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Costa J, Baratto MC, Spinelli D, Leone G, Magnani A, Pogni R. A Novel Bio-Adhesive Based on Chitosan-Polydopamine-Xanthan Gum for Glass, Cardboard and Textile Commodities. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1806. [PMID: 39000661 PMCID: PMC11244100 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating environmental concerns associated with petroleum-based adhesives have spurred an urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, is a promising candidate; however, its limited water resistance hinders broader application. The aim of this study is to develop a new chitosan-based adhesive with improved properties. The polydopamine association with chitosan presents a significant increase in adhesiveness compared to pure chitosan. Polydopamine is synthesized by the enzymatic action of laccase from Trametes versicolor at pH = 4.5, in the absence or presence of chitosan. This pH facilitates chitosan's solubility and the occurrence of catechol in its reduced form (pH < 5.5), thereby increasing the final adhesive properties. To further enhance the adhesive properties, various crosslinking agents were tested. A multi-technique approach was used for the characterization of formulations. The formulation based on 3% chitosan, 50% polydopamine, and 3% xanthan gum showed a spectacular increase in adhesive properties when tested on glass, cardboard and textile. This formulation increased water resistance, maintaining the adhesion of a sample soaked in water for up to 10 h. For cardboard and textile, material rapture occurred, in mechanical tests, prior to adhesive bond failure. Furthermore, all the samples showed antiflame properties, expanding the benefits of their use. Comparison with commercial glues confirms the remarkable adhesive properties of the new formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Costa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniele Spinelli
- Next Technology Tecnotessile, Via del Gelso 13, 59100 Prato, Italy;
| | - Gemma Leone
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Agnese Magnani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (J.C.); (M.C.B.); (G.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Xu L, Cai Q, Liu X, Cai P, Tian C, Wu X, Wang C, Xiao B. Instantaneous and reversible flocculation of Scenedesmus via Chitosan and Xanthan Gum complexation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 390:129899. [PMID: 37865151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
An instantaneous and reversible flocculation method for Scenedesmus harvesting was developed, based on the complexation of Chitosan (CTS) and Xanthan Gum (XG). Under rapid stirring, Scenedesmus cells formed centimeter-sized flocs within 20 s using binary flocculants of 4 mg/L CTS and 16 mg/L XG. These flocs exhibited a remarkable harvest efficiency exceeding 95 % when filtered through 500-μm-pore-sized sieves. Furthermore, the flocs could be completely disintegrated by using alkaline or NaCl solutions (pH > 11 or NaCl concentration > 1.5 mol/L). Adjusting pH allowed recovery of 50 % CTS and 75 % XG, resulting in microalgae biomass with lower flocculant content and reducing reagent costs. Electrostatic interaction of -COO- of XG and -NH3+ of CTS deduced the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), which shrink and wrap the coexisting algal cells to form the flocs under stirring. CTS and XG complexation was instantaneous and reversible, explaining quick flocculation and disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qijia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuicui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xingqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650228, China
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650228, China.
| | - Bangding Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Dianchi Lake Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650228, China
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Chelu M, Popa M, Calderon Moreno J, Leonties AR, Ozon EA, Pandele Cusu J, Surdu VA, Aricov L, Musuc AM. Green Synthesis of Hydrogel-Based Adsorbent Material for the Effective Removal of Diclofenac Sodium from Wastewater. Gels 2023; 9:454. [PMID: 37367125 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater has gained considerable attention in recent years, particularly in the advancements of hydrogel-based adsorbents as a green solution for their ease of use, ease of modification, biodegradability, non-toxicity, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. This study focuses on the design of an efficient adsorbent hydrogel based on 1% chitosan, 40% polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), and 4% xanthan gum (referred to as CPX) for the removal of diclofenac sodium (DCF) from water. The interaction between positively charged chitosan and negatively charged xanthan gum and PEG4000 leads to strengthening of the hydrogel structure. The obtained CPX hydrogel, prepared by a green, simple, easy, low-cost, and ecological method, has a higher viscosity due to the three-dimensional polymer network and mechanical stability. The physical, chemical, rheological, and pharmacotechnical parameters of the synthesized hydrogel were determined. Swelling analysis demonstrated that the new synthetized hydrogel is not pH-dependent. The obtained adsorbent hydrogel reached the adsorption capacity (172.41 mg/g) at the highest adsorbent amount (200 mg) after 350 min. In addition, the adsorption kinetics were calculated using a pseudo first-order model and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters. The results demonstrate that CPX hydrogel can be used as an efficient option to remove DCF as a pharmaceutical contaminant from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Chelu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Popa
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jose Calderon Moreno
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Ruxandra Leonties
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emma Adriana Ozon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jeanina Pandele Cusu
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vasile Adrian Surdu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ludmila Aricov
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Magdalena Musuc
- "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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Zegarra-Urquia CL, Santiago J, Bumgardner JD, Vega-Baudrit J, Hernández-Escobar CA, Zaragoza-Contreras EA. Synthesis of nanoparticles of the chitosan-poly((α,β)-DL-aspartic acid) polyelectrolite complex as hydrophilic drug carrier. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2029440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio Santiago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Joel D. Bumgardner
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - José Vega-Baudrit
- Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología “Dr. Franklin Chang Díaz”, Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología (LANOTEC), San José, Costa Rica
- POLIUNA, Escuela de Química, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Claudia A. Hernández-Escobar
- Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. Chihuahua, Chih, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - E. Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
- Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. Chihuahua, Chih, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
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Ćirić A, Milinković-Budinčić J, Medarević Đ, Dobričić V, Rmandić M, Barudžija T, Malenović A, Petrović L, Đekić L. Influence of spray-drying process on properties of chitosan/xanthan gum polyelectrolyte complexes as carriers for oral delivery of ibuprofen. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm72-35133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are attractive carriers with recognized potential to enhance oral delivery of poorly soluble high-dosed low-molecular-weight drugs. The formulation of solid oral dosage forms requires the drying of PECs, which may affect their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spraydrying on the properties of ibuprofen-loaded chitosan/xanthan gum PECs and to assess the drug release kinetics from such PECs filled into hard capsules in comparison with corresponding PECs which are dried under ambient conditions. The yield, ibuprofen content, entrapment efficiency, and residual moisture content of spray-dried PECs were lower than those of ambient-dried PECs. Better flowability of spray-dried PECs was attributed to the almost spherical particle shape, shown by scanning electron microscopy. DSC and PXRD analysis confirmed the amorphization of ibuprofen during spray-drying. All the investigated PECs, obtained by drying under ambient conditions as well as by spray-drying, had high rehydration capacity both in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer pH 7.4. In vitro ibuprofen release from dried PECs was controlled during 12 h with the release of approximately 30% of entrapped ibuprofen. Spray-dried PECs provided better control of ibuprofen diffusion from the carrier compared to the ambientdried ones.
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Effect of Complexation Conditions on Microcapsulation of Lactobacillus Casei L61 in Gellan Gum–Chitosan Gels. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Probiotics have many benefits for human intestinal health. However, Probiotics have poor tolerance to gastric acid and bile salts of the stomach. Microencapsulation could confer protection to probiotic against harsh environments effectively. In this experiment, Lactobacillus casei L61 was embedded by extrusion with gellan gum and chitosan as wall material. The viable cells and encapsulation yield of microcapsules were used as the indexes, the optimum values of each factor were determined by a single factor experiment. Chitosan concentration 0.50%, chitosan pH 4.5, gellan gum concentration 1.50%, the volume ratio of bacterial suspension to gellan gum is 1:6, the volume ratio of bacterial gum to chitosan is 1:4, the stirring time is 40min.
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Chopra H, Singh I, Kumar S, Bhattacharya T, Rahman MH, Akter R, Kabir MT. Comprehensive Review on Hydrogels. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:658-675. [PMID: 34077344 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210601155558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The conventional drug delivery systems have a long list of issues of repeated dosing and toxicity arising due to it. The hydrogels are the answer to them and offer a result that minimizes such activities and optimizes therapeutic benefits. The hydrogels proffer tunable properties that can withstand degradation, metabolism, and controlled release moieties. Some of the areas of applications of hydrogels involve wound healing, ocular systems, vaginal gels, scaffolds for tissue, bone engineering, etc. They consist of about 90% of the water that makes them suitable bio-mimic moiety. Here, we present a birds-eye view of various perspectives of hydrogels, along with their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura-140401, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura-140401, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela-140111, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka-1100. Bangladesh
| | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka-1213. Bangladesh
| | - Md Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212. Bangladesh
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Nisar S, Pandit AH, Nadeem M, Pandit AH, Rizvi MMA, Rattan S. γ-Radiation induced L-glutamic acid grafted highly porous, pH-responsive chitosan hydrogel beads: A smart and biocompatible vehicle for controlled anti-cancer drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:37-50. [PMID: 33775765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, highly porous, pH-responsive, and biocompatible chitosan-based hydrogel beads were prepared through gamma-irradiated graft copolymerization technique using L-glutamic acid as the monomer. The glutamic acid grafted chitosan (CH-g-GA) hydrogel beads, loaded with the anti-cancer drug (Doxorubicin, Dox), were exploited for their potential application as anti-cancer drug delivery system. The grafting conditions were optimized by varying irradiation dose (kGy) and monomer concentration. Further, the hydrogel beads were analysed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA/DSC, Zeta potential studies, BET analysis and their strength was determined using rheological analysis. The swelling characteristics of the beads were studied at various simulated body pH (2.1, 5.8, and 7.4) to study their pH-responsive behaviour. The in-vitro drug release from the beads was thus evaluated at pH 5.8, 7.4 using UV-visible spectroscopy. The highest swelling ratio (426%) and drug release (81.33% in 144 h) was observed at the pH of 5.8. The MTT assay was performed on HEK-293 cell-line to check their cytocompatibilty and the cell proliferation of Dox-loaded beads was studied on MCF-7 cell-line. A significant cytotoxicity against the cancer-cells was observed which further established their promising use in the controlled delivery of anti-cancer agents for localized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiya Nisar
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida 201303, India
| | - Ashiq Hussain Pandit
- Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Masood Nadeem
- Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Altaf Hussain Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - M Mushahid Alam Rizvi
- Genome Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sunita Rattan
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida 201303, India.
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Efficient Prediction of In Vitro Piroxicam Release and Diffusion From Topical Films Based on Biopolymers Using Deep Learning Models and Generative Adversarial Networks. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2531-2543. [PMID: 33548245 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to simultaneously predict the drug release and skin permeation of Piroxicam (PX) topical films based on Chitosan (CTS), Xanthan gum (XG) and its Carboxymethyl derivatives (CMXs) as matrix systems. These films were prepared by the solvent casting method, using Tween 80 (T80) as a permeation enhancer. All of the prepared films were assessed for their physicochemical parameters, their in vitro drug release and ex vivo skin permeation studies. Moreover, deep learning models and machine learning models were applied to predict the drug release and permeation rates. The results indicated that all of the films exhibited good consistency and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, it was noticed that when T80 was used in the optimal formulation (F8) based on CTS-CMX3, a satisfactory drug release pattern was found where 99.97% of PX was released and an amount of 1.18 mg/cm2 was permeated after 48 h. Moreover, Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) efficiently enhanced the performance of deep learning models and DNN was chosen as the best predictive approach with MSE values equal to 0.00098 and 0.00182 for the drug release and permeation kinetics, respectively. DNN precisely predicted PX dissolution profiles with f2 values equal to 99.99 for all the formulations.
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Ćirić A, Medarević Đ, Čalija B, Dobričić V, Rmandić M, Barudžija T, Malenović A, Djekic L. Effect of ibuprofen entrapment procedure on physicochemical and controlled drug release performances of chitosan/xanthan gum polyelectrolyte complexes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:547-558. [PMID: 33278438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the entrapment procedure of a poorly water soluble drug (ibuprofen) on physicochemical and drug release performances of chitosan/xanthan polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) was investigated to achieve controlled drug release as the ultimate goal. The formation of PECs for two drug entrapment procedures (before or after the mixing of polymers) at pH 4.6 and 5.6 and three chitosan-to-xanthan mass ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) was observed by continuous decrease in conductivity during the PECs formation and increased apparent viscosity and hysteresis values. The most extensive crosslinking was observed with ibuprofen added before the PECs formation at pH 4.6 and chitosan-to-xanthan mass ratio 1:1. The PECs prepared at polymers' mass ratios 1:2 and 1:3 had higher yield and drug entrapment efficiency. DSC and FT-IR analysis confirmed ibuprofen entrapment in PECs and the partial disruption of its crystallinity. All ibuprofen release profiles were similar, with 60-70% of drug released after 12 h, mainly by diffusion, but erosion and polymer chain relaxation were also included. Potentially optimal can be considered the PEC prepared at pH 4.6, ibuprofen entrapped before the mixing of polymers at chitosan-to-xanthan mass ratio 1:2, which provided controlled drug release by zero-order kinetics, high yield, and drug entrapment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ćirić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Đorđe Medarević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Čalija
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dobričić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milena Rmandić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tanja Barudžija
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Theoretical Physics and Condensed Matter Physics, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Anđelija Malenović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug Analysis, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ljiljana Djekic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Preparation and characterization of a controlled-release formulation based on carbofuran loaded in ionically cross-linked chitosan microparticles. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Zia I, Jolly R, Mirza S, Umar MS, Owais M, Shakir M. Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Fortified Xanthan Gum-Chitosan Based Polyelectrolyte Complex Scaffolds for Supporting the Osteo-Friendly Environment. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7133-7146. [PMID: 35019373 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-reinforced polymer-based scaffolding matrices as artificial bone-implant materials are potential suitors for bone regenerative medicine as they simulate the native bone. In the present work, a series of bioinspired, osteoconductive tricomposite scaffolds made up of nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) embedded xanthan gum-chitosan (XAN-CHI) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) are explored for their bone-regeneration potential. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies confirmed complex formation between XAN and CHI and showed strong interactions between the NHA and PEC matrix. The X-ray diffraction studies indicated regulation of the nanocomposite (NC) scaffold crystallinity by the physical cues of the PEC matrix. Further results exhibited that the XAN-CHI/NHA5 scaffold, with a 50/50 (polymer/NHA) ratio, has optimized porous structure, appropriate compressive properties, and sufficient swelling ability with slower degradation rates, which are far better than those of CHI/NHA and other XAN-CHI/NHA NC scaffolds. The simulated body fluid studies showed XAN-CHI/NHA5 generated apatite-like surface structures of a Ca/P ratio ∼1.66. Also, the in vitro cell-material interaction studies with MG-63 cells revealed that relative to the CHI/NHA NC scaffold, the cellular viability, attachment, and proliferation were better on XAN-CHI/NHA scaffold surfaces, with XAN-CHI/NHA5 specimens exhibiting an effective increment in cell spreading capacity compared to XAN-CHI/NHA4 and XAN-CHI/NHA6 specimens. The presence of an osteo-friendly environment is also indicated by enhanced alkaline phosphatase expression and protein adsorption ability. The higher expression of extracellular matrix proteins, such as osteocalcin and osteopontin, finally validated the induction of differentiation of MG-63 cells by tricomposite scaffolds. In summary, this study demonstrates that the formation of PEC between XAN and CHI and incorporation of NHA in XAN-CHI PEC developed tricomposite scaffolds with robust potential for use in bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Zia
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Reshma Jolly
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sumbul Mirza
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohd Saad Umar
- Molecular Immunology Group Lab, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Molecular Immunology Group Lab, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Shakir
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Novel Antibacterial Food Packaging Based on Chitosan Loaded ZnO Nano Particles Prepared by Green Synthesis from Nettle Leaf Extract. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Hanna DH, Lotfy VF, Basta AH, Saad GR. Comparative evaluation for controlling release of niacin from protein- and cellulose-chitosan based hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:228-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Ćirić A, Medarević Đ, Čalija B, Dobričić V, Mitrić M, Djekic L. Study of chitosan/xanthan gum polyelectrolyte complexes formation, solid state and influence on ibuprofen release kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:942-955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Pal A, Das T, Sengupta S, Sardar S, Mondal S, Bandyopadhyay A. An elastic semi IPN polymer hybrid for enhanced adsorption of heavy metals. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 236:116055. [PMID: 32172870 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An elastic semi IPN from guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was developed and used as a bioadsorbent for soluble Pb(II) and Hg(II) from water. The IPNs were developed using a photo-initiated crosslinking cum polymerization approach (benzophenone was used as an initiator) with a variable composition of the biopolymers (GG:XG fixed at 20:80 by mass) to PAA by mass (Biopolymers: PAA as 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 50:50, respectively). The hybrids were extensively characterized for microstructure, morphology, swelling, porosity and rheological behavior, both in dry and swelled conditions. Three grades of biosorbents namely 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 showed an enhanced adsorption efficiency compared to the remaining ternary grades as well as the crosslinked binary grade of GG:XG (20:80 mass composition, used as a control), respectively. It was primarily due to high network strength (elasticity) cum flexibility (more liquid like behavior) of those three ternary grades under swollen condition followed by their higher swelling capacity and strongly negative zeta potential to attract the positively charged Pb(II) and Hg(II), respectively. The 80:20 grade (80 parts was the mass composed of XG:GG in 80:20 mass ratio and 20 parts was the mass of PAA) exhibited the maximum molecular effect and thus recorded the highest adsorption efficiency (93 % for Pb(II) with an adsorption capacity of 111.6 and 72 % of Hg(II) with an adsorption capacity of 86.4). Nevertheless, all the hybrids showed a strong pH dependant adsorption as the -COOH unit present in the network displayed a pH sensitive ionization. The adsorption was lower below the pH level of 4.0 (pKa of PAA at 4.5) while drastically improved beyond that. On additional note, the adsorbate dose was also found to affect the adsorption efficiency whereby a maximum dose of 300 ppm of both Pb(II) and Hg(II) was found to be most effective for adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Pal
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Tamalika Das
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Srijoni Sengupta
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Soumen Sardar
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sudipta Mondal
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Abhijit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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Yang S, Li X, Hua Y, Chen Y, Kong X, Zhang C. Selective Complex Coacervation of Pea Whey Proteins with Chitosan To Purify Main 2S Albumins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1698-1706. [PMID: 31986048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of pea whey were separated by 1-D electrophoresis and 2-D electrophoresis and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. In addition to lectin, pea albumin 2 (PA2) and pea albumin 1a (PA1a) were identified as the main 2S albumins. The complex behavior of pea whey proteins with chitosan as a function of pH and protein to polysaccharide ratio was studied by turbidimetric titration, zeta potential, and Tricine-SDS-PAGE. During pH titration, the zeta potential reveals that at maximum turbidity (pHmax), charge neutrality was fulfilled. The maximal protein recovery was obtained at a mass ratio of 1:1. After coacervation with chitosan, lectin was not involved in the formation of complexes and PA2 transferred into complex preferentially as compared to PA1a. The weak binding affinity and high hydrophilicity of PA1a made it selectively dissolve out from the PA2/PA1a complex at acidic pH conditions. After removal of chitosan and small molar weight peptides, high-purity PA2 and PA1a (>90% by SEC-HPLC) could be obtained. This work provides a novel strategy for the purification of proteins from a multiprotein pea whey system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Xingfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Yufei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Yeming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Xiangzhen Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Caimeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
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18
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Nisar S, Pandit AH, Wang LF, Rattan S. Strategy to design a smart photocleavable and pH sensitive chitosan based hydrogel through a novel crosslinker: a potential vehicle for controlled drug delivery. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14694-14704. [PMID: 35497171 PMCID: PMC9052095 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10333c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a novel photocleavable crosslinker and its joining with amine-based polysachharides, viz. chitosan, resulting in the formation of a dual stimuli-responsive hydrogel having UV- and pH-responsive sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiya Nisar
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
- Amity University
- Noida 201303
- India
| | - Ashiq Hussain Pandit
- Materials Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Sciences
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 807
- Taiwan
| | - Sunita Rattan
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
- Amity University
- Noida 201303
- India
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19
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Ćirić A, Krajišnik D, Čalija B, Đekić L. Biocompatible non-covalent complexes of chitosan and different polymers: Characteristics and application in drug delivery. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2020. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm2004173q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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20
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Artificial neural network for modeling formulation and drug permeation of topical patches containing diclofenac sodium. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 10:168-184. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00671-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Bilanovic D, Iliassafov L, Kurzbaum E, Armon R. Preparing Xanthan‐Chitosan Composites in Glycerol. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dragoljub Bilanovic
- Center for EnvironmentalEconomicsEarth and Space StudiesBemidji State University, Bemidji, MN 56601 USA
| | - Lubov Iliassafov
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Eyal Kurzbaum
- Shamir Research InstituteUniversity of Haifa, P.O. Box 97 Qatzrin 12900 Israel
| | - Robert Armon
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
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22
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Aguiar AE, de O. Silva M, Rodas AC, Bertran CA. Mineralized layered films of xanthan and chitosan stabilized by polysaccharide interactions: A promising material for bone tissue repair. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 207:480-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Nasri‐Nasrabadi B, Kaynak A, Seyedin S, Komeily‐Nia Z, Kouzani AZ. Nanogrooved carbon microtubes for wet three‐dimensional printing of conductive composite structures. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akif Kaynak
- School of EngineeringDeakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Shayan Seyedin
- Deakin UniversityInstitute for Frontier Materials Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Zahra Komeily‐Nia
- Deakin UniversityInstitute for Frontier Materials Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of EngineeringDeakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
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24
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Gel properties of xanthan containing a single repeating unit with saturated pyruvate produced by an engineered Xanthomonas campestris CGMCC 15155. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Faralli A, Shekarforoush E, Ajalloueian F, Mendes AC, Chronakis IS. In vitro permeability enhancement of curcumin across Caco-2 cells monolayers using electrospun xanthan-chitosan nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 206:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Lopes SA, Veiga IG, Bierhalz ACK, Pires ALR, Moraes ÂM. Physicochemical properties and release behavior of indomethacin-loaded polysaccharide membranes. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1525540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Hamedi H, Moradi S, Hudson SM, Tonelli AE. Chitosan based hydrogels and their applications for drug delivery in wound dressings: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:445-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Espinosa-Andrews H, Morales-Hernández N, Lobato-Calleros C, Vernon-Carter EJ. Mesquite gum/chitosan insoluble complexes: relationship between the water state and viscoelastic properties. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1513848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Zapopan, Jal, Mexico
| | - Hugo Espinosa-Andrews
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Zapopan, Jal, Mexico
| | - Norma Morales-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajío del Arenal, Unidad de Tecnología Alimentaria, Zapopan, Jal, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Lobato-Calleros
- Departamento de Preparatoria Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, Edo. de México, Mexico
| | - E. Jaime Vernon-Carter
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Iztapalapa, Vicentina, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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29
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Hu Y, Wu XY, Xu JR, Guo J. Study on the preparation and drug release property of soybean selenoprotein/carboxymethyl chitosan composite hydrogel. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2017-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Soybean selenoprotein/carboxymethyl chitosan (SSP/CMCS) composite hydrogel obtained by the crosslinking of genipin was evaluated for caffeine release. The gelation process of the hydrogel was investigated by resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and viscosity methods. The hydrogels presented a compact network structure, which was observed by positive fluorescence microscopy (PFM). The structural properties of the hydrogel were revealed by fluorescence and FT-IR. The swelling characteristic of the hydrogel and its application in the slow release of caffeine were also studied. These results indicate that there is obvious interaction between SSP and CMCS by the addition of genipin, and the CMCS/SSP solution experiences a significant sol-gel phase transition process upon polymerization. The swelling ratio and release of caffeine slow down obviously at pH 1.2. However, larger swelling and more drug release can be observed at pH 7.4. The experimental values of the empiric diffusional exponent show that the release profiles abide by the non-Fickian diffusion process under both investigated pH conditions. The hydrogel, which is pale transparent with light yellow color at room temperature, can be formulated to be a suitable carrier for site-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- School of Food Science , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Zhong Shan 528458 , P.R. China
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- School of Food Science , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Zhong Shan 528458 , P.R. China
| | - Jin R. Xu
- School of Food Science , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Zhong Shan 528458 , P.R. China
| | - Juan Guo
- School of Food Science , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Zhong Shan 528458 , P.R. China
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30
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Nasri-Nasrabadi B, Kaynak A, Komeily-Nia Z, Adams SD, Li J, Kouzani AZ. Surface nanogrooving of carbon microtubes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9924. [PMID: 29967376 PMCID: PMC6028628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrusion processing of carbon tubes can be problematic due to their poor interfacial interactions with polymeric matrices. Surface chemical modification of carbon tubes can be utilized to create bonding sites to form networks with polymer chains. However, chemical reactions resulting in intermolecular primary bonding limit processability of extrudate, since they cause unstable rheological behaviour, and thus decrease the stock holding time, which is determinative in extrusion. This study presents a method for the synthesis of carbon microtubes with physically modified surface area to improve the filler and matrix interfacial interactions. The key concept is the formation of a nanogrooved topography, through acoustic cavitation on the surface of processing fibres. The effect of nanogrooving on roughness parameters is described, along with the role of surface modified carbon tubes on rheological behaviour, homogeneity, and coherency of extrudate. The measurements showed that nanogrooving increases the surface area of carbon microtubes, as a result, die swelling of the extrudate is reduced. Furthermore, after solidification, the mechanical strength of composite is reinforced due to stronger interactions between nanogrooved carbon tubes and polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akif Kaynak
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Zahra Komeily-Nia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Scott D Adams
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Jingliang Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
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31
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32
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Shu G, He Y, Chen L, Song Y, Cao J, Chen H. Effect of Xanthan⁻Chitosan Microencapsulation on the Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluid and Dairy Beverage. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E588. [PMID: 30966622 PMCID: PMC6403948 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus acidophilus was encapsulated in xanthan⁻chitosan (XC) and xanthan⁻chitosan⁻xanthan (XCX) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) gels by extrusion method. The obtained capsules were characterized by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The effects of microencapsulation on the changes in survival and release behavior of the Lactobacillus acidophilus during exposure to simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) were studied. Encapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus exhibited a significantly higher resistance to SGF and SIF than non-encapsulated samples. In addition, the viability of free and immobilized cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus incorporated into dairy beverages was assessed for 21 days both at room temperature and in refrigerated storage. The results indicated that xanthan⁻chitosan⁻xanthan (XCX) and xanthan⁻chitosan (XC) significantly (p < 0.05) improved the cell survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in yogurt during 21 days of storage at 4 and 25 °C, when compared to free cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Shu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Yunxia He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Li Chen
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yajuan Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Jili Cao
- Department of Research and Development, Xi'an Oriental Dairy Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710027, China.
| | - He Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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33
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Preparation and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Hibiscus esculentus (Okra) Gum and Chitosan. Int J Biomater 2018; 2018:4856287. [PMID: 29849644 PMCID: PMC5941798 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4856287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) of Okra gum (OKG) extracted from fruits of Hibiscus esculentus (Malvaceae) and chitosan (CH) were prepared using ionic gelation technique. The PECs were insoluble and maximum yield was obtained at weight ratio of 7 : 3. The supernatant obtained after extracting PECs was clearly representing complete conversion of polysaccharides into PECs. Complexation was also evaluated by measuring the viscosity of supernatant after precipitation of PECs. The dried PECs were characterized using FTIR, DSC, zeta potential, water uptake, and SEM studies. Thermal analysis of PECs prepared at all ratios (10 : 90, 20 : 80, 30 : 70, 40 : 60, 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30, 80 : 20, and 90 : 10; OKG : CH) depicted an endothermic peak at approximately 240°C representing cleavage of electrostatic bond between OKG and CH. The optimized ratio (7 : 3) exhibited a zeta potential of -0.434 mV and displayed a porous structure in SEM analysis. These OKG-CH PECs can be further employed as promising carrier for drug delivery.
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34
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Palacio DA, Urbano BF, Rivas BL. Hydrogels based on alkylated chitosan and polyelectrolyte copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Palacio
- Polymer Department, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Concepcion; Casilla 160-C, Concepción Chile
| | - Bruno F. Urbano
- Polymer Department, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Concepcion; Casilla 160-C, Concepción Chile
| | - Bernabé L. Rivas
- Polymer Department, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Concepcion; Casilla 160-C, Concepción Chile
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35
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Shu G, He Y, Chen L, Song Y, Meng J, Chen H. Microencapsulation of Bifidobacterium bifidum BB01 by xanthan–chitosan: preparation and its stability in pure milk. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:588-596. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1431652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Shu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Yunxia He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Yajuan Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, PR China
| | | | - He Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, PR China
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36
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Abstract
This review places an emphasis on chitosan intelligent hydrogels. The fabrication methods and mechanisms are introduced in this review and the interactions of the formation of hydrogels with both physical and chemical bonds are also introduced. The relationship between the structural characteristics and the corresponding functions of stimuli-responsive characteristics, self-healing functions and high mechanical strength properties of the chitosan hydrogels are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Environment Engineering
| | - Fuchao Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
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37
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You G, Liu XL, Zhao MM. Preparation and characterization of hsian-tsao gum and chitosan complex coacervates. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Minkal, Ahuja M, Bhatt D. Polyelectrolyte complex of carboxymethyl gum katira-chitosan: Preparation and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:1184-1191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lim KS, Martens P, Poole-Warren L. Biosynthetic Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-57511-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Shu G, He Y, Chen L, Song Y, Meng J, Chen H. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus Acidophilus by Xanthan-Chitosan and Its Stability in Yoghurt. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E733. [PMID: 30966036 PMCID: PMC6418684 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulations of Lactobacillus acidophilus in xanthan-chitosan (XC) and xanthan-chitosan-xanthan (XCX) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) gels were prepared in this study. The process of encapsulation was optimized with the aid of response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum condition was chitosan of 0.68%, xanthan of 0.76%, xanthan-L. acidophilus mixture (XLM)/chitosan of 1:2.56 corresponding to a high viable count (1.31 ± 0.14) × 1010 CFU·g-1, and encapsulation yield 86 ± 0.99%, respectively. Additionally, the application of a new encapsulation system (XC and XCX) in yoghurt achieved great success in bacterial survival during the storage of 21 d at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Specially, pH and acidity in yogurt were significantly influenced by the new encapsulation system in comparison to free suspension during 21 d storage. Our study provided a potential encapsulation system for probiotic application in dairy product which paving a new way for functional food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Shu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Yunxia He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Li Chen
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yajuan Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Jiangpeng Meng
- Xi'an Baiyue Goat Milk Corp., Ltd., Xi'an 710089, China.
| | - He Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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Rojas Salas MC, Ciro Velásquez HJ, Gil Gonzalez JH. Spray drying of sisal liquids extracts (Furcraea spp.): Overall performance of the drying process. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mendes AC, Strohmenger T, Goycoolea F, Chronakis IS. Electrostatic self-assembly of polysaccharides into nanofibers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chitosan based in situ forming polyelectrolyte complexes: A potential sustained drug delivery polymeric carrier for high dose drugs. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dadou SM, El-Barghouthi MI, Alabdallah SK, Badwan AA, Antonijevic MD, Chowdhry BZ. Effect of Protonation State and N-Acetylation of Chitosan on Its Interaction with Xanthan Gum: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15100298. [PMID: 28946687 PMCID: PMC5666406 DOI: 10.3390/md15100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic matrices composed of chitosan (CS) and xanthan gum (XG) complexes are of pharmaceutical interest in relation to drug delivery due to their ability to control the release of active ingredients. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDs) have been performed in order to obtain information pertaining to the effect of the state of protonation and degree of N-acetylation (DA) on the molecular conformation of chitosan and its ability to interact with xanthan gum in aqueous solutions. The conformational flexibility of CS was found to be highly dependent on its state of protonation. Upon complexation with XG, a substantial restriction in free rotation around the glycosidic bond was noticed in protonated CS dimers regardless of their DA, whereas deprotonated molecules preserved their free mobility. Calculated values for the free energy of binding between CS and XG revealed the dominant contribution of electrostatic forces on the formation of complexes and that the most stable complexes were formed when CS was at least half-protonated and the DA was ≤50%. The results obtained provide an insight into the main factors governing the interaction between CS and XG, such that they can be manipulated accordingly to produce complexes with the desired controlled-release effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha M Dadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Musa I El-Barghouthi
- Department of Chemistry, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
| | - Samer K Alabdallah
- Department of Chemistry, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
| | - Adnan A Badwan
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company (PLC), Research and Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
| | - Milan D Antonijevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Babur Z Chowdhry
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
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Madhusudana Rao K, Kumar A, Han SS. Polysaccharide based bionanocomposite hydrogels reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals: Drug release and biocompatibility analyses. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:165-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Chen L, Yang T, Song Y, Shu G, Chen H. Effect of xanthan-chitosan-xanthan double layer encapsulation on survival of Bifidobacterium BB01 in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, bile salt solution and yogurt. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Freezing is one of the widely used preservation methods to preserve the quality of food products but it also results in deteriorative changes in textural properties of food which in turn affects its marketability. Different foodstuffs undergo different types of changes in texture, taste and overall acceptability upon freezing and subsequent frozen storage. Freezing and thawing of pre-cut or whole fruits and vegetables causes many deleterious effects including texture and drip losses. The major problem in stability of ice-cream is re-crystallization phenomena which happens due to temperature fluctuations during storage and finally impairs the quality of ice-cream. Frozen storage for longer periods causes rubbery texture in meat and fish products. To overcome these problems, hydrocolloids which are polysaccharides of high molecular weight, are used in numerous food applications involving gelling, thickening, stabilizing, emulsifying etc. They could improve the rheological and textural characteristics of food systems by changing the viscosity. They play a major role in retaining texture of fruits and vegetables after freezing. They provide thermodynamic stability to ice cream to control the process of re-crystallization. Hydrocolloids find application in frozen surimi, minced fish, and meat products due to their water-binding ability. They are also added to frozen bakery products to improve shelf-stability by retaining sufficient moisture and retarding staling. Various hydrocolloids impart different cryoprotective effects to food products depending upon their solubility, water-holding capacity, rheological properties, and synergistic effect with other ingredients during freezing and frozen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Maity
- a Defence Food Research Laboratory , Siddarthanagar, Mysore , Karnataka , India
| | - Alok Saxena
- b Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University , Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - P S Raju
- a Defence Food Research Laboratory , Siddarthanagar, Mysore , Karnataka , India
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Bombaldi de Souza RF, Bombaldi de Souza FC, Moraes ÂM. Analysis of the performance of polysaccharide membranes in aqueous media as a tool to assist wound-dressing selection. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Francielle Bombaldi de Souza
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas; Avenida Albert Einstein 500 Campinas São Paulo - CEP 13083-852 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Carla Bombaldi de Souza
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas; Avenida Albert Einstein 500 Campinas São Paulo - CEP 13083-852 Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Moraes
- Department of Engineering of Materials and of Bioprocesses; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas; Avenida Albert Einstein 500 Campinas São Paulo - CEP 13083-852 Brazil
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Roy JC, Salaün F, Giraud S, Ferri A, Guan J. Surface behavior and bulk properties of aqueous chitosan and type-B gelatin solutions for effective emulsion formulation. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:202-214. [PMID: 28732859 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of aqueous chitosan (CH), type-B gelatin (GB) and CH-GB coacervate was studied on oil-in-water emulsion formulation at various pH and concentration ratio. The coacervate was formed by phase separation at ratios CH:GB, 1:10 to 1:1 with total biopolymer concentrations of 0.55%-1.0% (w/v) at pH 4.0-5.5. Soluble complexes were formed below pH 5.0 and coacervate formation was confirmed at pH 5.0 and above by zeta potential and UV-spectroscopy measurements. The coacervate formation was found maximum at the CH-GB ratios of 1:10 and 1:5 at pH 5.5. Formulated emulsions (>10μm droplets) using 1% (w/v) chitosan and GB were found stable (+52.5mv and creaming index 86%) and unstable respectively. Emulsion stabilized by mixed CH:GB 1:5 (3%w/v) had no creaming effect. The instability was attributed to the lower surface activity (K=5.0Lg-1) of pure GB compared to CH (K=14.3Lg-1). The formulation and methods can successfully tune the stability of the emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Chandra Roy
- University Lille Nord de France, F-5900 Lille, France; ENSAIT, GMTEX, F-59100, Roubaix, France; Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Italy; College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Fabien Salaün
- University Lille Nord de France, F-5900 Lille, France; ENSAIT, GMTEX, F-59100, Roubaix, France
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- University Lille Nord de France, F-5900 Lille, France; ENSAIT, GMTEX, F-59100, Roubaix, France
| | - Ada Ferri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
| | - Jinping Guan
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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50
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Mutaliyeva B, Grigoriev D, Madybekova G, Sharipova A, Aidarova S, Saparbekova A, Miller R. Microencapsulation of insulin and its release using w/o/w double emulsion method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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