the closer it is to the time of harvesting, the higher the concentration), and that in cold climates, the herbicide tends to persist in the soil for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Masci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy (T.N.)
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de Araujo LG, Zordan DF, Celzard A, Fierro V. Glyphosate uses, adverse effects and alternatives: focus on the current scenario in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9559-9582. [PMID: 37776469 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Brazil, a global frontrunner in pesticide consumption and sales, particularly glyphosate, appears to be at odds with other countries that increasingly ban these products in their territories. This study gathers the values of Acceptable Daily Intake and Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in the European Union for dozens of substances and subsequently contrasts them with the corresponding benchmarks upheld in Brazil concerning its predominant crops. Furthermore, this study delves into the toxicity levels and the potential health ramifications of glyphosate on humans through the ingestion of food containing its residues. The findings from this research underscore a notable surge in glyphosate and pesticide sales and usage within Brazil over the past decade. In stark contrast to its European counterparts, Brazil not only sanctioned the sale and application of 474 new pesticides in 2019, but extended the authorization for glyphosate sales while downgrading its toxicity classification. Finally, this review not only uncovers disparities among research outcomes but also addresses the complexities of replacing glyphosate and introduces environmentally friendlier alternatives that have been subject to evaluation in the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alain Celzard
- Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Epinal, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Fierro
- Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Epinal, France.
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Fang L, Luo X, Wang Z, Yang W, Li H, Song S, Xie H, Hu J, Chen W, Liu Q. Design and Experiment of a Biomimetic Duckbill-like Vibration Chain for Physical Weed Control during the Rice Tillering Stage. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:430. [PMID: 37754181 PMCID: PMC10526935 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8050430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of chemical herbicides has jeopardized concerns about food safety and ecological consequences. To address these issues and reduce reliance on chemical herbicides, a physical weed control device was developed for the tillering stage in paddy fields. This device features a biomimetic duckbill-like vibration chain that effectively controls weed outbreaks. The chain penetrates the soft surface soil of the paddy field under gravity and rapidly stirs the soil through vibration, leading to the detachment of the weed roots anchored in the surface layer. Simultaneously, the device avoids mechanical damage to rice seedlings rooted in deeper soil. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chain structural parameters (the number of chain rows, vibration amplitude, and length of chains) and operational parameters (vibration frequency and working velocity) on weed control efficiency and rice seedling damage. Through a central composite regression field test, the optimal device structure and operational parameters were determined. The optimization results demonstrated that a vibration amplitude of 78.8 mm, a chain length of 93.47 cm, and 3.4 rows of chains, along with a vibration frequency and working velocity ranging from 0.5 to 1.25 m/s, achieved an optimal weeding effect. Under the optimal parameter combination, field test results demonstrated that approximately 80% of the weeds in the field were effectively cleared. This indicates that the design of the biomimetic duckbill-like vibration chain weeding device exhibits a relatively superior weeding performance, offering a practical solution for the management of weeds in rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Fang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiwen Luo
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Huangpu Innovation Research Institute, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510725, China
| | - Zaiman Wang
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Huangpu Innovation Research Institute, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510725, China
| | - Wenwu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Huangpu Innovation Research Institute, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510725, China
| | - Hui Li
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shiyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haoyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianhao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weiman Chen
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qinghai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Hrynko I, Kaczyński P, Wołejko E, Łozowicka B. Impact of technological processes on tebuconazole reduction in selected cereal species and the primary cereal product, and dietary exposure assessment. Food Chem 2023; 422:136249. [PMID: 37137237 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of cereals with tebuconazole (TEB) can affect the dietary risk assessment. This study investigates, for the first time, how mechanical, thermal, physical-chemical, and biochemical processes affect the TEB level in wheat, rye, and barley. The biochemical process of malting was the most effective for tebuconazole reduction (by 86%) in cereals. Thermal processes were also effective, i.e., boiling (70%) and baking (55%). These processes considerably decreased the concentration of tebuconazole, and Procesing Factors (PFs) were from 0.10 to 0.18 (malting), 0.56 to 0.89 (boiling), and 0.44 to 0.45 (baking), respectively. The concentration of TEB was not reduced after the application of mechanical processing. The risk was estimated in dietary exposure assessment on the basis of the highest reported levels of tebuconazole residues bread. At a high level of rye bread consumption, the potential exposure to tebuconazole reached only 3.5% and 2.7% in children and adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Hrynko
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wołejko
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Food and Feed Safety, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
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Prabhahar M, K G, S P, S S, M SK, GO J, Varuvel EG, Lenin A H. A Study on Glycyrrhiza glabra-Fortified Bread: Predicted Glycemic Index and Bioactive Component. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2022; 2022:4669723. [PMID: 36082190 PMCID: PMC9448619 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4669723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bread is one of the highest-selling food products throughout the world. Lots of demand arose from the bread producers by the consumers to convert the traditional bread into functional food. In this study, normal bread was converted to functional herbal bread by infusing it with extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra. The functional components of the Glycyrrhiza glabra were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS). The antioxidant study revealed that the extract has high antioxidant potency. The present study also investigated the antidiabetic potency of the extract. Bread is fortified with various percentages of Glycyrrhiza glabra, such as 2, 4, and 6. The fortified bread was analyzed for various sensory and taste parameters. Biochemical assays such as the in vitro digestibility test and glycaemic index suggest that fortified bread reduces the glycaemic index. From the study, it was inferred that 6% of infused bread was found to have high potency as a functional food when compared to 2 and 4%. From the above study, it was suggested that fortified bread reduces the glycaemic index and is best suited for diabetic people and diet watchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Prabhahar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation, Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gomathi K
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr.M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Prakash S
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation, Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sendilvelan S
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Saravana Kumar M
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation, Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jijina GO
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation, Deemed to be University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Edwin Geo Varuvel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haiter Lenin A
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wollo University, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Kombolcha Post Box no. 208, Ethiopia
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