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Vozzi A, Martinez Levy A, Ronca V, Giorgi A, Ferrara S, Mancini M, Capotorto R, Cherubino P, Trettel A, Babiloni F, Di Flumeri G. Time-Dependent Analysis of Human Neurophysiological Activities during an Ecological Olfactory Experience. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1242. [PMID: 37759843 PMCID: PMC10526851 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that odors could affect humans at the psychophysiological level. Significant research has been done on odor perception and physiological mechanisms; however, this research was mainly performed in highly controlled conditions in order to highlight the perceptive phenomena and the correlated physiological responses in the time frame of milliseconds. The present study explored how human physiological activity evolves in response to different odor conditions during an ecological olfactory experience on a broader time scale (from 1 to 90 s). Two odors, vanilla and menthol, together with a control condition (blank) were employed as stimuli. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in four frequency bands of interest, theta, alpha, low beta, and high beta, and the electrodermal activity (EDA) of the skin conductance level and response (SCL and SCR) were investigated at five time points taken during: (i) the first ten seconds of exposure (short-term analysis) and (ii) throughout the entire exposure to each odor (90 s, long-term analysis). The results revealed significant interactions between the odor conditions and the time periods in the short-term analysis for the overall frontal activity in the theta (p = 0.03), alpha (p = 0.005), and low beta (p = 0.0067) bands, the frontal midline activity in the alpha (p = 0.015) and low beta (p = 0.02) bands, and the SCR component (p = 0.024). For the long-term effects, instead, only one EEG parameter, frontal alpha asymmetry, was significantly sensitive to the considered dimensions (p = 0.037). In conclusion, the present research determined the physiological response to different odor conditions, also demonstrating the sensitivity of the employed parameters in characterizing the dynamic of such response during the time. As an exploratory study, this work points out the relevance of considering the effects of continuous exposure instead of short stimulation when evaluating the human olfactory experience, providing insights for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Vozzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Ana Martinez Levy
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ronca
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering “Antonio Ruberti”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giorgi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Silvia Ferrara
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Marco Mancini
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Rossella Capotorto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering “Antonio Ruberti”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cherubino
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Trettel
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Computer Science, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Gianluca Di Flumeri
- BrainSigns Srl, Via Tirso, 14, 00198 Rome, Italy (F.B.); (G.D.F.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Porcherot C, Raviot-Derrien S, Beague MP, Henneberg S, Niedziela M, Ambroze K, McEwan JA. Effect of context on fine fragrance-elicited emotions: Comparison of three experimental methodologies. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Cereghetti D, Faye P, Gros L, Mahé L, Diaz E, Cayeux I, Heritier T, Versace R. Validation of New Methods of Using Simulated Whole-Body Movements as Implicit Indicators of Sound and Odor Preferences. Front Psychol 2021; 12:659269. [PMID: 34421716 PMCID: PMC8371630 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Would you get close to a stinky perfume bottle or to a loudspeaker producing noise? In this paper, we present two procedures that allowed us to assess the ability of auditory and olfactory cues to elicit automatic approach/avoidance reactions toward their sources. The procedures resulted from an adaptation of the Visual Approach/Avoidance by the Self Task (VAAST; Rougier et al., 2018), a task having the peculiarity of simulating approach/avoidance reactions by using visual feedback coming from the whole-body movements. In the auditory VAAST (Experiment 1), participants were instructed to move forward or backward from a loudspeaker that produced spoken words differentiated by their level of distortion and thus by their hedonic value. In the olfactory VAAST (Experiment 2), participants were asked to move forward or backward from a perfume bottle that delivered pleasant and unpleasant odors. We expected, consistent with the approach/avoidance compatibility effect, shorter latencies for approaching positive stimuli and avoiding negative stimuli. In both experiments, we found an effect of the quality of the emotional stimulus on forward actions of participants, with undistorted words and pleasant odors inducing faster forward movements compared with that for distorted words and unpleasant odors. Notably, our results further suggest that the VAAST can successfully be used with implicit instructions, i.e., without requiring participants to explicitly process the valence of the emotional stimulus (in Experiment 1) or even the emotional stimulus itself (in Experiment 2). The sensitivity of our procedures is analyzed and its potential in cross-modal and (contextualized) consumer research discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laetitia Gros
- Le Sensolier, Paris, France.,Orange Labs, Lannion, France
| | - Lucas Mahé
- Le Sensolier, Paris, France.,EMC Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Lyon2 University, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Diaz
- Le Sensolier, Paris, France.,PSA Groupe, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
| | - Isabelle Cayeux
- Firmenich SA, Geneva, Switzerland.,Le Sensolier, Paris, France
| | - Théo Heritier
- Le Sensolier, Paris, France.,EMC Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Lyon2 University, Lyon, France.,Silliker SAS, Mérieux NutriSciences, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Rémy Versace
- Le Sensolier, Paris, France.,EMC Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Lyon2 University, Lyon, France
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4
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Multisensory marketing: effects of environmental aroma cues on perception, appetite, and consumption of foods and drinks. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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5
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Baccarani A, Brand G, Dacremont C, Valentin D, Brochard R. The influence of stimulus concentration and odor intensity on relaxing and stimulating perceived properties of odors. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Relaxing and stimulating effects of odors on time perception and their modulation by expectancy. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:448-462. [PMID: 33159286 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies have reported relaxing and stimulating effects of odors on physiology and behavior, little is known about their underlying mechanisms. It has been proposed that participant expectancy could explain these activation effects. Since emotional stimuli are known to modulate time perception, here we used the temporal bisection task to determine whether odors have objective relaxing and stimulating effects by respectively slowing down or speeding up the internal clock and whether prior expectancy could alter these effects. In Experiment 1, 118 participants were presented either with a strawberry odor or an odorless blank. In Experiment 2, 132 participants were presented either with a lemon odor or an odorless blank. In both experiments, expectancy was manipulated using suggestion (verbal instructions). The stimulus was either described as relaxing or stimulating, or was not described. In the absence of prior suggestion, findings showed that, compared to participants presented with an odorless blank, participants presented with the strawberry odor underestimated sound durations (i.e., a relaxing effect) whereas participants presented with the lemon odor overestimated them (i.e., a stimulating effect). These results confirm that pleasant odors can have objective relaxing and stimulating effects by themselves, which are better explained by arousal-based mechanisms rather than attentional distraction. Furthermore, in both experiments, incongruent suggestions undid the effects of both odors without reversing them completely (i.e., strawberry did not become stimulating even if participants were told so). Both these bottom-up and top-down influences should be considered when investigating the emotional impact of odors on human behavior.
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Chen B, Su M, Pan Q, Zhang Z, Chen S, Huang Z, Cai Z, Li Z, Qian X, Hu X, Song Y. Fully Printed Geranium-Inspired Encapsulated Arrays for Quantitative Odor Releasing. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19977-19982. [PMID: 31788631 PMCID: PMC6882128 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory is an extremely fine way of perception. However, the process of smelling is prone to various interference factors. Further development to enhance the communication desires an odor-releasing strategy, which could quantitatively offer a variety of fragrances. Here, we report a fully printing strategy to heterogeneously integrate odor-containing materials and protective coating films. Inspired from the fragrance-containing drum structure on the geranium leaf, encapsulated arrays are fully printed on the flexible or rigid substrates with more than 20 spices. Quantitative concentrations of odor molecules can be released from the encapsulated arrays after scraping the protective poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) shells. Importantly, various odor-based arrays are printed on the same flexible substrate, which permits selective releasing and arbitrary mixing of the spices. Effective odor-releasing properties of encapsulated arrays make them promising for food security and anticounterfeiting, investigating olfactory discrimination abilities, and strengthening olfactory communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingda Chen
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Pan
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zeying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuoran Chen
- Research Center for Green Printing Nanophotonic
Materials, Suzhou University of Science
and Technology, 215009 Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhandong Huang
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zheren Cai
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Qian
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Hu
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of
Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center
of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190 Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No.19A, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
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