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Pencak T, Dordevic D, Ćavar Zeljković S, Tremlova B. Oak Leaves as a Raw Material for the Production of Alcoholic Fermented Beverages. Foods 2024; 13:1641. [PMID: 38890869 PMCID: PMC11172069 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to point out the possible use of oak leaves (Q. petraea) in the production of fermented alcoholic beverages. Parameters such as antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, phenolics and sugars were determined using spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. pH values were also determined, and in the final product with a fermentation length of 85 days, the alcohol content was determined and sensory analysis performed. The antioxidant capacity of the beverage was lower compared to the infusions before fermentation, and its highest values were recorded in the leaf samples, in which the highest values of phenolic compounds and the total phenolic content were also recorded. A decrease in the content of total phenolics was recorded with the increasing length of fermentation in beverage samples. However, the fermentation process had a positive effect on the contents of some phenolic substances such as catechin, gallic acid and gallocatechin. Sensory analysis showed a higher acceptability of the fermented beverage without the addition of orange, which could be caused by the higher sugar content in these samples. Oak leaves therefore represent a suitable raw material for the production of a fermented alcoholic beverage, without the need to enrich the taste with other ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Pencak
- Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (T.P.)
| | - Dani Dordevic
- Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (T.P.)
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslava Tremlova
- Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (T.P.)
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2
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Girardello RC, Rumbaugh A, Perry A, Heymann H, Brenneman C, Oberholster A. Longer cluster hanging time decreases the impact of grapevine red blotch disease in Vitis vinifera L. Merlot across two seasons. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:860-874. [PMID: 37708393 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is a recently discovered virus and a major concern for the wine industry. Prior research indicated that GRBV delays grape ripening by reducing °Brix and anthocyanin concentrations in grapes from infected vines, resulting in higher ethanol concentrations in wines made from healthy fruit compared to diseased vines, which have an impact on sensory properties. In this study, infected fruit (Vitis vinifera L. Merlot) was sequentially harvested (in 2016 and 2017) and chaptalized (in 2017) to ameliorate the impact of GRBV on grape and final wine composition. RESULTS Chemical parameters including phenolic and volatile profiles of grapes and their subsequent wines were measured. Sensory properties were determined by descriptive analyses. Results demonstrated that GRBV decreased sugar accumulation and anthocyanin synthesis in grapes. Wines from GRBV grapes harvested at later ripening stage produced wines that were more similar chemically and sensorially to wines made from healthy fruit than to wines made from GRBV fruit harvested earlier. CONCLUSION A longer hang time of GRBV grapes is a potential strategy to mitigate the impacts of GRBV. However, chaptalization of diseased fruit must was inefficient at increasing similarities to wines made from healthy fruit. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul C Girardello
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Arran Rumbaugh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anji Perry
- J. Lohr Vineyards and Wines, Paso Robles, California, USA
| | - Hildegarde Heymann
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Charles Brenneman
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anita Oberholster
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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3
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Daute M, Jack F, Walker G. The potential for Scotch Malt Whisky flavour diversification by yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2024; 24:foae017. [PMID: 38684485 PMCID: PMC11095643 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Scotch Whisky, a product of high importance to Scotland, has gained global approval for its distinctive qualities derived from the traditional production process, which is defined in law. However, ongoing research continuously enhances Scotch Whisky production and is fostering a diversification of flavour profiles. To be classified as Scotch Whisky, the final spirit needs to retain the aroma and taste of 'Scotch'. While each production step contributes significantly to whisky flavour-from malt preparation and mashing to fermentation, distillation, and maturation-the impact of yeast during fermentation is crucially important. Not only does the yeast convert the sugar to alcohol, it also produces important volatile compounds, e.g. esters and higher alcohols, that contribute to the final flavour profile of whisky. The yeast chosen for whisky fermentations can significantly influence whisky flavour, so the yeast strain employed is of high importance. This review explores the role of yeast in Scotch Whisky production and its influence on flavour diversification. Furthermore, an extensive examination of nonconventional yeasts employed in brewing and winemaking is undertaken to assess their potential suitability for adoption as Scotch Whisky yeast strains, followed by a review of methods for evaluating new yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Daute
- Division of Engineering and Food Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Bell St, DD1 1HG, Dundee, Scotland
- The Scotch Whisky Research Institute, Research Ave N, EH14 4AP, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Frances Jack
- The Scotch Whisky Research Institute, Research Ave N, EH14 4AP, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Graeme Walker
- Division of Engineering and Food Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Bell St, DD1 1HG, Dundee, Scotland
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4
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Gomis-Bellmunt A, Claret A, Guerrero L, Pérez-Elortondo FJ. Sensory evaluation of Protected Designation of origin Wines: Development of olfactive descriptive profile and references. Food Res Int 2024; 176:113828. [PMID: 38163725 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Wines covered by PDO or PGI quality labels have specific sensory characteristics. According to EU regulations, product characteristics (including the sensory description) must be defined in the PDO technical specification and should be verified for their compliance. There exist internationally harmonized quantitative descriptive sensory methods applied to products such as virgin olive oil, with well-defined attributes described in the method itself. Currently, in the case of wine, there is no harmonized international sensory descriptive method that allows comparison of results between different PDOs or laboratories. In this work, a qualitative and quantitative olfactory profile for a broad variety of wines (11 PDO and 37 wine types) and their corresponding reference standards are proposed. The sensory profile obtained can be used both to verify compliance with the technical specifications of the product and to categorize wines by type or region, thus becoming a powerful tool for the wine sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gomis-Bellmunt
- Catalan Institute of Vine and Wine (INCAVI). Plaça Àgora, 2, 08720 Vilafranca del Penedès, Barcelona, Spain; Laboratorio de Analisis Sensorial Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (LASEHU). Lactiker research group. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de investigacion Lascaray Ikergunea, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Anna Claret
- Food Quality and Technology, Intitute of Agrifood research and Technology (IRTA). Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Luis Guerrero
- Food Quality and Technology, Intitute of Agrifood research and Technology (IRTA). Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pérez-Elortondo
- Laboratorio de Analisis Sensorial Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (LASEHU). Lactiker research group. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de investigacion Lascaray Ikergunea, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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5
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Luchian CE, Scutarașu EC, Colibaba LC, Grosaru D, Cotea VV. Studies on the Enhancement of Sparkling Wine and Chocolate Pairing through Compositional Profile Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:3516. [PMID: 37761224 PMCID: PMC10529128 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumers are looking to experience as many interesting culinary combinations as possible, and there is a growing tendency to associate wine with various foods. Although there are some studies associating wine with chocolate, especially red wine, no articles have been published referring to sparkling wines. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to identify the taste compatibility and sensory synergies between sparkling wine and chocolate, with a focus on identifying combinations that can enhance the tasting experience. For this experiment, 14 variants of sparkling wines obtained in Romania and 5 chocolate assortments were evaluated to identify the best culinary match. White chocolate fitted better with Chardonnay-demi-dry sparkling wine; ruby chocolate presented a good match with Fetească neagră-demi-dry; milk chocolate with 32% cocoa powder associated better with Tămâioasă românească-sweet; and dark chocolate with 70% and 95% cocoa powder had synergic matches with Fetească neagră-sweet. Wine attributes like sweetness, acidity, alcoholic strength and chocolate composition significantly impacted the level of match.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Cristina Scutarașu
- Faculty of Horticulture, Iași University of Life Sciences, 3rd M. Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iași, Romania; (C.E.L.); (L.C.C.); (D.G.); (V.V.C.)
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Qian M, Ruan F, Zhao W, Dong H, Bai W, Li X, Liu X, Li Y. Comparison Study of the Physicochemical Properties, Amino Acids, and Volatile Metabolites of Guangdong Hakka Huangjiu. Foods 2023; 12:2915. [PMID: 37569185 PMCID: PMC10417750 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical properties, amino acids, and volatile metabolites of 20 types of Guangdong Hakka Huangjiu were systematically compared in this study. Lower sugar contents were detected in LPSH, ZJHL-1, and GDSY-1, but the total sugar contents of the other types of Guangdong Hakka Huangjiu were more than 100 g/L (which belonged to the sweet type). Among them, a lower alcohol content was found in GDSY-1 (8.36 %vol). There was a significant difference in the organic acid and amino acid composition among the 20 Guangdong Hakka Huangjiu samples, especially the amino acid composition. However, bitter amino acids as the major amino acids accounted for more than 50% of the total amino acids. A substantial variation in volatile profiles was also observed among all types of Guangzhou Hakka Huangjiu. Interestingly, MZSK-1 had different volatile profiles from other Guangzhou Hakka Huangjiu samples. According to gas chromatography olfactometry (GC-O), most of the aroma-active ingredients identified in Guangdong Hakka Huangjiu were endowed with a pleasant aroma of "fruity".
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qian
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.Q.); (F.R.); (W.B.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Fengxi Ruan
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.Q.); (F.R.); (W.B.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenhong Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.Q.); (F.R.); (W.B.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hao Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Weidong Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.Q.); (F.R.); (W.B.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiangluan Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.Q.); (F.R.); (W.B.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.Q.); (F.R.); (W.B.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yanxin Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (M.Q.); (F.R.); (W.B.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
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7
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Agorastos G, Klosse B, Hoekstra A, Meuffels M, Welzen J, Halsema VE, Bast A, Klosse P. Instrumental classification of beer based on mouthfeel. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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8
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Piornos JA, Koussissi E, Balagiannis DP, Brouwer E, Parker JK. Alcohol-free and low-alcohol beers: Aroma chemistry and sensory characteristics. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:233-259. [PMID: 36398756 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-free beers have gained popularity in the last few decades because they provide a healthier alternative to alcoholic beers and can be more widely consumed. Consumers are becoming more aware of the benefits of reducing their alcohol consumption, and this has increased the sales of nonalcoholic alternatives. However, there are still many challenges for the brewing industry to produce an alcohol-free beer that resembles the pleasant fruity flavor and overall sensory experience of regular beers. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of alcohol-free beer focusing on aroma chemistry. The formation of the most important aroma compounds, such as Strecker aldehydes, higher alcohols, and esters, is reviewed, aiming to outline the gaps in current knowledge. The role of ethanol as a direct and indirect flavor-active compound is examined separately. In parallel, the influence of the most common methods to reduce alcohol content, such as physical (dealcoholization) or biological, on the organoleptic characteristics and consumer perception of the final product, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Piornos
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Elisabeth Koussissi
- Research & Development Department, Heineken Supply Chain BV, Zoeterwoude, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Brouwer
- Research & Development Department, Heineken Supply Chain BV, Zoeterwoude, The Netherlands
| | - Jane K Parker
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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9
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Effect of Inter-Row Peanut Growing in the Vineyard on the Quality of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' Grape Fruits and Wines in Northwest China. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223730. [PMID: 36429322 PMCID: PMC9689945 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to solve the problem of premature grape ripening due to global warming, inter-row peanut growing in viticulture was applied. In this two-year (2018-2019) study, the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was used to cover the ground between rows in the vineyards located in the semi-arid Northwest China, Xinjiang. The results showed that reflected solar radiation and temperature around the fruit zone with the peanuts growing were decreased. Compared with clean tillage, the grapes with covering peanuts had lower total soluble solids (TSS) and higher titratable acidity (TA) in the berries. Lower alcohol content and higher total acid (TA) was also found in their corresponding wines. Inter-row peanut growing treatment significantly decreased the contents of flavonols in the grapes and their wines in the two consecutive years, but no significant effect on flavanols was observed in the resulting wines. Norisoprenoids and esters in the grapes and the wines were increased with the peanut growing treatment, respectively. Additionally, compared to clean tillage, the peanut covering significantly improved the sensory value of the wines, especially the aroma complexity of the wines. This study helps us to better understand the feasibility of applying inter-row peanut growing in the viticulture of ground management in the semi-arid climate of Northwest China.
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10
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang W, Xu X, Wu J, Fang Y, Ju Y. Effects of strigolactone and abscisic acid on the quality and antioxidant activity of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) and wines. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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11
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Tapia SM, Pérez‐Torrado R, Adam AC, Macías LG, Barrio E, Querol A. Adaptive evolution in the Saccharomyces kudriavzevii Aro4p promoted a reduced production of higher alcohols. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:2958-2969. [PMID: 36307988 PMCID: PMC9733642 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of unconventional yeast species in human-driven fermentations has attracted a lot of attention in the last few years. This tool allows the alcoholic beverage industries to solve problems related to climate change or the consumer demand for newer high-quality products. In this sense, one of the most attractive species is Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, which shows interesting fermentative traits such as the increased and diverse aroma compound production in wines. Specifically, it has been observed that different isolates of this species can produce higher amounts of higher alcohols such as phenylethanol compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this work, we have shed light on this feature relating it to the S. kudriavzevii aromatic amino acid anabolic pathway in which the enzyme Aro4p plays an essential role. Unexpectedly, we observed that the presence of the S. kudriavzevii ARO4 variant reduces phenylethanol production compared with the S. cerevisiae ARO4 allele. Our experiments suggest that this can be explained by increased feedback inhibition, which might be a consequence of the changes detected in the Aro4p amino end such as L26 Q24 that have been under positive selection in the S. kudriavzevii specie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián M. Tapia
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los AlimentosInstituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos (IATA)‐CSICValenciaSpain
| | - Roberto Pérez‐Torrado
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los AlimentosInstituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos (IATA)‐CSICValenciaSpain
| | - Ana Cristina Adam
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los AlimentosInstituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos (IATA)‐CSICValenciaSpain
| | - Laura G. Macías
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los AlimentosInstituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos (IATA)‐CSICValenciaSpain,Departament de GenèticaUniversitat de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | - Eladio Barrio
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los AlimentosInstituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos (IATA)‐CSICValenciaSpain,Departament de GenèticaUniversitat de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | - Amparo Querol
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los AlimentosInstituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Los Alimentos (IATA)‐CSICValenciaSpain
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12
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New Isolated Autochthonous Strains of S. cerevisiae for Fermentation of Two Grape Varieties Grown in Poland. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Many commercial strains of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae species are used around the world in the wine industry, while the use of native yeast strains is highly recommended for their role in shaping specific, terroir-associated wine characteristics. In recent years, in Poland, an increase in the number of registered vineyards has been observed, and Polish wines are becoming more recognizable among consumers. In the fermentation process, apart from ethyl alcohol, numerous microbial metabolites are formed. These compounds shape the wine bouquet or become precursors for the creation of new products that affect the sensory characteristics and quality of the wine. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the grapevine varieties and newly isolated native S. cerevisiae yeast strains on the content of selected wine fermentation metabolites. Two vine varieties—Regent and Seyval blanc were used. A total of 16 different yeast strains of the S. cerevisiae species were used for fermentation: nine newly isolated from vine fruit and seven commercial cultures. The obtained wines differed in terms of the content of analyzed oenological characteristics and the differences depended both on the raw material (vine variety) as well as the source of isolation and origin of the yeast strain used (commercial vs. native). Generally, red wines characterized a higher content of tested analytes than white wines, regardless of the yeast strain used. The red wines are produced with the use of native yeast strains characterized by higher content of amyl alcohols and esters.
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Investigation of Different Winemaking Protocols to Mitigate Smoke Taint Character in Wine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051732. [PMID: 35268834 PMCID: PMC8911878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is an increase in the levels of volatile phenols in wine made with smoke-impacted grapes. These compounds are present in wood smoke resulting from the pyrolysis (thermal decomposition) of lignin and at high levels give overpowering smoky and ashy characters to a wine. This research aimed to compare all the suggested wine mitigation strategies that evolved from prior research using smoke-impacted grapes under identical winemaking conditions except for the parameter under investigation. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes were received from three areas with varying amounts of smoke exposure in Northern California. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and descriptive analyses were performed to correlate the volatile phenol composition to smoke taint characteristics. The winemaking variables investigated were the use of different fermentation yeasts, oak additions, and fermentation temperatures. Among other attributes, smokiness and ashy aftertaste were significantly different among the wines, showing a clear difference between the wines made from smoke-impacted fruit and the control wines made from non-impacted fruit. Findings indicate that mitigation strategies during red wine fermentation have a limited impact on the extraction of smoke-taint markers and the expression of smoke-taint sensory characteristics.
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Sam FE, Ma T, Liang Y, Qiang W, Atuna RA, Amagloh FK, Morata A, Han S. Comparison between Membrane and Thermal Dealcoholization Methods: Their Impact on the Chemical Parameters, Volatile Composition, and Sensory Characteristics of Wines. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120957. [PMID: 34940458 PMCID: PMC8708490 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the dealcoholization of wine has piqued the interest of winemakers and researchers. Physical dealcoholization methods are increasingly used in the dealcoholization of wines because they can partially or completely reduce the alcohol content of wines. This study aimed to compare the chemical parameters, volatile composition and sensory quality of white, rosé and red wines dealcoholized by two physical dealcoholization methods: reverse osmosis (RO) and vacuum distillation (VD) at 0.7% v/v ethanol. RO and VD effectively reduced the ethanol concentration in all wines to the required 0.7% v/v, but also significantly affected most chemical parameters. The pH, free sulfur dioxide, total sulfur dioxide, and volatile acidity decreased significantly due to dealcoholization by RO and VD, while reducing sugars and total acidity increased significantly. VD resulted in higher color intensity, which was perceptible in dealcoholized rosé and red wines, while RO caused notable color differences in dealcoholized white and red wine fractions. RO were richer in esters (more ethyl esters and isoamyl acetate), higher alcohols, organic acids, terpenics and C13-norisoprenoids, and carbonyl compounds, while wines dealcoholized with VD had lower levels of these volatile compounds, which may reflect both the loss of esters into the distillate during evaporation and condensation (in the case of VD) and a shift in the chemical equilibrium responsible for ester formation and hydrolysis after ethanol removal. β-damascenone exhibited the highest OAV in all wines, however, losses equal to 35.54–61.98% in RO dealcoholized fractions and 93.62% to 97.39% in VD dealcoholized fractions were observed compared to the control wines. The predominant aroma series in the original and dealcoholized wines were fruity and floral but were greatly affected by VD. Sensory evaluation and PCA showed that dealcoholization by RO improved the fruity and floral notes (in rosé and red wines), color intensity, sweetness, viscosity, and aroma intensity better than dealcoholization by VD, while VD mainly enhanced the color of the dealcoholized wines. Both methods increased the acidity of the respective dealcoholized wines. Nevertheless, RO dealcoholized wines achieved higher acceptance by the panelists than VD dealcoholized wines. Therefore, RO may be a better method for producing dealcoholized (0.7% v/v) wines with minimal impact on aroma and sensory quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Eudes Sam
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (F.E.S.); (T.M.); (Y.L.); (W.Q.)
| | - Tengzhen Ma
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (F.E.S.); (T.M.); (Y.L.); (W.Q.)
| | - Yuhua Liang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (F.E.S.); (T.M.); (Y.L.); (W.Q.)
| | - Wenle Qiang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (F.E.S.); (T.M.); (Y.L.); (W.Q.)
| | - Richard Atinpoore Atuna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus, P.O. Box TL1882, Tamale 34983, Ghana; (R.A.A.); (F.K.A.)
| | - Francis Kweku Amagloh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus, P.O. Box TL1882, Tamale 34983, Ghana; (R.A.A.); (F.K.A.)
| | - Antonio Morata
- Food Technology Department, Technical College of Agricultural Engineers, Technical University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Shunyu Han
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (F.E.S.); (T.M.); (Y.L.); (W.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-9313-2658
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15
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Techniques for Dealcoholization of Wines: Their Impact on Wine Phenolic Composition, Volatile Composition, and Sensory Characteristics. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102498. [PMID: 34681547 PMCID: PMC8535880 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The attention of some winemakers and researchers over the past years has been drawn towards the partial or total dealcoholization of wines and alcoholic beverages due to trends in wine styles, and the effect of climate change on wine alcohol content. To achieve this, different techniques have been used at the various stages of winemaking, among which the physical dealcoholization techniques, particularly membrane separation (nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, evaporative perstraction, and pervaporation) and thermal distillation (vacuum distillation and spinning cone column), have shown promising results and hence are being used for commercial production. However, the removal of alcohol by these techniques can cause changes in color and losses of desirable volatile aroma compounds, which can subsequently affect the sensory quality and acceptability of the wine by consumers. Aside from the removal of ethanol, other factors such as the ethanol concentration, the kind of alcohol removal technique, the retention properties of the wine non-volatile matrix, and the chemical-physical properties of the aroma compounds can influence changes in the wine sensory quality during dealcoholization. This review highlights and summarizes some of the techniques for wine dealcoholization and their impact on wine quality to help winemakers in choosing the best technique to limit adverse effects in dealcoholized wines and to help meet the needs and acceptance among different targeted consumers such as younger people, pregnant women, drivers, and teetotalers.
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16
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Comparison between Mid-Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy and Official Analysis Methods for Determination of the Concentrations of Alcohol, SO2, and Total Acids in Wine. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of alcohol, SO2, and total acids in wine through conventional laboratory techniques have some limitations related to the amount of the samples, analytical preparation of laboratory staff, and time to carry out the analysis. In recent years, spectroscopic and chromatographic methods have been proposed to determinate simultaneously multiple analytical parameters. The new methods claim the speed of analysis and easy execution. However, they need a validation process that guarantees the reliability of the results to be used in official determinations. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of FT-infrared reflectance (FT-IR) to quantify total acid, alcohol, and SO2 concentration in the wines. For this purpose, 156 DOC Italian wines were tested with IR technology, and results were compared to those obtained by official analysis methods. The comparison was performed using two non-parametric statistical methods: the Bland & Altman test and Passing & Bablok regression. Our results showed that the spectrophotometric methods make errors due to interfering contaminants in the sample that can be corrected by blank determination. Therefore, the spectrophotometric methods that use the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be used by the wine industry and regulators for the wine routine as an alternative to official methodologies.
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17
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Malfeito-Ferreira M. Fine wine flavour perception and appreciation: Blending neuronal processes, tasting methods and expertise. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Moss R, Healey K, Hayward L, McSweeney MB. Projective mapping and ultra‐flash profile studies should include a list of descriptors and definitions: An investigation into descriptors used by untrained panelists. J SENS STUD 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Moss
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Katie Healey
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Lydia Hayward
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Matthew B. McSweeney
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics Acadia University Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada
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19
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Canonico L, Galli E, Agarbati A, Comitini F, Ciani M. Starmerella bombicola and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Wine Sequential Fermentation in Aeration Condition: Evaluation of Ethanol Reduction and Analytical Profile. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051047. [PMID: 34064665 PMCID: PMC8151965 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the increase of ethanol in wine, due to global climate change and consumers’ choice is one of the main concerns in winemaking. One of the most promising approaches in reducing the ethanol content in wine is the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in co-fermentation or sequential fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this work, we evaluate the use of Starmerella bombicola and S. cerevisiae in sequential fermentation under aeration condition with the aim of reducing the ethanol content with valuable analytical profile. After a preliminary screening in synthetic grape juice, bench-top fermentation trials were conducted in natural grape juice by evaluating the aeration condition (20 mL/L/min during the first 72 h) on ethanol reduction and on the analytical profile of wines. The results showed that S. bombicola/S. cerevisiae sequential fermentation under aeration condition determined an ethanol reduction of 1.46% (v/v) compared with S. cerevisiae pure fermentation. Aeration condition did not negatively affect the analytical profile of sequential fermentation S. bombicola/S. cerevisiae particularly an overproduction of volatile acidity and ethyl acetate. On the other hand, these conditions strongly improved the production of glycerol and succinic acid that positively affect the structure and body of wine.
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20
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Keller ST, Harner AD, Centinari M, Elias RJ, Hopfer H. Influence of Region on Sensory and Chemical Profiles of Pennsylvania Grüner Veltliner Wines. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040825. [PMID: 33920186 PMCID: PMC8070092 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of cultural and environmental factors on the sensory and chemical profiles of wines has been the subject of research investigation for many years, and an examination of these relationships can help determine whether wine regional trends exist. The present study investigated the chemical and sensory factors that drive regional differences in Pennsylvania Grüner Veltliner wines through a controlled winemaking study across two vintages in 2018 and 2019. Descriptive analysis was used to identify key sensory attributes of Pennsylvania Grüner Veltliner. Intensities of these attributes were evaluated in wines vinified under identical conditions from grapes harvested across nine Pennsylvania vineyards. Chemical profiles of finished wines were examined through volatile, phenolic, and color analyses. Significant sensory differences were found between wine regions, with some trends consistent across both vintages; however, regionality based on compositional analyses was less clear. As the first study to examine Pennsylvania Grüner Veltliner wines sensorially, results revealed sensory characteristics that can be useful for wineries and their tasting room staff in marketing these lesser-known white wines to wine consumers as the variety grows in popularity in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T. Keller
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.T.K.); (R.J.E.)
| | - Andrew D. Harner
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.D.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Michela Centinari
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.D.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Ryan J. Elias
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.T.K.); (R.J.E.)
| | - Helene Hopfer
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.T.K.); (R.J.E.)
- Sensory Evaluation Center (SEC), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-814-863-5572
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21
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The Impact of Optical Berry Sorting on Red Wine Composition and Sensory Properties. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020402. [PMID: 33673030 PMCID: PMC7917668 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of optical berry sorting was investigated using Grenache, Barbera, and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Yolo County, California in 2016. Optical sorting parameters were adjusted to remove underripe berries and material other than grapes using color parameters. Wines were made from three treatments, control (no sorting), sort (accepted material), and reject (material rejected by the optical sorter). The rate of rejection was approximately 14.9%, 3.9%, and 1.5% (w/w) for Grenache, Barbera, and Cabernet Sauvignon, respectively. Chemical composition in the finished wines was analyzed by the Adams-Harbertson assay and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for phenolics, and head-space solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry for aroma profiling. In general, optical sorting was successful in removing underripe berries and material other than grapes as evidenced by lower ethanol levels and higher concentrations of total phenolics and tannin (due to the inclusion of material other than grapes) in wine made from rejected material. Despite this, no difference in final ethanol content and minimal differences in phenolic composition were observed between control and sort treatment wines for the three varieties studied. Differences were observed in the aroma profiles of the reject treatments for all three varieties compared to sort and control; however, few compounds differed significantly between the sort and control treatments. Descriptive sensory analysis revealed that panelists had difficulty distinguishing aroma, taste, mouthfeel, and color parameters among wines made from different treatments for all three varieties. Thus, optical sorting had minimal impact on wine sensory properties using the varieties and vineyards studied. Optical sorting may be used to differentiate and sort for different ripeness levels using color as a primary criterion; however, the impact on the resulting wine is likely dependent on the initial variability in grape ripeness.
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22
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Sherman E, Coe M, Grose C, Martin D, Greenwood DR. Metabolomics Approach to Assess the Relative Contributions of the Volatile and Non-volatile Composition to Expert Quality Ratings of Pinot Noir Wine Quality. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13380-13396. [PMID: 32893630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wine flavor and quality are determined by the assessment of multiple sensory stimuli, including aroma, taste, and mouthfeel. It is therefore important to consider the contribution of as many metabolites as possible when attempting to relate wine composition to quality. In this study, partial least squares regression of the volatile (untargeted headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry), non-volatile (untargeted reverse-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry), and combined metabolite profiles were used to predict Pinot Noir wine quality ratings as assessed by experts. Non-volatile metabolite profiles predicted wine quality ratings better than volatile metabolite profiles, suggesting that the non-volatile composition of Pinot Noir wines contributes to quality perception to a greater extent than the volatile composition. This was underscored by descriptive sensory analysis, which found that taste and mouthfeel attributes were better correlated with wine quality ratings than aroma attributes. Important predictors of Pinot Noir wine quality were also characterized. Some new relationships between wine metabolites and quality ratings were found: dipeptides and unsaturated fatty acids were positively related to Pinot Noir wine quality, while N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide and xanthine were negatively associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sherman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Margaret Coe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Claire Grose
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Blenheim 7201, New Zealand
| | - Damian Martin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Blenheim 7201, New Zealand
| | - David R Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
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23
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Brown AL, Bakke AJ, Hopfer H. Understanding American premium chocolate consumer perception of craft chocolate and desirable product attributes using focus groups and projective mapping. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240177. [PMID: 33147215 PMCID: PMC7641343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Craft chocolate is a relatively new and fast-growing segment of the American chocolate market. To understand American premium chocolate consumer perception of craft chocolate and desirable chocolate product attributes, we conducted a mixed-methods study using focus groups and projective mapping. Projective mapping revealed that participants segmented products in terms of quality based upon usage occasion rather than cost or other factors. We found that American premium chocolate consumers use search attributes such as segmentation, price, availability, and packaging as quality determinants. Additionally, they desire credence attributes that convey trust through, for example, the presence or absence of sustainability certifications, or a semblance of meaning. Premium chocolate consumers seek out experience attributes such as utility and/or joy, which are achieved by purchasing a chocolate product as a gift, for its nostalgic purposes, or for desired post-ingestive effects. We propose a Desirable Chocolate Attribute Concept Map to explain our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Brown
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alyssa J. Bakke
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Helene Hopfer
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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24
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Kang W, Bindon KA, Wang X, Muhlack RA, Smith PA, Niimi J, Bastian SEP. Chemical and Sensory Impacts of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) Grape Must Polyphenol Extraction Technique on Shiraz Wines. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081027. [PMID: 32751842 PMCID: PMC7466200 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) is a recently developed grape must extraction technique, which mechanically breaks grape skins into small fragments but maintains seed integrity. This study was the first to elucidate the effect of ACE on Shiraz wine’s basic chemical composition, colour, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and sensory profiles. A further aim was to investigate any potential influence provided by ACE on the pre-fermentation water addition to must. ACE did not visually affect Shiraz wine colour, but significantly enhanced the concentration of tannin and total phenolics. Wine polysaccharide concentration was mainly increased in response to the maceration time rather than the ACE technique. ACE appeared to increase the earthy/dusty flavour, possibly due to the different precursors released by the greater skin breakage. The pre-fermentation addition of the water diluted the wine aromas, flavours and astringency profiles. However, combining the ACE technique with water addition enhanced the wine textural quality by increasing the intensities of the crucial astringent wine quality sub-qualities, adhesive and graininess. Furthermore, insights into the chemical factors influencing the astringency sensations were provided in this study. This research indicates that wine producers may use ACE with pre-fermentation water dilution to reduce the wine alcohol level but maintain important textural components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Kang
- Waite Campus, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; (W.K.); (X.W.); (R.A.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Keren A. Bindon
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Hartley Grove, Urrbrae, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia;
| | - Xingchen Wang
- Waite Campus, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; (W.K.); (X.W.); (R.A.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Richard A. Muhlack
- Waite Campus, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; (W.K.); (X.W.); (R.A.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Paul A. Smith
- Wine Australia, Industry House, Corner Hackney and Botanic Roads, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Jun Niimi
- Waite Campus, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; (W.K.); (X.W.); (R.A.M.); (J.N.)
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susan E. P. Bastian
- Waite Campus, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; (W.K.); (X.W.); (R.A.M.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-83136647
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25
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The Effect of Non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces Non-Cerevisiae Yeasts on Ethanol and Glycerol Levels in Wine. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation6030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces non-cerevisiae studies have increased in recent years due to an interest in uninoculated fermentations, consumer preferences, wine technology, and the effect of climate change on the chemical composition of grapes, juice, and wine. The use of these yeasts to reduce alcohol levels in wines has garnered the attention of researchers and winemakers alike. This review critically analyses recent studies concerning the impact of non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces non-cerevisiae on two important parameters in wine: ethanol and glycerol. The influence they have in sequential, co-fermentations, and solo fermentations on ethanol and glycerol content is examined. This review highlights the need for further studies concerning inoculum rates, aeration techniques (amount and flow rate), and the length of time before Saccharomyces cerevisiae sequential inoculation occurs. Challenges include the application of such sequential inoculations in commercial wineries during harvest time.
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26
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Abstract
Due to socioeconomic changes, the demand for and interest in alcoholic beverages have recently been increasing. Among various alcoholic drinks, consumer preference for wine could be varied. It might be related with its complexity, as wine is known to have characteristics that are difficult to understand. Several factors, such as intrinsic or extrinsic factors interact to influence wine complexity and consumer perception. Many studies have been conducted to understand the complexity of wine, allowing deeper insight into its perception by consumers. Studies over the last decade on wine sensory perception using descriptive analysis and consumer tests were reviewed. Additionally, chemical analysis studies were included because flavor constituents information would contribute to a better understanding of sensory perception. Descriptive sensory analysis of wine was reviewed considering panels and flavor characterization for better understanding wine-related research. Several consumer studies regarding liking/preference, emotion, context, and extrinsic factors to understand consumer preference or perception were reviewed. Research on chemical constituents may affect consumer perception and is thus presented in this review. However, most of the research was focused on a narrow range of wine, thus is missing overall wine category evaluations. Furthermore, evaluations were mainly in wine-producing countries, resulting in limited understanding of an emergent market. This review will help guide wine researchers and industry by providing information on factors influencing consumer wine perception.
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27
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Impact of Grapevine Red Blotch Disease on Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot Wine Composition and Sensory Attributes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143299. [PMID: 32708105 PMCID: PMC7397323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) is a recently identified viral disease that affects grapevines. GRBD has been shown to impact grapevine physiology and grape composition by altering specific ripening events. However, no studies have been reported on the impact of GRBD on wine composition and its sensory attributes. This study evaluated the impact of GRBD on wine primary and secondary metabolites, in addition to its sensory properties, when making wines from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes during two seasons. Wines made with GRBD-impacted fruit were lower in ethanol content when compared to wines made with grapes from healthy grapevines. This was attributed to the lower total soluble sugar (TSS) levels of diseased grapes due to delayed ripening at harvest. GRBD impacted wine phenolic composition by decreasing anthocyanin concentrations and increasing flavonol concentrations in some instances. Additionally, proanthocyanidin concentrations were also consistently higher in GRBD wines compared to wines made from healthy fruit. Descriptive analysis demonstrated that GRBD can impact wine style by altering aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel attributes. However, the extent of GRBD impact on wine composition and sensory properties were site and season dependent.
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28
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A New Approach to the Reduction of Alcohol Content in Red Wines: The Use of High-Power Ultrasounds. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060726. [PMID: 32498461 PMCID: PMC7353473 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To obtain wines with a lower percentage of alcohol, the simplest approach would be an earlier harvest of the grapes. However, this has implications for the wine composition and quality, due to the lack of phenolic maturity that these grapes may present. A technological innovation that could help in this situation could be the use of ultrasound in wineries. Methods: Grapes were harvested with two different ripening levels (25.4 °Brix and 29 °Brix), transported to the winery, and vinified. Also, a large-scale high-power ultrasound system was used to treat part of the less mature grapes just after crushing. These grapes were also vinified. The three different vinifications were skin-macerated for 7 days. The wine aroma compounds and physicochemical, chromatic, and sensory characteristics were analyzed at the time of bottling. Results: The wine made with the ultrasound-treated grapes showed very similar characteristics to the wine made with the more mature grapes, especially regarding total phenol and tannin content, but with an alcohol content 15% lower than the latter. Conclusions: The results indicate that this technology could be applied to grapes to favor the extraction of grape phenolic compounds, even when grape phenolic maturity is not complete, allowing the production of quality wines with a reduced alcohol content.
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Hranilovic A, Gambetta JM, Jeffery DW, Grbin PR, Jiranek V. Lower-alcohol wines produced by Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-fermentations: The effect of sequential inoculation timing. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 329:108651. [PMID: 32512285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In Latin, 'pulcherrima' is a superlative form of an adjective that translates as beautiful. Apart from being 'the most beautiful' yeast, Metschnikowia pulcherrima has a remarkable potential in production of wines with lower ethanol content. The oenological performance of six M. pulcherrima strains was hereby tested in sequential cultures with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The best-performing strain MP2 was further characterised in fermentations with different S. cerevisiae inoculation delays in both white grape juice and Chemically Defined Grape Juice Medium (CDGJM). The analysis of main metabolites, undertaken prior to sequential inoculations and upon fermentation completion, highlighted metabolic interactions and carbon sinks other than ethanol in MP2 treatments. Depending on the inoculation delay, MP2 white wines contained between 0.6% and 1.2% (v/v) less ethanol than the S. cerevisiae monoculture, with even larger decreases detected in the CDGJM. The MP2 treatments also contained higher concentrations of TCA cycle by-products (i.e. fumarate and succinate) and glycerol, and lower concentrations of acetic acid. The analysis of volatile compounds showed increased production of acetate esters and higher alcohols in all MP2 wines, alongside other compositional alterations arising from the S. cerevisiae inoculation delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hranilovic
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia; Department of Wine and Food Science, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Joanna M Gambetta
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - David W Jeffery
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia; Department of Wine and Food Science, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Paul R Grbin
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia; Department of Wine and Food Science, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Vladimir Jiranek
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia; Department of Wine and Food Science, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Pham DT, Ristic R, Stockdale VJ, Jeffery DW, Tuke J, Wilkinson K. Influence of partial dealcoholization on the composition and sensory properties of Cabernet Sauvignon wines. Food Chem 2020; 325:126869. [PMID: 32387983 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, winemakers are increasingly adopting alcohol management strategies to counter the higher wine ethanol concentrations observed over the past ~30 years. Wines with high ethanol levels exhibit increased 'hotness' on the palate, which is generally considered to negatively impact wine quality. This study investigated changes in the chemical and sensory profiles of five Cabernet Sauvignon wines following their partial dealcoholization by reverse osmosis-evaporative perstraction (RO-EP). Descriptive analysis (DA) of wine before and after RO-EP treatment indicated dealcoholization did not strongly affect wine aroma and flavor, consistent with the small changes observed in wine chemical composition. However, significant differences in the perception of wine palate attributes were observed, with dealcoholized wines found to exhibit lower acidity, sweetness, bitterness, saltiness and/or body. Astringency was enhanced following partial dealcoholization of one wine, but diminished in another. Sensory trials were also undertaken to determine the optimal ethanol concentration of wines, or the 'alcohol sweetspot'. Two approaches to alcohol sweetspotting of dealcoholized wines were evaluated, together with two methods of statistical analysis, chi-squared goodness of fit and one proportion tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Truc Pham
- The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Renata Ristic
- The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Vanessa J Stockdale
- The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; Treasury Wine Estate, 97 Sturt Highway, PMB 1, Nuriootpa, SA 5352, Australia.
| | - David W Jeffery
- The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Jonathan Tuke
- The University of Adelaide, School of Mathematical Sciences, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Kerry Wilkinson
- The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; The Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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Cauduro Girardello R, Rich V, Smith RJ, Brenneman C, Heymann H, Oberholster A. The impact of grapevine red blotch disease on Vitis vinifera L. Chardonnay grape and wine composition and sensory attributes over three seasons. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1436-1447. [PMID: 31742703 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is a recently discovered DNA virus, which was demonstrated to be responsible for grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD). Its presence has been confirmed in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and South Korea in white and red Vitis vinifera cultivars, including Chardonnay. It has been shown that the three-cornered alfalfa treehopper (Spissistilus festinus) was able to both acquire the GRBV from a grapevine infected and transmit it to healthy grapevines in glasshouse conditions. Studies found that GRBD impacts fruit price, grapevine physiology, and grape berry composition and metabolism in red cultivars. This study evaluated the impact of GRBD on V. vinifera L. Chardonnay grape and wine composition and sensory properties from one vineyard during the 2014, 2015 and 2016 seasons. RESULTS Grapes from symptomatic red blotch diseased grapevines were lower in total soluble solids, flavan-3-ol, and total phenolic content, and higher in flavonol content when compared to grapes from healthy grapevines. Wines made with grapes from symptomatic grapevines resulted mostly in lower ethanol content and higher pH when compared to wines made from healthy grapevines. Analysis of volatile compounds and descriptive analysis demonstrated that GRBD can impact wine style by altering aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel attributes. CONCLUSIONS The impacts of GRBD on grape composition directly influenced wine chemistry. The decreased ethanol content impacted not only the levels of volatile compounds but the sensory perception during descriptive analysis. The extent of GRBD impact on the grape composition and wine composition and sensory attributes varied between seasons. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Rich
- École Supérieure d'Agriculture d'Angers, Vine, Wine and Terroir Managment, Angers, France
| | - Rhonda J Smith
- University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Cooperative Extension, Santa Rosa, CA, USA
| | - Charles Brenneman
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hildegarde Heymann
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anita Oberholster
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Poklar Ulrih N, Opara R, Korošec M, Wondra M, Abram V. Part II. Influence of trans-resveratrol addition on the sensory properties of ‘Blaufränkisch’ red wine. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Al Daccache M, Koubaa M, Salameh D, Vorobiev E, Maroun RG, Louka N. Control of the sugar/ethanol conversion rate during moderate pulsed electric field-assisted fermentation of a Hanseniaspora sp. strain to produce low-alcohol cider. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Investigating Alcohol Sweetspot Phenomena in Reduced Alcohol Red Wines. Foods 2019; 8:foods8100491. [PMID: 31614989 PMCID: PMC6835537 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Warmer growing seasons, variations to grape ripening dynamics, and stylistic changes have contributed to increased wine alcohol levels, which can negatively impact sensory properties. As a consequence, winemakers have sought technological innovations to produce reduced alcohol wine (RAW). The sensory methodology used by industry to optimize the ethanol content of RAW is known as ‘alcohol sweetspotting’. However, to date, there is no scientific evidence to support the alcohol sweetspot phenomenon, and the sensory methodology used for alcohol sweetspotting has not been validated. In this study, different methods of presenting wine samples (i.e., ordered vs. randomized, and linear vs. circular) were employed to determine to what extent presentation order influences the outcome of alcohol sweetspotting trials. Two different approaches to statistical analysis of sensory data, i.e., chi-square goodness of fit vs. one proportion tests, were also evaluated. Statistical analyses confirmed alcohol sweetspots were apparent in some sweetspot determination trials, but outcomes were not reproducible in replicate determinations (either by panel or by individual panelists). Analysis of data using the one proportion test improved the likelihood of identifying statistically significant differences between RAWs, but variation in individuals’ sensitivity to differences in sensory properties following ethanol removal prevented validation of the alcohol sweetspot phenomenon based on the wines studied.
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Muñoz-González C, Pérez-Jiménez M, Criado C, Pozo-Bayón MÁ. Effects of Ethanol Concentration on Oral Aroma Release After Wine Consumption. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183253. [PMID: 31500122 PMCID: PMC6766967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper evaluates, for the first time, the effects of ethanol concentration on the dynamics of oral (immediate and prolonged) aroma release after wine consumption. To do this, the intraoral aroma release of 10 panelists was monitored at two sampling points (0 and 4 min) after they rinsed their mouths with three rosé wines with different ethanol content (0.5% v/v, 5% v/v and 10% v/v) that were aromatized with six fruity esters (ethyl butanoate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl pentanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate). Overall, the results indicated that the extent of the effects of ethanol content on the oral aroma release were influenced by the subject, the ethanolconcentration and the type of aroma compound. This effect was also different in the immediate than in the prolonged aroma release. In the first in-mouth aroma monitoring, an increase in the ethanol content provoked a higher release of the more polar and volatile esters (ethyl butanoate, ethyl pentanoate), but a lower release for the more apolar and less volatile esters (ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate). Regarding the prolonged oral aroma release, an increase of ethanol content in wine increased the oral aroma release of the six esters, which might also increase the fruity aroma persistence in the wines. Future works with a higher number of individuals will be needed to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muñoz-González
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Excelencia Científica, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pérez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Excelencia Científica, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Criado
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Excelencia Científica, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Pozo-Bayón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Excelencia Científica, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Influence of the harvest date on berry compositions and wine profiles of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ under a semiarid continental climate over two consecutive years. Food Chem 2019; 292:237-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Morgan SC, McCarthy GC, Watters BS, Tantikachornkiat M, Zigg I, Cliff MA, Durall DM. Effect of sulfite addition and pied de cuve inoculation on the microbial communities and sensory profiles of Chardonnay wines: dominance of indigenous Saccharomyces uvarum at a commercial winery. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:foz049. [PMID: 31344230 PMCID: PMC6666381 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial consortium of wine fermentations is highly dependent upon winemaking decisions made at crush, including the decision to inoculate and the decision to add sulfur dioxide (SO2) to the must. To investigate this, Chardonnay grape juice was subjected to two inoculation treatments (uninoculated and pied de cuve inoculation) as well as two SO2 addition concentrations (0 and 40 mg/L). The bacterial communities, fungal communities and Saccharomyces populations were monitored throughout fermentation using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. After fermentation, the wines were evaluated by a panel of experts. When no SO2 was added, the wines underwent alcoholic fermentation and malolactic fermentation simultaneously. Tatumella bacteria were present in significant numbers, but only in the fermentations to which no SO2 was added, and were likely responsible for the malolactic fermentation observed in these treatments. All fermentations were dominated by a genetically diverse indigenous population of Saccharomyces uvarum, the highest diversity of S. uvarum strains to be identified to date; 150 unique strains were identified, with differences in strain composition as a result of SO2 addition. This is the first report of indigenous S. uvarum strains dominating and completing fermentations at a commercial winery in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney C Morgan
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, V1V 1V7
| | - Garrett C McCarthy
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, V1V 1V7
| | - Brittany S Watters
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, V1V 1V7
| | - Mansak Tantikachornkiat
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, V1V 1V7
| | - Ieva Zigg
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, V1V 1V7
| | - Margaret A Cliff
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada, V0H 1Z0
| | - Daniel M Durall
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, V1V 1V7
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Oral Wine Texture Perception and Its Correlation with Instrumental Texture Features of Wine-Saliva Mixtures. Foods 2019; 8:foods8060190. [PMID: 31159443 PMCID: PMC6617004 DOI: 10.3390/foods8060190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike solid food, texture descriptors in liquid food are scarce, and they are frequently reduced to the term viscosity. However, in wines, apart from viscosity, terms, such as astringency, body, unctuosity and density, help describe their texture, relating the complexity and balance among their chemical components. Yet there is uncertainty about which wine components (and their combinations) cause each texture sensation and if their instrumental assessment is possible. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to study the effect of wine texture on its main components, when interacting with saliva. This was completed by using instrumental measurements of density and viscosity, and by using two types of panels (trained and expert). For that, six different model-wine formulations were prepared by adding one or multiple wine components: ethanol, mannoproteins, glycerol, and tannins to a de-alcoholised wine. All formulations were mixed with fresh human saliva (1:1), and their density and rheological properties were measured. Although there were no statistical differences, body perception was higher for samples with glycerol and/or mannoproteins, this was also correlated with density instrumental measurements (R = 0.971, p = 0.029). The viscosity of samples with tannins was the highest due to the formation of complexes between the model-wine and salivary proteins. This also provided astringency, therefore correlating viscosity and astringency feelings (R = 0.855, p = 0.030). No correlation was found between viscosity and body perception because of the overlapping of the phenolic components. Overall, the present results reveal saliva as a key factor when studying the wine texture through instrumental measurements (density and viscosity).
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Petrozziello M, Panero L, Guaita M, Prati R, Marani G, Zinzani G, Bosso A. Effect of the extent of ethanol removal on the volatile compounds of a Chardonnay wine dealcoholized by vacuum distillation. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191202020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
“Beverages obtained from the partial dealcoholization of wine” are those drinks whose final alcoholic degree after dealcoholization is lower than that of a wine and higher than or equal to 0.5% v/v. When the total alcoholic degree is lower than 0.5% v/v the denomination is “Beverages obtained from the dealcoholization of wine”. The practices to be authorized for the production of these drinks with the dealcoholized wine fractions are currently being studied at OIV. The characterization of the composition of these fractions is essential to identify the necessary corrective practices. The present work was aimed at monitoring the losses of the main volatile compounds of a Chardonnay wine with the proceeding of the dealcoholization process by vacuum distillation. The wine was subjected to total dealcoholization, and during the process the evaporated fractions, re-condensed at 9 ∘C, were collected in aliquots of 1.25 L each. The ethanol content of each fraction was measured, and for the first 20 fractions the content in volatile compounds was determined with GC-MS. The results show that the losses of volatile compounds during the dealcoholization process follow different trends depending on the molecules considered. The most volatile compounds, generally with the lowest perception thresholds, were mainly present in the first evaporated fractions. The greatest losses concerned isoamylacetate, ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate. Conversely, a greater number of molecules were present at similar concentrations in the different fractions, and their losses followed a linear or sometimes exponential trend: in particular, these compounds included n-hexanol, 2-phenylethanol, diethyl succinate and medium chain fatty acids (hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic acids). In the wine dealcoholized at 3.36% v/v (loss of ethanol equal to 7.43% v/v, corresponding to the 20th and last recondensed fraction), some volatile compounds were no longer detectable or quantifiable; in particular, these compounds were isoamylacetate, ethylhexanoate, hexylacetate, n-hexanol and other alcohols with 6 carbon atoms and ethyl octanoate. Other compounds, such as hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic acids, and, in particolar, β-phenylethanol, benzylic aalcohol and γ-butyrolactone, underwent lower percentage losses than those of ethanol. The dealcoholization process can therefore deeply modify the original aromatic profile of the wines, intervening on the absolute concentration and on the relative ratios of the single molecules.
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WEI XF, MA XL, CAO JH, SUN XY, FANG YL. Aroma characteristics and volatile compounds of distilled Crystal grape spirits of different alcohol concentrations: wine sprits in the Shangri-La region of China. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng WEI
- College of Enology, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research, China
| | - Xue-Lei MA
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, China
| | | | - Xiang-Yu SUN
- College of Enology, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-products, China
| | - Yu-Lin FANG
- College of Enology, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research, China
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Torrico DD, Jirangrat W, Wang J, Chompreeda P, Sriwattana S, Prinyawiwatkul W. Novel Modelling Approaches to Characterize and Quantify Carryover Effects on Sensory Acceptability. Foods 2018; 7:foods7110186. [PMID: 30413059 PMCID: PMC6262531 DOI: 10.3390/foods7110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory biases caused by the residual sensations of previously served samples are known as carryover effects (COE). Contrast and convergence effects are the two possible outcomes of carryover. COE can lead to misinterpretations of acceptability, due to the presence of intrinsic psychological/physiological biases. COE on sensory acceptability (hedonic liking) were characterized and quantified using mixed and nonlinear models. N = 540 subjects evaluated grape juice samples of different acceptability qualities (A = good, B = medium, C = poor) for the liking of color (C), taste (T), and overall (OL). Three models were used to quantify COE: (1) COE as an interaction effect; (2) COE as a residual effect; (3) COE proportional to the treatment effect. For (1), COE was stronger for C than T and OL, although COE was minimal. For (2), C showed higher estimates (−0.15 to +0.10) of COE than did T and OL (−0.09 to +0.07). COE mainly took the form of convergence. For (3), the absolute proportionality parameter estimate (λ) was higher for C than for T and OL (−0.155 vs. −0.004 to −0.039), which represented −15.46% of its direct treatment effect. Model (3) showed a significant COE for C. COE cannot be ignored as they may lead to the misinterpretation of sensory acceptability results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Dennis Torrico
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Wannita Jirangrat
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Penkwan Chompreeda
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Sujinda Sriwattana
- Sensory Evaluation and Consumer Testing Unit, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
| | - Witoon Prinyawiwatkul
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Morgan SC, Tantikachornkiat M, Scholl CM, Benson NL, Cliff MA, Durall DM. The effect of sulfur dioxide addition at crush on the fungal and bacterial communities and the sensory attributes of Pinot gris wines. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 290:1-14. [PMID: 30278370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modern day winemaking often involves the addition of sulfur dioxide (SO2) at crush to act as both an antioxidant and an antimicrobial agent. While the effects of SO2 on microbial communities and particularly on spoilage microorganisms has been well-studied, the advent of culture-independent molecular technologies, such as Illumina sequencing, allows the subject to be re-visited in a new context. High-throughput amplicon sequencing allows for a more thorough evaluation of microbial communities, as thousands of microbial sequences per sample can be identified and even rare microorganisms can be studied. This research investigated whether the addition of different levels of SO2 at crush (0, 20, or 40 mg/L) would affect the composition of fungal and bacterial communities, as well as the sensory attributes of the resulting wines. Samples were taken from uninoculated fermentations of Pinot gris and analyzed via high-throughput amplicon sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Yeast relative abundance and overall fungal community composition differed among the SO2 additions. Notably, a Hanseniaspora yeast appeared in all treatments and persisted until the end of alcoholic fermentation, although its relative abundance was significantly higher in the fermentations to which low or no SO2 had been added. Two key wine sensory attributes (citrus aroma and pome fruit flavor) differed among the SO2 treatments. This research provides an in-depth look into the fungal and bacterial communities during alcoholic fermentation and gives a better understanding of the microbial community response to SO2 additions during the crush period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney C Morgan
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Unit 2 (Biology), University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Rd, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Mansak Tantikachornkiat
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Unit 2 (Biology), University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Rd, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Chrystal M Scholl
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Unit 2 (Biology), University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Rd, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Natasha L Benson
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Unit 2 (Biology), University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Rd, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Margaret A Cliff
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada.
| | - Daniel M Durall
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Unit 2 (Biology), University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Rd, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Ickes CM, Cadwallader KR. Effect of ethanol on flavor perception of Rum. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:912-924. [PMID: 29983954 PMCID: PMC6021708 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first sensory study to evaluate the effects of ethanol concentration on flavor perception of distilled spirits. Dilution series of two rums (R1 and R2) were evaluated to gain insight into the effects of ethanol concentration on the flavor perception of distilled spirits. Rums were diluted 1:2 (v/v) either with pure water to a final alcohol by volume (ABV) of 20% (R1-W and R2-W) or with an aqueous 40% ABV solution (R1-E and R2-E). The later dilution accounted for the flavor dilution effect while keeping the ethanol concentration the same as the original liquors. Descriptive sensory analysis was conducted on both dilution series and the original rums. Twenty-three attributes were evaluated consisting of eight aroma, four aroma-by-mouth, four mouthfeel, two taste, and five aftertaste terms. Results revealed 18 significant attributes for the R1 series. With the exception of silky mouthfeel, all attributes were rated highest in R1 and lowest in R1-E. The R2 series contained sixteen significant attributes, all of which were rated higher in R2 compared with R2-E. The flavor profiles of the original rums and those diluted with water were very similar, with the diluted rums generally having slightly lower attribute intensities. In contrast, the rums diluted with 40% ABV had significantly different flavor profiles than the original rums. Results indicate that diluting spirits with water may reduce the odor suppression effects of ethanol or enhance flavor release which appears to counteract the flavor dilution effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M. Ickes
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
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Longo R, Blackman JW, Antalick G, Torley PJ, Rogiers SY, Schmidtke LM. Volatile and sensory profiling of Shiraz wine in response to alcohol management: comparison of harvest timing versus technological approaches. Food Res Int 2018; 109:561-571. [PMID: 29803484 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the volatile and sensory profiles of Australian Shiraz red wines produced by several methods to achieve alcohol concentrations of 10.5 and 13.5% v/v. These levels were considerably lower contents than the commercial wine (16-17% v/v) that was produced from this vineyard site. Wines were produced by: (i) harvest timing (19.3, 24 and 29.3 Brix); (ii) blending equal proportions of early harvest (19.3 Brix) and late harvest wines (29.3 Brix); and (iii) dealcoholization using reverse osmosis followed by a membrane contactor. Dealcoholization caused a significant loss of volatile compounds, particularly esters, while the blending treatment had an averaging effect on most analytes. Sensory descriptive analysis of treatments with 10.5% v/v alcohol showed that the perception of the herbaceous attribute was more intense in the early harvest wines in comparison to the dealcoholized wines, while those of dark fruit, raisin/prune, astringency and alcohol were lower. No sensory differences were found amongst the 13.5% v/v wines, except for alcohol. Sensory and compositional data were modelled by means of Common Dimension (ComDim) multi-block analysis and indicated which chemical components are important to the perceived wine sensory properties. Insights from this study will provide knowledge that may be applied to control or moderate both unripe sensory attributes in addition to a deficiency of ripe fruit aromas or mouthfeel characteristics in reduced-alcohol red wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Longo
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia; Australian Research Council-Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - John W Blackman
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia; Australian Research Council-Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Guillaume Antalick
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Peter J Torley
- Australian Research Council-Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Suzy Y Rogiers
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Australian Research Council-Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Leigh M Schmidtke
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia; Australian Research Council-Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Longo R, Blackman JW, Antalick G, Torley PJ, Rogiers SY, Schmidtke LM. A comparative study of partial dealcoholisation versus early harvest: Effects on wine volatile and sensory profiles. Food Chem 2018; 261:21-29. [PMID: 29739584 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two Verdelho and Petit Verdot wines were produced from sequential harvests of grapes. The alcohol concentration of early harvest (EH) and late harvest (LH) wines were respectively 9% and 13.5% v/v for Verdelho, and 10.5% and 13% v/v for Petit Verdot. LH wines were dealcoholised to match the same alcohol level of EH samples using a combined reverse osmosis-evaporative perstraction process. In dealcoholised wines, there was a decrease in volatile compounds (esters particularly) compared to LH treatments. For both varieties, the sensory attribute ratings for overall aroma intensity and alcohol mouthfeel also decreased following dealcoholisation. Dealcoholised wines were distinctively different from both LH and EH wines even though these wines had similar alcohol level to EH wines. When dealcoholisation is considered for high-alcohol wines, it is important to consider that membrane effects can significantly change depending on the wine non-volatile matrix composition and the level of alcohol reduction required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Longo
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; ARC-Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - John W Blackman
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Guillaume Antalick
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Peter J Torley
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Suzy Y Rogiers
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; ARC-Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Leigh M Schmidtke
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; ARC-Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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46
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Sun SY, Chen ZX, Jin CW. Combined influence of lactic acid bacteria starter and final pH on the induction of malolactic fermentation and quality of cherry wines. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Peltz M, Shellhammer T. Ethanol Content Has Little Effect on the Sensory Orthonasal Detection Threshold of Hop Compounds in Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2017-3994-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Peltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Thomas Shellhammer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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Longo R, Blackman JW, Antalick G, Torley PJ, Rogiers SY, Schmidtke LM. Harvesting and blending options for lower alcohol wines: a sensory and chemical investigation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:33-42. [PMID: 28504346 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower alcohol wines often have a poor reputation among consumers, in part due to their unsatisfactory flavours such as reduced overall aroma intensity or herbaceous characters. The aim of this study, performed on Verdelho and Petit Verdot, was to quantify the effectiveness of a monovarietal blend in which wines made from less ripe grapes were blended with an equivalent volume of a wine vinified from riper fruit to produce wines with a lower alcohol content and desirable ripe fruit flavours. RESULTS Eleven and 13 attributes, for Verdelho and Petit Verdot, respectively, were selected during sensory descriptive analysis. Intensities of perceived 'acidity', 'sweetness' and 'alcohol' attributes were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) between the blend (8.8 ± 0.1% v/v) and mature Verdelho (10.3 ± 0.1% v/v) wines, while no significant differences were found between the Petit Verdot blend (11.0 ± 0.1% v/v) and mature (12.6 ± 0.2% v/v) treatments. Volatile composition of wines was assessed using HS-SPME-GC-MS. Partial least square regression suggested relationships between sensory descriptors and chemical attributes in the wines, as well as the modifications of sensory and compositional profiles following blending. CONCLUSIONS The blending practice described allowed the production of wines with lower alcohol content while retaining similar sensory profiles of the later harvested, riper fruit wines. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Longo
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - John W Blackman
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Guillaume Antalick
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter J Torley
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzy Y Rogiers
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Leigh M Schmidtke
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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49
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Ickes CM, Cadwallader KR. Effects of Ethanol on Flavor Perception in Alcoholic Beverages. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-017-9238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Laguna L, Sarkar A, Bryant MG, Beadling AR, Bartolomé B, Victoria Moreno-Arribas M. Exploring mouthfeel in model wines: Sensory-to-instrumental approaches. Food Res Int 2017; 102:478-486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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