Effect of heat-moisture and acid treatment on physicochemical, pasting, thermal and morphological properties of Horse Chestnut (Aesculus indica) starch

Value addition of mango kernel for development and characterization of starch with starch nanoparticles for packaging applications

The present research was conducted to explore the potential of mango kernel starch from the Chaunsa variety to develop starch and starch nanoparticles (SNPs) based films. The investigation included starch isolation from mango kernel followed by the preparation of SNPs by acid hydrolysis and a thorough examination of various physicochemical properties for film formation. The properties of SNPs were found to be distinctly different from those of native starch. SNPs exhibited an aggregated form with an irregular surface, whereas native starch had an oval and elongated shape with a smooth surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the starch type in SNPs was of the A-type. Additionally, the pasting properties of SNPs were minimal due to the acid hydrolysis process. SNP-based composite film was developed with (5 %) SNP concentration added. This successful incorporation of SNPs enhanced biodegradability, with complete degradation occurring within three weeks. Moreover, the composite films displayed increased burst strength, measuring 1303.51 ± 73.7 g, and lower water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) at (7.40 ± 0.50) × 10-3 g per square meter per second and reduced water solubility at 35.32 ± 3.0 %. This development represents a significant advancement in the field of eco-friendly packaging materials.

Characterization of Acid Hydrolyzed Taro Boloso-I (Colocasia esculenta Cultivar) Starch as a Diluent in Direct Compression of Tablets

Corn, wheat, rice, potato, and cassava starches have been widely used as pharmaceutical excipients. However, the search for cost-effective local starch alternatives is necessary due to the availability and usage constraints. In Ethiopia, various plant species, including Taro Boloso-I, have been explored as potential sources of pharmaceutical starch. It is a variety of Colocasia esculenta with a high tuber yield and high starch content. However, the native starch requires modifications to enhance its functionality. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the native starch through acid modification and evaluate its performance as a direct compressible tablet excipient. The native starch was treated with a 6% w/v HCl solution for 192 hours, resulting in acid-modified Taro Boloso-I starch, which was then evaluated for suitability for direct compression. XRD patterns of both the native and modified starch showed characteristic A-type crystals, with significantly higher relative crystallinity observed in the latter. Additionally, the acid-modified starch exhibited a lower moisture content and improved flow properties. The compaction study also demonstrated its improved compactibility (tensile strength: 16.82 kg/cm2), surpassing both the native starch (13.17) and Starch 1500® (11.2). The modified starch also showed a lower lubricant sensitivity compared to the native starch and Starch 1500®. Furthermore, paracetamol tablets made with the modified starch exhibited higher mechanical strength and lower friability in all paracetamol concentrations. It incorporated up to 40% paracetamol while maintaining acceptable tablet characteristics, whereas the native starch and Starch 1500® were limited to 30% (w/w). Based on these findings, the modified starch showed promise as an alternative direct compressible excipient in tablet manufacturing.

Effects of explosion puffing on the native structural organization and oil adsorption properties of starch

The effects of explosion puffing (EP) on the native structural organization (i.e., thermal properties, crystalline structure, short-range order, granule morphology and powder properties) and oil adsorption properties of puffed starch (PS) were investigated. The results showed that EP treatment could decrease the melting enthalpy of starch double helices and increase the V-type crystallinity. The highest V-type crystallinity (24.7 %) was obtained when the puffing pressure was 0.4 MPa and the starch:ethanol:water ratio was 1:2:1 (w/w). By controlling the puffing conditions, EP treatment can alter the morphology, and increase the particle size, flowability and specific surface area of PS. The high amorphous proportion and porous sheet structure of PS resulted in the highest oil adsorption capacity when the starch:ethanol:water ratio was 1:1:1 (w/w). Pearson correlation analysis showed that oil adsorption capacity was significantly and positively correlated with the 1022/995 cm-1 value and V-type crystallinity, but negatively correlated with bulk density and angle of repose. Furthermore, oil retention capacity was strongly dependent on V-type crystallinity. These findings demonstrated that EP is an innovative technology with the potential to enhance the V-type crystallinity and adsorption performance of starch.

Heat-moisture treated waxy highland barley starch: Roles of starch granule-associated surface lipids, temperature and moisture

Roles of temperature, moisture and starch granule-associated surface lipids (SGASL) during heat-moisture treatment (HMT) of waxy highland barley starch were elucidated. Starch without SGASL showed a higher increase in ratio (1016/993 cm-1) (0.095-0.121), lamellar peak area (88), radius of gyration (Rg1, 0.9-1.8 nm) and power-law exponents (0.19-0.42) than native starch (0.038-0.047, 46, 0.1-0.6 nm, 0.04-0.14), upon the same increase in moisture or temperature. Thus, removing SGASL promoted HMT. However, after HMT (30 % moisture, 120 °C), native starch showed lower relative crystallinity (RC, 11.67 %) and lamellar peak area (165.0), longer lamellar long period (L, 14.99 nm), and higher increase in peak gelatinization temperature (9.2-13.3 °C) than starch without SGASL (12.04 %, 399.2, 14.52 nm, 4.7-6.1 °C). This suggested that the resulting SGASL-amylopectin interaction further destroyed starch structure. Starch with and without SGASL showed similar trends in RC, lamellar peak area, L and Rg1 with increasing temperature, but different trends with increasing moisture, suggesting that removing SGASL led to more responsiveness to the effects of increasing moisture. Removing SGASL resulted in similar trends (RC and lamellar peak area) with increasing moisture and temperature, suggesting that the presence of SGASL induced different effects on moisture and temperature.

Oil structuring from porous starch to powdered oil: Role of multi-scale structure in the oil adsorption and distribution

Oil structuring from porous starch is a potential alternative for the industrial production of powdered oil, but their relationship between starch multi-scale structure and oil adsorption characteristics was not clear. This study compared the role of multi-scale structure of porous starch (PS) prepared by normal and waxy maize starch in the oil adsorption. Waxy maize porous starch exhibited higher oil adsorption capacity (32.43 %-98.71 %) and more oil distributed on the surface of granules than normal maize porous starch, resulting from the more pores, larger specific surface area (1.01-1.53 m2/g), and pore size (8.45-9.32 nm). The enzymolysis time of native starch dominated oil distribution, leading to different granule adhesion and aggregation state. Pearson correlation analysis further showed oil adsorption capacity was negatively correlated with particle size, but positively correlated with enzymolysis rate and specific surface area of PS. The formation of powdered oil was mainly through the physical adsorption, including surface adsorption and pore adsorption. These findings could provide a promising route for the preparation of powdered oil with controlled multi-scale structure of PS.

Impact of moisture content on microstructural, thermal, and techno-functional characteristics of extruded whole-grain-based breakfast cereal enriched with Indian horse chestnut flour

The use of non-conventional seed flour is of interest in obtaining healthy breakfast cereals. The research aimed to study the physico-functional, bioactive, microstructure, and thermal characteristics of breakfast cereals using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and differential scanning calorimeter. The increase in feed moisture content (16 %) enhanced the bulk density (5.24 g/mL), water absorption index (7.76 g/g), total phenolic content (9.03 mg GAE/g), and antioxidant activity (30.36 %) having desirable expansion rate (2.84 mm), water solubility index (48 %), and color attributes. The microstructure showed dense inner structures with closed air cells in extruded flours. Extrusion treatment rearranged the crystalline structure from A-type to V-type by disrupting the granular structure of starch, reducing its crystallinity, and promoting the formation of an amylose-lipid complex network. Increasing conditioning moisture enhanced the degree of gelatinization (%), peak gelatinization temperature (Tp), and starch crystallinity (%) and reduced the gelatinization enthalpy (ΔHG) and gelatinization temperature ranges. The results reported in this study will help industries to develop innovative and novel food products containing functional ingredients.

A review of starch swelling behavior: Its mechanism, determination methods, influencing factors, and influence on food quality

Swelling behavior involves the process of starch granules absorbing enough water to swell and increase the viscosity of starch suspension under hydrothermal conditions, making it one of the important aspects in starch research. The changes that starch granules undergo during the swelling process are important factors in predicting their functional properties in food processing. However, the factors that affect starch swelling and how swelling, in turn, affects the texture and digestion characteristics of starch-based foods have not been systematically summarized. Compared to its long chains, the short chains of amylose easily interact with amylopectin chains to inhibit starch swelling. Generally, reducing the swelling of starch could increase the strength of the gel while limiting the accessibility of digestive enzymes to starch chains, resulting in a reduction in starch digestibility. This article aims to conduct a comprehensive review of the mechanism of starch swelling, its influencing factors, and the relationship between swelling and the pasting, gelling, and digestion characteristics of starch. The role of starch swelling in the edible quality and nutritional characteristics of starch-based foods is also discussed, and future research directions for starch swelling are proposed.

Effects of crosslinking with sodium trimetaphosphate on structural, physicochemical, rheological and in vitro digestibility properties of purple sweet potato starch

Purple sweet potato starch (PSPS) was modified using different amounts of sodium trimetaphosphate (0, 3-12%). Phosphorus content, crosslinking (CL), and substitution levels increased after modification. CL led to gradual agglomeration with each other through adhesion, compared to 0% STMP. X-ray diffraction did not change, but crystalline properties, swelling index, and peak viscosity increased, and solubility and glycaemic index decreased after crosslinking. Crosslinking increased, leading to a decrease of greater significance at 3% CL. Resistant starch was increased from 60.51 to 83.32%. G' and G'' values for crosslinking starch samples varied from 3086.00-5507.50 Pa and 513.92-800.30 Pa, respectively, after sweep test. The flow behavior index < 1 indicates that CL starch pastes are shear-thin. Positive and negative correlations were observed between gelatinized starch enthalpy and RS and between SDS and GI, respectively. The results lay the groundwork to comprehend the properties and relationships of CLPSPS and promote its possible use in foods.

The Effect of Dual-Modification by Heat-Moisture Treatment and Octenylsuccinylation on Physicochemical and Pasting Properties of Arrowroot Starch

Starch is widely applied in various industrial sectors, including the food industry. Starch is used as a thickener, stabilizer, or emulsifier. However, arrowroot starch generally has weaknesses, such as unstable under heating and acidic conditions, which are generally applied to processing in the food industry. Modifications were applied to improve the characteristics of native arrowroot starch. In this study, arrowroot starch was modified by heat-moisture treatment (HMT), octenylsuccinylation (OSA), and dual modification between OSA and HMT in a different sequence--namely, HMT followed by OSA, and OSA followed by HMT. This study aims to determine the effect of different modification methods on the physicochemical and functional properties of native arrowroot starch. The result shows that both single HMT and dual modification caused damage to native starch granules, such as the formation of cracks and roughness. For single OSA treatment, especially, there is no significant change in granule morphology after modification. All modification treatments did not change the crystalline type of starch but reduced the RC of native starch. Both single HMT and dual modifications (HMT-OSA, OSA-HMT) increased pasting temperature and setback, but, conversely, decreased the peak and the breakdown viscosity of native starch, whereas single OSA had the opposite trend compared with the other modifications. HMT played a greater role in increasing the thermal stability and the retrogradation ability of arrowroot starch. Both single modifications (HMT and OSA) increased the hardness and gumminess of native starch, and the opposite was true for the dual modifications. HMT had a greater effect on color characteristics, where the lightness and whiteness index of native arrowroot starch decreased. Single OSA modification increased swelling volume higher than dual modification. Both single HMT and dual modifications increased water absorption capacity and decreased the oil absorption capacity of native arrowroot starch.

Characterization of chestnut starch acetate with different degrees of substitution

Chestnut starch acetates (CSA) with different degrees of substitution (DS) were prepared. The structure and physicochemical properties of CSA were then determined, with scanning electron microscopy showing that most of the CSA granules were damaged and dented, and adhered with increased in DS. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the crystal form of CS and CSA was type C. Chemical structure analysis showed that the starch molecule was grafted with acetyl groups. The transparency, freeze–thaw stability, solubility and swelling power of CSA improved with an increase in DS. The viscosity and stability of CSA were significantly improved and pasting temperatures reduced compared with native CS. The cohesion, hardness, gumminess, chewiness and springiness of CSA decreased with an increase in DS, whereas adhesiveness increased. By comparing the properties of CSA with different DS, a new option was provided for the application of renewable natural polymer CSA in food fields.

Effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on thermal stability of starch gel and the surface adhesiveness of vermicelli

The molecular structure has an important influence on the surface adhesion of starch gel. In the present study, the surface adhesiveness of vermicelli after cooking was reduced by heat-moisture treatment (HMT), and the mechanism underlying the increased thermal stability was explored by measuring the changes in short-range order, crystallinity, the thickness of the crystalline layer, and the length of the double helix in the dry starch gel. The surface adhesiveness decreased by 72.12 % when the moisture content was 26 %. HMT increased the crystallinity, and the thickness of the crystalline layer of the starch gel increased from 14.61 nm to 14.83-17.30 nm at 20-26 % moisture content. The molecular rearrangement and destruction of unstable short double helixes increased the proportion of long double helixes, resulting in an increased crystallinity and layer thickness.

Dual Modification of Sago Starch via Heat Moisture Treatment and Octenyl Succinylation to Improve Starch Hydrophobicity

To elucidate the pretreatment of a heat moisture treatment that could increase the DS and hydrophobicity of OSA starch, the effect of the moisture level of the HMT process on the physicochemical properties was investigated. The higher moisture content (MC) in the HMT process led to a decreasing degree of crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy and also produced surface damage and cracking of the granules. HMT pretreatment with the right moisture content resulted in OSA starch with the maximum DS value and reaction efficiency. Pre-treatment HMT at 25% MC (HMT-25) followed by OSA esterification exhibited the highest DS value (0.0086) and reaction efficiency (35.86%). H25-OSA starch has been shown to have good water resistance (OAC 1.03%, WVP 4.92 × 10-5 g/s m Pa, water contact angle 88.43°), and conversely, has a high cold water solubility (8.44%). Based on FTIR, there were two new peaks at 1729 and 1568 cm-1 of the HMT-OSA starch, which proved that the hydroxyl group of the HMT starch molecule had been substituted with the carbonyl and carboxyl ester groups of OSA.

Progress in Starch-Based Materials for Food Packaging Applications

The food packaging sector generates large volumes of plastic waste due to the high demand for packaged products with a short shelf-life. Biopolymers such as starch-based materials are a promising alternative to non-renewable resins, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly food packaging alternative for single-use products. This article provides a chronology of the development of starch-based materials for food packaging. Particular emphasis is placed on the challenges faced in processing these materials using conventional processing techniques for thermoplastics and other emerging techniques such as electrospinning and 3D printing. The improvement of the performance of starch-based materials by blending with other biopolymers, use of micro- and nano-sized reinforcements, and chemical modification of starch is discussed. Finally, an overview of recent developments of these materials in smart food packaging is given.

Methods for characterizing the structure of starch in relation to its applications: a comprehensive review

Starch is a major part of the human diet and an important material for industrial utilization. The structure of starch granules is the subject of intensive research because it determines functionality, and hence suitability for specific applications. Starch granules are made up of a hierarchy of complex structural elements, from lamellae and amorphous regions to blocklets, growth rings and granules, which increase in scale from nanometers to microns. The complexity of these native structures changes with the processing of starch-rich ingredients into foods and other products. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of analytical methods developed to characterize structure of starch granules, and their applications in analyzing the changes in starch structure as a result of processing, with particular consideration of the poorly understood short-range ordered structures in amorphous regions of granules.

Effect of Thermal Pretreatments on Phosphorylation of Corypha umbraculifera L. Stem Pith Starch: A Comparative Study Using Dry-Heat, Heat-Moisture and Autoclave Treatments

Talipot starch, a non-conventional starch source with a high yield (76%) from the stem pith of talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera L.) was subjected to three different thermal treatments (dry-heat, heat-moisture and autoclave treatments) prior to phosphorylation. Upon dual modification of starch with thermal treatments and phosphorylation, the phosphorous content and degree of crosslinking significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) and was confirmed by the increased peak intensity of P=O and P-O-C stretching vibrations compared to phosphorylated talipot starch in the FT-IR spectrum. The highest degree of crosslinking (0.00418) was observed in the autoclave pretreated phosphorylated talipot starch sample. Thermal pretreatment remarkably changed the granule morphology by creating fissures and grooves. The amylose content and relative crystallinity of all phosphorylated talipot starches significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) due to crosslinking by the formation of phosphodiester bonds, reducing the swelling power of dual-modified starches. Among all modified starches, dry-heat pretreated phosphorylated starch gel showed an improved light transmittance value of 28.4%, indicating reduced retrogradation tendency. Pasting and rheological properties represented that the thermal pretreated phosphorylated starch formed stronger gels that improved thermal and shear resistance. Autoclave treatment before phosphorylation of talipot starch showed the highest resistant starch content of 48.08%.

Preparation and characterization of native and autoclaving-cooling treated Pinellia ternate starch and its impact on gut microbiota

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the structural and physicochemical properties of native Banxia starch (BXS) and autoclaving-cooling treated Banxia starch (CTBXS) and its related impacts on production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and human gut microbiota by in vitro fecal fermentation. BXS had semicircle to spherical granules, whereas CTBXS exhibited block-shape. According to XRD and TGA, BXS had a C-type crystalline pattern, while CTBXS had a B-type crystalline pattern. CTBXS had better thermal stability than BXS. In addition, BXS exhibited significantly higher solubility and swelling power than CTBXS, and CTBXS had higher content of SDS than BXS. Moreover, BXS and CTBXS could change the composition and abundance of gut microbiota, could also promote the production of SCFAs. This study is beneficial to well understand the in vitro digestion and fecal fermentation behaviors of BXS and CTBXS, and can be developed as a potential functional food with the aim of improving colonic health.

Effects of heat-moisture treatment conditions on the physicochemical properties and digestibility of field bean starch (Vicia faba var. minor)

In the presented study, starch of two cultivars of field bean was modified via the heat-moisture treatment (HMT) at various moisture contents (15 and 30%) and temperatures (100 and 120 °C) to determine HMT effect on its physicochemical properties and digestibility. Non-modified (NM) starches showed only slight variation in properties, with the tested varieties differing only in slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) content. The HMT was shown to decrease the swelling power and amylose leaching and higher phase transition temperatures and wider gelatinization temperature ranges in all modification conditions. These effects were caused by changes in the starch structure, as evidenced by the observed the decrease in relative crystallinity. The changes were the most pronounced in the starches treated at the higher moisture level. The HMT modification modified also starch digestibility. The total content of SDS and RS in non-gelatinized HMT starches modified at 15% moisture content was higher than that determined in the starch modified at 30% moisture content. In most gelatinized HMT starches, the SDS content decreased and that of RS did not change significantly compared to the native starch. Despite modified physicochemical properties, those starches still represent a good source of resistant starch.

Effects of ultra-high pressure on the morphological and physicochemical properties of lily starch

In this study, starch extracted from lily bulbs were modified using an ultra-high pressure (UHP) treatment at six different pressure levels (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 MPa). The effects of UHP treatment on the physicochemical and morphological properties of lily starch were investigated. The morphological observation revealed that UHP treatment led to particle expansion and aggregation. Compared with the native and lily starch treated at 100-500 MPa, the lily starch treated at 600 MPa exhibited almost completely disrupted morphology and a larger particle size, indicating nearly complete gelatinization of the starch. The relative crystallinity of the UHP-treated starch remarkably reduced. Gelatinization temperatures via differential scanning calorimetry decreased with increasing pressure. The rapid viscoanalyzer results revealed that the lily starch treated with UHP at 600 MPa showed low values of peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, and setback. These results indicated that UHP was an effective physical modification method for lily starch, UHP treatment (600 MPa, 30 min) caused nearly complete gelatinization of lily starch, and lily starch modified using UHP might expand the application of lily in the food field.

Dynamic Change of Polymer in Rice Analogues and Its Effect on Texture Quality

Macromolecules will leach from the inside of rice analogues (RA) to the external environment and form escaping substances (ES) when boiling in water for a long time. Some escaped substances adhere to the surface of cooked rice analogues (CRA) to form an adhesive layer (AL), which has an important impact on the cooking quality of RA. In this study, hydrocolloids and emulsifier were added and formed RA. Physicochemical, structural, and textural properties of ES, AL, and CRA samples were analyzed to study the effect of hydrocolloids on cooking quality of RA. The results showed that SA inhibited the leach of molecules, reduced MW of AL, decreased starch content of ES and AL, decreased shear viscosity of RA, and enhanced hydrogen bonding interactions. Ca2+ increased the dry matter content of CRA and AL, enhanced hydrogen bonding interactions of ES and CRA, and decreased MW of ES. Textural property results showed that the gelatinous properties of RA were enhanced after SA was added. The Ca2+ in the solution increased the adhesiveness of RA, while decreasing their elasticity. This study explained how hydrocolloids affect the texture properties of RA at a molecular level.

Characteristics of low-fat mayonnaise using different modified arrowroot starches as fat replacer

Modified arrowroot starch was investigated as a fat replacer in mayonnaise. Arrowroot starch was modified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA), annealing (ANN), citric acid hydrolysis (CA), acetylation (ACT) and heat-moisture treatment (HMT). The different starch pastes were used to replace mayonnaise fat at levels of 30% and 50%. Color, viscoelastic properties, and emulsion stability of the fat-reduced mayonnaises and full-fat (FF) version were evaluated, according to the type of modified starch and fat replacement ratio. Physicochemical, thermal, and pasting properties of all starch types differed due to the modification method. Shear stress of mayonnaise was fitted to the Casson and Herschel-Bulkley model, respectively. As partial fat replacers, ANN-modified starch and OSA-starch at 30%, and CA-starch at 30% and 50% showed high yield stress. The elastic moduli (G') of fat-reduced mayonnaises were lower than FF, but mayonnaise with ANN, OSA, and CA showed higher G' than other modified starches. Fat-reduced mayonnaises displayed higher emulsion stability than the FF, especially those with ANN-modified starch, OSA-starch, and CA-starch. In principal component (PC) analysis, groups with high and low emulsion stability were divided by PC1. Overall, ANN-, OSA-, and CA-modified starches were identified as suitable fat replacers in mayonnaise.

Effects of heat-moisture and acid treatments on the structural, physicochemical, and in vitro digestibility properties of lily starch

Starch extracted from lily bulb (Lilium brownii var. Viridulum Baker) was modified via heat-moisture treatment (HMT) at different moisture levels (15-35%) and acid treatment (AT) with hydrochloric acid at five different concentrations (0.25-2.0 M). The effects of HMT and AT on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of lily starch were investigated. HMT and AT led to the clustering of the starch granules, whose surface became rougher, thereby increasing the particle size. X-ray diffraction results showed that HMT increased the relative crystallinity and transformed the crystalline structure from B- to A-type. The relative crystallinity and X-ray patterns of the AT starch significantly increased. The swelling power of HMT and AT starch was significantly reduced, whereas the solubility of HMT starch decreased. The solubility of AT starch was significantly higher than that of native starch (NS) (p < 0.05). Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the gelatinization temperature of lily starch was higher than that of NS after two modifications, whereas the gelatinization enthalpy of the NS was lower than that of the modified samples. The starch with HMT at 25% showed the highest resistant starch content of 44.15% in cooked samples.

Analysis of the pasting profile in corn starch: Structural, morphological, and thermal transformations, Part I

This work is focused on the understanding of the apparent viscosity profile of corn starch, in terms of the physicochemical and morphological changes that take place during the thermal profile of starch-water suspension to its respective gel formation. A mathematical model was used to obtain the experimental operating conditions that satisfy the Froude number. Freeze drying samples are studied in different stages along the pasting profile. Changes in the structural properties of the samples are studied using X-ray diffraction, and the morphological changes are followed using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry was used to analyze the thermal changes in starch. The changes in the pasting profile are associated with structural, thermal,and morphological changes of the system and the analysis of the physicochemical transformation that occur during the pasting profile are explained. The finding in this work does not show evidence of gel retrogradation at the end of the cooling process.