1
|
Santinon C, de Vargas Brião G, da Costa TB, de Moura Junior CF, Beppu MM, Vieira MGA. Development of quaternized agar-based materials for the coronavirus inactivation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:134865. [PMID: 39163951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed weaknesses in healthcare systems and underscored the need for advanced antimicrobial materials. This study investigates the quaternization of agar, a seaweed-derived polysaccharide, and the development of electrospun membranes for air filtration in facemasks and biomedical applications. Using the betacoronavirus MHV-3 as a model, quaternized agar and membranes achieved a 90-99.99 % reduction in viral load, without associated cytotoxicity. The quaternization process reduced the viscosity of the solution from 1.19 ± 0.005 to 0.64 ± 0.005 Pa.s and consequently the electrospun fiber diameter ranged from 360 to 185 nm. Membranes synthesized based on polyvinyl alcohol and thermally cross-linked with citric acid exhibited lower water permeability. Avoiding organic solvents in the electrospinning technique ensured eco-friendly production. This approach offers a promising way to develop biocompatible and functional materials for healthcare and environmental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Santinon
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av, 500, 13083-852 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giani de Vargas Brião
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av, 500, 13083-852 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Talles Barcelos da Costa
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av, 500, 13083-852 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Celso Fidelis de Moura Junior
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av, 500, 13083-852 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marisa Masumi Beppu
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av, 500, 13083-852 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Melissa Gurgel Adeodado Vieira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - School of Chemical Engineering, Albert Einstein Av, 500, 13083-852 Campinas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Ye S, Chen F, Xiao Q, Weng H, Xiao A. Super absorbent glutaric anhydride-modified agar: Structure, properties, and application in biomaterial delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123524. [PMID: 36736981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Agar was modified with glutaric anhydride (GA) in this study to expand its application in food and medicine. Glutaric anhydride-modified agar (GAR) can maintain high gel strength (1247.4 g/cm2) and improved transparency (82.7 %). The esterified agar formed by GA further formed a cross-linking molecule structure by increasing the reaction temperature. Notably, excellent freeze-thaw stability (24.1 %) and swelling property (3116.6 %) of GAR indicated that the carboxyl-terminal of modified agar improves its affinity with water. Therefore, satisfactory water permeability and expansive stone enable agar films to achieve high water absorption. Furthermore, GAR films exhibit a specific absorption capacity of tetracycline hydrochloride in weak acid solution, thereby suggesting its potential application as a sustainable drug delivery carrier. Finally, the structure of the modified agar was analyzed to explain the mechanism of binding water. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicted the porous structure of the agar gel responsible for swelling, drug loading, and release. Low-field NMR results showed that GA improves agar gel's binding and free water content. According to our research results, these GAR hydrogel membranes with excellent properties have the potential to be used as effective drug delivery materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Siying Ye
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Fuquan Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Qiong Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Huifen Weng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang B, Lan W, Xie J. Chemical modifications in the structure of marine polysaccharide as serviceable food processing and preservation assistant: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1539-1555. [PMID: 36370860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Marine polysaccharides are a kind of natural polysaccharides which isolated and extracted from marine organisms. Now some marine polysaccharides, such as chitosan, sodium alginate and agar, have been proven to exhibit antibacterial, antioxidant functions and biocompatibility, which are often used to preserve food or improve the physicochemical properties of food. However, they still have the defects of unsatisfactory preservation effect and biological activity, which can be remedied by its modification. Chemical modification is the most effective of all modification methods. The advances in common chemical modification methods of chitosan, sodium alginate, agar and other marine polysaccharides and research progress of modified products in food processing and preservation were summarized, and the influence of additional reaction conditions on the existence of chemical modification sites of polysaccharides was discussed. The modification of functional groups in natural marine polysaccharides leads to the change of molecular structure, which can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of marine polysaccharides. Chemically modified products have been used in various fields of food applications, such as food preservatives, food additives, food packaging, and food processing aids. In general, chemical modification has excellent potential for food processing and preservation, which can improve the function of marine polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weiqing Lan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Aquatic Products Processing and Storage Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Aquatic Products Processing and Storage Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Development of a novel agar extraction method using calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
5
|
Cheng C, Peng X, Xi L, Wan C, Shi S, Wang Y, Yu X. An agar-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel loaded with tannic acid with efficient hemostatic and antibacterial capacity for wound dressing. Food Funct 2022; 13:9622-9634. [PMID: 36004684 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid hemostasis, antibacterial effect and promotion of wound healing are the most important functions that wound dressings need to have. In this work, we designed and prepared a hydrogel with antibacterial effect, hemostatic ability and wound healing promotion using agar, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and tannic acid (TA). We performed a series of tests to characterize the structure and properties of AGAR@PVA-TA hydrogels. The results showed that the AGAR@PVA-TA hydrogels had good mechanical properties and excellent antibacterial ability as well as good hemocompatibility. The cytotoxicity results showed that the AGAR@PVA-TA hydrogels had good cytocompatibility. And the TA loaded hydrogels also presented some good performances in animal studies. In the liver hemostasis model, the AGAR@PVA-TA hydrogel showed good hemostatic ability. Also, the AGAR@PVA-TA hydrogel was able to promote wound healing in an S. aureus-infected rat wound model. More importantly, our research results demonstrated that compared to other polyphenols (such as proanthocyanidins), TA could better improve the mechanical properties, antibacterial ability and rapid hemostasis of hydrogels, which illustrated the uniqueness of TA. Therefore, the TA loaded hydrogel (AGAR@PVA-TA hydrogel) has the potential to be applied as a wound dressing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China. .,Experimental and Research Animal Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Linjie Xi
- Western Theater Command Air Force Hospital, Department of Oncology Hematology, No. 137 Jiuyanqiao Shunjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610021, P. R. China
| | - Chang Wan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Shubin Shi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Yuhang Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| | - Xixun Yu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Qi B, Yang S, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yang X, Chen S, Wu Y, Pan C, Hu X, Li C, Wang L. Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties of Carboxymethyl Agar Synthesized by Microwave-Assisted and Conventional Methods. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030162. [PMID: 35323275 PMCID: PMC8951826 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The microwave-assisted carboxymethylation of agar to improve its physicochemical properties was investigated. Microwave power, reaction time, and temperature, ethanol concentration, and amounts of chloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide were assessed for their effects on synthetic yield and degree of substitution (DS). All factors were positively correlated with DS within a certain range. Using optimized conditions, samples with different DS were prepared, and the physicochemical properties of unmodified and carboxymethyl agars prepared by microwave and conventional methods were compared. Carboxymethylation significantly changed the physicochemical properties of the agar, improving gel transparency and reducing dissolution temperature, gel strength, gel hardness, molecular weight, and molecular size; DS was the key factor. Specifically, higher DS values resulted in greater changes. The microwave-assisted method significantly shortened the reaction time and preserved molecular weight, gel strength, and texture hardness of the agar. Therefore, as an environmentally friendly method, microwave-assisted synthesis shows great promise for producing carboxymethyl agar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shaoling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Xianqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Shengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Chuang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Xiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Chunsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Lunan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National R&D Center for Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; (B.Q.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (S.C.); (Y.W.); (C.P.); (X.H.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
- Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311300, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The comparative study of structural, electronic, and optical properties of hydrogen peroxide and its dihydrate under pressures: first-principle calculations. J Mol Model 2022; 28:72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Elawady HE, Sallam YI, Abd El‐Salam EAE. Optimization of a new coating agar gel formulation using D‐optimal mixture design and study its effects on fresh‐cut apple slices along with cold storage. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Preparation and Characterization of κ-Carrageenan Modified with Maleic Anhydride and Its Application in Films. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090486. [PMID: 34564148 PMCID: PMC8471587 DOI: 10.3390/md19090486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the physicochemical properties of maleic anhydride (MAH)-modified κ-carrageenan (κCar) (MC) were characterized and compared with those of native κ-carrageenan (NC). The Fourier transform infrared spectrum of MC exhibited that κCar was successfully modified. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the thermal stability of MC was decreased. When the degree of substitution was 0.032, MC exhibited a low gel strength (759 g/cm2), gelling temperature (33.3 °C), and dehydration rate (60.3%). Given the excellent film-forming ability of κCar, MC films were then prepared and were found to have better mechanical and barrier properties (UV and water) than NC films. With regard to optical properties, MC films could completely absorb UV light in the range of 200–236 nm. The water contact angle of MC films was higher than that of NC films. Moreover, the elongation at break increased from 26.9% to 163%. These physicochemical property changes imply that MC can be employed in polysaccharide-based films.
Collapse
|
11
|
Convenient Agarose Preparation with Hydrogen Peroxide and Desulfation Process Analysis. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060297. [PMID: 34070967 PMCID: PMC8224637 DOI: 10.3390/md19060297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarose is a natural seaweed polysaccharide and widely used in the medicine, food, and biological fields because of its high gel strength, non-toxicity, and electrical neutrality. The sulfate group is one of the main charged groups that affect the performance of agarose. In the present study, a simple, eco-friendly, and efficient method was explored for agarose preparation. After desulfation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the sulfate content of agar reached 0.21%. Together with gel strength, electroendosmosis, gelling and melting temperature, the indicators of desulfated agar met the standards of commercially available agarose. Notably, the desulfated agar can be used as an agarose gel electrophoresis medium to separate DNA molecules, and the separation effect is as good as that of commercially available agarose. Further, the H2O2 desulfation process was analyzed. The addition of a hydroxyl radical (HO•) scavenger remarkably decreased the H2O2 desulfation rate, indicating that HO• has a certain role in agar desulfation. Sulfate content detection indicated that sulfur was removed from agar molecules in the form of sulfate ions (SO42−) and metal sulfate. The band absence at 850 cm−1 indicated that the sulfate groups at C-4 of D-galactose in sulfated galactan were eliminated.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu J, Lv C. Synthesizing environmentally friendly non-silicone oxygen bleaching stabilizer for linen yarn using oligomeric acrylic acid. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10355. [PMID: 33990676 PMCID: PMC8121827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Using potassium peroxodisulfate as an initiator and acrylic acid as a monomer, an acrylic acid oligomer was synthesized and then compounded with magnesium salt to form a non-silicone oxygen bleaching stabilizer. By investigating the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, initiator concentration, monomer concentration, and magnesium salt dosage on product performance, the effect of stabilizers on linen yarn bleaching was analyzed. The synthetic conditions of oxygen bleaching stabilizer were determined by orthogonal test method, namely, acrylic acid monomer concentration 25%, initiator dosage 5%, oligomeric acrylic acid and magnesium salt compound ratio 5:1, reaction temperature 65 °C, reaction time 4 h. At this time, the chelated iron value of the product was as high as 239.314 mg/g, and the chelated calcium value also reached 145.000 mg/g. The dosage of the synthesized stabilizer were determined to be 4 g/L through indicators such as the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide and whiteness. The results showed that the environmentally friendly non-silicone oxygen bleaching stabilizer not only had a good ability to inhibit the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, but also provided bleached linen yarn with a superior degree of whiteness and less metal ion residue, which can effectively solve the "silicon scale" problem and improve the quality of the pre-treatmented products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Light-Industry and Textile Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Chun Lv
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China.
| |
Collapse
|