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Kay E, Kemps E, Prichard I, Tiggemann M. Effectiveness of visual nudges for encouraging healthier beverage choices from vending machines. Health Promot J Austr 2024. [PMID: 38570711 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
ISSUES ADDRESSED Research suggests visual nudging techniques can subtly encourage healthier consumption. Two experiments explored the effect of four visual primes for nudging drink choices from a vending machine display. METHODS Participants (17-25 years) were randomly assigned to view vending machine advertising posters containing pictorial nudges of water, soft drink, general health (runner), or a text-only control, for nudging vending machine choices. Participants then selected an item from a vending machine display containing drinks only (Experiment 1; n = 164), or both drinks and snack foods (Experiment 2, n = 684). RESULTS In both experiments, nudging condition predicted beverage choice. Specifically, the water image nudged healthier beverage choices in both experiments. However, there was no effect on food choice in Experiment 2. Furthermore, in both experiments, liking and habitual consumption of chosen items were also significant predictors of choice, but condition predicted beverage choice over and above these. CONCLUSION A water prime may be an effective means of encouraging healthier beverage choices in a vending machine environment. SO WHAT?: Findings have the potential to inform strategies for encouraging healthier beverage choices from vending machine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enola Kay
- Psychology, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eva Kemps
- Psychology, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Health and Exercise Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- Psychology, College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2
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Kimura A, Yamaguchi K, Tohara H, Sato Y, Sawada N, Nakagawa Y, Matsuda Y, Inoue M, Wada Y, Tamaki K. Exploring Whether Weight-Related Cues Affect Food Intake in Older Adults with Dementia. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:1453-1461. [PMID: 37674531 PMCID: PMC10478784 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s417254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Past research has shown that exposure to the image of a slim person reduces food consumption among young adults. However, it remains unknown whether this paradigm could be adapted and applied to increase food intake among older adults with dementia by exposing them to the image of a higher-weight person to mitigate weight loss and malnutrition. The present study explored whether weight-related visual cues affect the amount of food consumed by older adults with dementia. Participants and Methods In the experiment, twenty-one elderly people with dementia living in a nursing home were visually exposed to one of four conditions (a cartoon image of a normal-weight chef, a higher-weight chef, a flower or no image) during real-life daily lunch situations over the course of four weeks, during which each condition was presented for one week. Results Results demonstrate that participants finished their meals more frequently when they were exposed to the image of the higher-weight chef than when they were not exposed to any images. Conclusion These results suggest that exposure to a cartoon chef character representing a stereotyped social group related to body weight activates the stereotype and increases stereotype-consistent behavior in older adults with dementia. The present findings will contribute to understanding the effect of visual information on eating behavior and to designing eating environments which facilitate sufficient nutrition intake among older adults with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimura
- College of Risk Management, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamaguchi
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Tohara
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Geriatric Health Services Facility Nanohana, Medical Corporation Kanjinkai, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sawada
- Geriatric Health Services Facility Nanohana, Medical Corporation Kanjinkai, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Nakagawa
- Geriatric Health Services Facility Nanohana, Medical Corporation Kanjinkai, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Matsuda
- Nanohana Dentistry Clinic, Medical Corporation Kanjinkai, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Nihon University of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoharu Inoue
- Department of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Nihon University of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Wada
- College of Gastronomy Management, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tamaki
- Geriatric Health Services Facility Nanohana, Medical Corporation Kanjinkai, Tokyo, Japan
- Nanohana Dentistry Clinic, Medical Corporation Kanjinkai, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Kawa C, Ianiro-Dahm PM, Nijhuis JFH, Gijselaers WH. Effects of a Nudging Cue Targeting Food Choice in a University Cafeteria: A Field Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091307. [PMID: 37174849 PMCID: PMC10178432 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many students approaching adulthood often choose high-calorie food products. Concurrently, health interventions applied during this life phase can potentially lead to a healthier lifestyle. Nudge health interventions in experimental cafeteria settings have been found to improve eating behavior effectively, yet research in real-world settings is lacking. Accepting nudges as health interventions impacts nudge effectiveness. The present study applies a pretest-posttest design for a period of three consecutive weeks (no nudge, nudge, no nudge), testing the effectiveness of the so-called Giacometti cue on the number of calories purchased in a real-world cafeteria. Students were exposed to the nudge during the intervention week when entering the cafeteria and when choosing their meals. After purchasing a meal, their choice was recorded, and they completed a questionnaire. The Giacometti cue immediately reduced the number of calories purchased (comparing weeks one and two). After nudge removal, an effect was identified, increasing the number of calories purchased (comparing weeks two and three). Contrary to expectations, higher nudge acceptance resulted in more calories purchased. Neither awareness of the nudge's presence when buying food nor the interaction between acceptance and awareness played a role. We explore potential explanations for the Giacometti cue's effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kawa
- Department of Management Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Patrizia M Ianiro-Dahm
- Department of Management Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Jan F H Nijhuis
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, 6211 LM Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H Gijselaers
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, 6211 LM Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wilson S, Benning SD, Racine SE. Examining relationships among thin-ideal internalization, eating pathology, and motivational reactions to high- and low-calorie food. Appetite 2022; 178:106258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Kawa C, Gijselaers WH, Nijhuis JF, Ianiro-Dahm PM. Effects of a thin body shape nudge and other determinants of adolescents’ healthy and unhealthy food consumption in a school setting. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Kawa C, Ianiro-Dahm PM, Nijhuis JFH, Gijselaers WH. Cafeteria Online: Nudges for Healthier Food Choices in a University Cafeteria-A Randomized Online Experiment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182412924. [PMID: 34948533 PMCID: PMC8701129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many people do not consume as much healthy food as recommended. Nudging has been identified as a promising intervention strategy to increase the consumption of healthy food. The present study analyzed the effects of three body shape nudges (thin, thick, or Giacometti artwork) on food ordering and assessed the mediating role of being aware of the nudge. Students (686) and employees (218) of a German university participated in an online experimental study. After randomization, participants visited a realistic online cafeteria and composed a meal for themselves. Under experimental conditions, participants were exposed to one out of three nudges while choosing dishes: (1) thin body shape, (2) thick body shape, and (3) the Giacometti artwork nudge. The Giacometti nudge resulted in more orders for salad among employees. The thin and thick body shape nudges did not change dish orders. Awareness of the nudge mediated the numbers of calories ordered when using the Giacometti or thin body shape nudges. These findings provide useful insights for health interventions in occupational and public health sectors using nudges. Our study contributes to the research on the Giacometti nudge by showing its effectiveness when participants are aware (it is effective under conditions where it is consciously perceived).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kawa
- Department of Management Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizia M. Ianiro-Dahm
- Department of Management Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany;
| | - Jan F. H. Nijhuis
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, 6211 LM Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.F.H.N.); (W.H.G.)
| | - Wim H. Gijselaers
- Department of Educational Research and Development, School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, 6211 LM Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.F.H.N.); (W.H.G.)
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Tambone R, Poggio G, Pyasik M, Burin D, Dal Monte O, Schintu S, Ciorli T, Lucà L, Semino MV, Doricchi F, Pia L. Changing your body changes your eating attitudes: embodiment of a slim virtual avatar induces avoidance of high-calorie food. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07515. [PMID: 34345726 PMCID: PMC8319483 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The virtual-reality full-body illusion paradigm has been suggested to not only trigger the illusory ownership of the avatar's body but also the attitudinal and behavioral components stereotypically associated to that kind of virtual body. In the present study, we investigated whether this was true for stereotypes related to body size: body satisfaction and eating control behavior. Healthy participants underwent the full-body illusion paradigm with an avatar having either a larger or a slimmer body than their own, and were assessed for implicit attitudes towards body image and food calorie content at baseline and after each full-body illusion session. Results showed that the illusion emerged regardless of the avatar's body size, whereas the perceived dimension of the own body size changed according to the avatar's body size (i.e., participants felt to be slimmer after embodying their slim avatar and larger after embodying their large avatar). Crucially, we found that implicit attitudes towards food, but not those towards one's own body, were modulated by the size of the virtual body. Compared to baseline, ownership of a slimmer avatar increased the avoidance of high-calorie food, whereas ownership of a larger avatar did not induce changes. Our findings suggest that the illusory feeling of being slimmer drives also the food-related stereotypes associated with that body size, increasing the regulation of eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Tambone
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Poggio
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Pyasik
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,NPSY-Lab. VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Dalila Burin
- Smart-Aging Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Olga Dal Monte
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Selene Schintu
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington DC, DC, USA
| | - Tommaso Ciorli
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Lucà
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Semino
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Doricchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pia
- SAMBA (SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,NIT (Neuroscience Institute of Turin), Turin, Italy
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Larsen JK, Hollands GJ. Targeting automatic processes to reduce unhealthy behaviours: a process framework. Health Psychol Rev 2021; 16:204-219. [PMID: 33491571 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2021.1876572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While previous frameworks to address health behaviours through targeting underlying automatic processes have stimulated an improved understanding of related interventions, deciding between intervention strategies often remains essentially arbitrary and atheoretical. Making considered decisions has likely been hampered by the lack of a framework that guides the selection of different intervention strategies targeting automatic processes to reduce unhealthy behaviours. We propose a process framework to fulfil this need, building upon the process model of emotion regulation. This framework differentiates types of intervention strategies along the timeline of the unfolding automatic response, distinguishing between three broad classes of intervention strategies - direct antecedent, indirect antecedent, and response-focused. Antecedent-focused strategies aim to prevent the exposure to or activation of automatic responses directly through the avoidance of unwanted stimulus-response associations (i.e., situation modification or situation-specific response selection), or indirectly through automatising self-control (i.e., attentional deployment or cognitive change). Response-focused strategies aim to directly downregulate automatic unwanted responses (i.e., response modulation). Three main working hypotheses derived from this process framework provide practical guidance for selecting interventions, but await direct testing in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junilla K Larsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gareth J Hollands
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Stämpfli AE, Stöckli S, Brunner TA, Messner C. A Dieting Facilitator on the Fridge Door: Can Dieters Deliberately Apply Environmental Dieting Cues to Lose Weight? Front Psychol 2020; 11:582369. [PMID: 33408662 PMCID: PMC7779523 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals exposed to dieting-related environmental cues have been repeatedly shown to be better able to resist tempting food. This especially applies to restrained eaters who hold a chronic dieting goal. Thus far, mainly short-term effects of environmental dieting cues have been examined and the individuals were typically unaware of being influenced. Yet, it is unclear whether individuals can deliberately apply environmental dieting cues for themselves to facilitate the pursuit of the longer-term goal of losing weight. The present longitudinal study applied a 2 (cue: visually dieting-related vs. visually neutral cue) × 2 (awareness: being aware vs. not being aware of the cue’s facilitating influence) between-subjects design for 6 months (N = 166 participants who started the study; Mage = 47.85 years; 69.9% female; MBMI = 29.07 kg/m2). Our results provide preliminary indications that cue, awareness, and restrained eating interact. The results suggest that high (vs. low) restrained eaters could deliberately apply environmental dieting cues for themselves to facilitate losing weight. However, further studies are needed to explore the effects of environmental dieting cues over a longer period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline E Stämpfli
- Department of Consumer Behavior, Institute of Marketing and Management, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Food Science and Management, School of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Stöckli
- Department of Consumer Behavior, Institute of Marketing and Management, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Brunner
- Food Science and Management, School of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Claude Messner
- Department of Consumer Behavior, Institute of Marketing and Management, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Yarar N, Machiels CJ, Orth UR. Shaping up: How package shape and consumer body conspire to affect food healthiness evaluation. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Buckland NJ, Er V, Redpath I, Beaulieu K. Priming food intake with weight control cues: systematic review with a meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:66. [PMID: 29986712 PMCID: PMC6038287 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of studies suggest that exposure to cues which are associated with weight control can prime or prompt controlled food intake in tempting food environments. However, findings are mixed and understanding which types of cues and for whom such cues may be most effective is needed to inform subsequent research and societal applications. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effects of exposure to weight control cues compared with control cues on food intake. METHODS PsycINFO, Medline, Embase and Web of Science were searched using key terms. Hedge's g was used to calculate effect sizes based on mean food intake, standard deviations and sample sizes extracted from relevant publications and, a random effects model was used for the meta-analysis. RESULTS Twenty-five articles consisting of 26 studies were eligible. Data from 25 studies (31 effect sizes) were available for the meta-analysis. Overall, weight control cues reduced food intake, albeit to a trivial effect (ES: -0.149, 95% CI: -0.271 to - 0.027). Subgroup analyses when studies which induced negative affect were removed showed that for individuals with strong weight control goals the effect was small-to-moderate (ES: -0.440, 95% CI: -0.718 to - 0.163), whereas for individuals with weak weight control goals this effect was trivial and non-significant (ES: 0.014, 95% CI: -0.249 to 0.278). Cue type and level of engagement did not significantly moderate the effect; however, specific cues (low-calorie foods and thin models) and attended engagement yielded significant effects. Caution is needed interpreting these findings as most studies were rated with high risk of bias and a number of studies could not be included in the subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS Based on the data available, weight control cues reduce food intake in individuals with strong weight control goals. Further research is needed to explore longer term effects of cue exposure and confirm underlying mechanisms. PROSPERO registry#CRD42016052396.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Buckland
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT England
| | - Vanessa Er
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS England
| | - Ian Redpath
- The Behaviouralist Ltd, 5 Hoxton Square, London, N1 6NU England
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT England
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Stämpfli AE, Stöckli S, Brunner TA. A nudge in a healthier direction: How environmental cues help restrained eaters pursue their weight-control goal. Appetite 2017; 110:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Exposure to diet priming images as cues to reduce the influence of unhealthy eating habits. Appetite 2017; 109:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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