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Variability of oral/taste sensitivity to fat: An investigation of attribution from detection threshold methods with repeated measurements. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112432. [PMID: 36869468 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating psychophysical evidence suggests substantial individual variability in oral/taste sensitivity to non-esterified, long-chain fatty acids (NEFA), which is commonly referred to as fat taste or oleogustus. Recent studies have sought to determine its associations with human factors such as body mass index (BMI) and food preferences, as it has been claimed that excessive fat consumption is related to several health conditions, including obesity. Yet, the findings are controversial. On the other hand, it has been noted that considerable variability also occurs based on the methodology used to measure the fatty acid taste. Specifically, learning effects have been observed over repeated measurements of the detection threshold of NEFA, yet there has been no methodology available to take into account these learning effects. Accordingly, in the present study, a novel methodology using a descending-block dual reminder A-Not A (DR A-Not A) method with a warm-up has been proposed to measure the NEFA detection threshold based on the signal detection theory and considering NEFA taste learning effects over repeated sessions. Homogeneous subjects (young adult Korean females within the normal BMI range, non-vegetarians) were randomized to either the novel descending-block DR A-Not A method or ascending triangle method that is commonly used for fat perception studies. Pure oleic acid emulsions were used as fat taste stimuli to be discriminated from pure mineral water. Each subject completed 14 repeated visits. For the ascending triangle method, 14 thresholds were determined using a stopping rule, while for the novel method, 7 thresholds were determined each per two consecutive days, using a criterion of a lower limit of 50% confidence interval of d' = 0.5, considering the practical aspects of taste studies in food sensory science. Based on the group median results of the last two visits, the variability of the detection thresholds was reduced using the novel descending-block DR A-Not A method due to better learning effects over repeated sessions. This shows the potential of the descending-block DR A-Not A threshold method for further studies on oral/taste sensitivity to fat.
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Faridi Esfanjnai A, Mohebbi M. A signal detection reminder methodology to evaluate effects of odor-taste-taste interactions to enhance the perceived saltiness. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112464. [PMID: 36869478 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, numerous attempts are made to increase the perceived saltiness of food without adding more NaCl. In the present study, a method based on a reminder design and signal detection theory was used to evaluate the effects of cheddar cheese odor, meat odor, and monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the perceived saltiness and preference of three intensities of NaCl through the d' and R-Index. A solution of 2 g/L NaCl combined with odorless air was the blind reference product, which was also tested as one of the test products. The reference sample was compared to the target samples. A total of twelve right-handed subjects (19-40 years; body mass index BMI 21-32; 7 females and 5 males) performed sensory difference tasks across six days. Cheddar cheese odor was more effective in increasing the perceived saltiness and preference of NaCl solutions than meat odor. When MSG was added to the NaCl solutions, the perceived saltiness and preference were increased. Overall, the signal detection reminder method could provide a comprehensive psychophysical framework to measure saltiness perception and preference of odor-taste-taste interactions using d' (a distance measure) and R-index (an area measure).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohebbat Mohebbi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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Choi ES, Lee HL, Kwon BK, Kim MA, Lee HS. Sensory test A-Not A rating signal detection: panel’s sensory learning and stability of decision criteria. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112592. [PMID: 37087202 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Signal detection theory (SDT) sensory discrimination analysis using A-Not A with a two-step rating is an efficient approach to in-house sensory quality management in the food industry. For such sensory analysis using an internal panel, the panels' ability to use stable decision criteria and provide a consistent response distribution responding to "A" vs "Not A" is critical for guaranteeing the data quality. This study examined the effects of the familiarization procedure (FP) and reference presentation probability (RPP) in the SDT A-Not A rating protocol on the panels' sensory learning of samples and stability of decision criteria using SDT parameters, recognition d' (d'Rec),criteria location (c), and discrimination d' indices. Three different protocols were compared using ice-tea samples with small differences: Control, 0.25 RPP with repeated reference tasting (FPR); Modified-1, 0.25 RPP with reference categorization (FPC); Modified-2, 0.5 RPP with reference categorization (FPC). An independent sample design with three groups having equal sensitivity was used to identify the differences among the protocols. For each protocol, two sub-groups with similar decision criteria (response bias) were formed according to the results obtained from the pre-test and used for the main-test analysis. SDT analysis results indicated that the Modified-2 protocol with a higher RPP (0.5) induced the most efficient sensory learning of the reference. The protocol improved the subjects' recognition of the reference and test samples, better differentiating from the reference and stabilizing the decision criterion, resulting in higher discrimination performance (larger d'). The results showed that d'Rec analysis, together with d' analysis using a sensory panel, is a useful tool for monitoring the panel performance and checking for the sensory data quality of the sensory difference tests. In the present paper, a detailed illustration of the A-Not A sensory test procedure and examples of how to apply the SDT indices for different business decision-making is also introduced using the design and results of the present experiment.
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The observed variance of dʹ estimates compared across the 2-AFCR, Triangle, and Tetrad Tasks. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim SM, Kim JE, Lee HS. Investigation of human flavor perception and discrimination of the fat content in food using DR A-Not A and 3-AFC methods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:815-822. [PMID: 34249387 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined human flavor perception and discrimination of powdered milk samples with various fat contents using two different sensory discrimination methods, DR A-Not A and 3-AFC. DR A-Not A was expected to be more effective. Using skim milk and whole milk powder, five different samples with various fat contents were prepared. An independent samples design was used to compare DR A-Not A and 3-AFC. Each subject performed 24 repeated tests consisting of comparisons of four different test samples from the reference sample. Signal detection d' results showed that sample discrimination was possible using DR A-Not A, but not 3-AFC. Moreover, the just noticeable difference (JND) was calculated using the results of DR A-Not A. The calculated JND was 0.47% (w/v), and the Weber fraction was 0.82. These results confirm that the DR A-Not A method is more effective for studying the human sensitivity to the fat content in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Min Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, ELTEC College of Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, ELTEC College of Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
| | - Hye-Seong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, ELTEC College of Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760 South Korea
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Nijhof A, te Woerd L, Rason J, Worch T. Forced Grouping: A new methodology to measure the similarity between products and predefined references. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Investigation of test performance of the dual reminder A-Not A (DR A-Not A) in comparison to 3-AFC for discriminating samples of drinking water. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Persich MR, Bair JL, Steinemann B, Nelson S, Fetterman AK, Robinson MD. Hello darkness my old friend: preferences for darkness vary by neuroticism and co-occur with negative affect .. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:885-900. [PMID: 30058438 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1504746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Metaphors frequently link negative affect with darkness and associations of this type have been established in several experimental paradigms. Given the ubiquity and strength of these associations, people who prefer dark to light may be more prone to negative emotional experiences and symptoms. A five study investigation (total N = 605) couches these ideas in a new theoretical framework and then examines them. Across studies, 1 in 4 people preferred the perceptual concept of dark over the perceptual concept of light. These dark-preferring people scored higher in neuroticism (Studies 1 and 2) and experienced greater depressive feelings in daily life (Study 3). Moreover, dark preferences shared a robust relationship with depressive symptoms (Study 4) as well as generalised anxiety symptoms (Study 5). The results provide novel insights into negative affectivity and extend conceptual metaphor theory in a way that is capable of making individual difference predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L Bair
- b Psychology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | | | | | - Adam K Fetterman
- c Psychology , University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , TX , USA
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Jeong YN, van Hout D, Groeneschild C, Lee HS. Comparative categorization method: Using 2-AFC strategy in constant-reference duo-trio for discrimination of multiple stimuli from a reference. Food Qual Prefer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stocks M, Shepherd D, Lee HS, van Hout D, Hautus MJ. Cognitive decision strategies adopted by consumers in reminder difference tests: Influence of the authenticity test. Food Res Int 2017; 97:265-271. [PMID: 28578050 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination tests are used in food companies to quantify small differences between products. Within the diversity of methods available, some are quicker to conduct, whereas others are more sensitive or statistically powerful. One class of methods includes the reminder tasks in which the reference product is given before tasting the actual test stimuli. During the task, such a 'reminder' can be compared directly to each test stimulus, or alternatively, only serve to prime the memory of the judge without being taken into account in decision-making. Previous research with trained judges provided evidence for the latter process while research with untrained consumers has provided some evidence for the former process. Two studies were conducted with untrained consumers using the A Not-AR and 2-AFCR reminder tasks. Objectives were to determine the decision strategies used in, and the relative sensitivity of the tasks. In addition, the use of an "authenticity test" was explored to see if this has a positive effect on test performance. In the first study, mayonnaise and ice tea with small stimulus differences (d'<1) were used in A Not-AR and 2-AFCR. Results were compared to those from A Not-A and 2-AFC tasks, with and without an authenticity test. It was difficult to draw clear conclusions on the decision strategy used, though the use of an authenticity test increased the sensitivity for these small differences, as it improved the performance of 6 out of 8 tests. In the second study, ice teas with larger stimulus differences (at two levels) were tested using the A Not-AR and 2-AFCR tasks, in comparison to the same-different task. The results showed that consumers use the less optimal strategies and that the authenticity test decreases performance, which is contradictory to the results of the first study. It seems that for very small stimulus differences the authenticity test can improve performance, but with larger differences the authenticity test decreases performance; it seems to confuse the judges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stocks
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - D Shepherd
- Department of Psychology, Auckland University of Technology, 90 Akoranga Drive, Auckland 0627, New Zealand.
| | - H-S Lee
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
| | - D van Hout
- Unilever Food and Health Research Institute, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - M J Hautus
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Bi J, Kuesten C. A Simplified Form of the Psychometric Function for the m
-Alternative Forced Choice (m
AFC) Method. J SENS STUD 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Bi
- Sensometrics Research and Service; Richmond VA 23236
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Bi J, O’Mahony M, Lee HS. The performance of the dual reference duo-trio (DRDT) method using a balanced-reference mode. Food Qual Prefer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Jeong YN, Kang BA, Jeong MJ, Song MJ, Hautus MJ, Lee HS. Sensory discrimination by consumers of multiple stimuli from a reference: Stimulus configuration in A-Not AR and constant-ref. duo-trio superior to triangle and unspecified tetrad? Food Qual Prefer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shin HK, Hautus MJ, Lee HS. Unspecified duo–trio tests can be as powerful as the specified 2-AFC: Effects of instructions and familiarization procedures on cognitive decision strategies. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Cognitive decision strategies adopted by trained judges in reminder difference tests when tasting yoghurt, mayonnaise, and ice tea. Food Qual Prefer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Higher performance of constant-reference duo–trio test incorporating affective reference framing in comparison with triangle test. Food Qual Prefer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Jesionka V, Rousseau B, Ennis JM. Transitioning from proportion of discriminators to a more meaningful measure of sensory difference. Food Qual Prefer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Christensen RHB, Ennis JM, Ennis DM, Brockhoff PB. Paired preference data with a no-preference option – Statistical tests for comparison with placebo data. Food Qual Prefer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Rousseau
- The Institute for Perception; 2306 Anza Avenue Davis CA 95616
| | - John M. Ennis
- The Institute for Perception; 2306 Anza Avenue Davis CA 95616
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Stocks MA, van Hout D, Hautus MJ. Cognitive Decision Strategies Adopted in Reminder Tasks by Trained Judges When Discriminating Aqueous Solutions Differing in the Concentration of Citric Acid. J SENS STUD 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A. Stocks
- School of Psychology; The University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | | | - Michael J. Hautus
- School of Psychology; The University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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GARCIA KAREN, ENNIS JOHNM, PRINYAWIWATKUL WITOON. A LARGE-SCALE EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF THE TETRAD AND TRIANGLE TESTS IN CHILDREN. J SENS STUD 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-459x.2012.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kim MA, Chae JE, van Hout D, Lee HS. Discriminations of the A–Not A difference test improved when “A” was familiarized using a brand image. Food Qual Prefer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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VAN HOUT DANIELLE, HAUTUS MICHAELJ, LEE HYESEONG. INVESTIGATION OF TEST PERFORMANCE OVER REPEATED SESSIONS USING SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY: COMPARISON OF THREE NONATTRIBUTE-SPECIFIED DIFFERENCE TESTS 2-AFCR, A-NOT A AND 2-AFC. J SENS STUD 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-459x.2011.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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