Application of near infrared spectral fingerprinting and pattern recognition techniques for fast identification of Eleutherococcus senticosus

Trends in digital detection for the quality and safety of herbs using infrared and Raman spectroscopy

Herbs have been used as natural remedies for disease treatment, prevention, and health care. Some herbs with functional properties are also used as food or food additives for culinary purposes. The quality and safety inspection of herbs are influenced by various factors, which need to be assessed in each operation across the whole process of herb production. Traditional analysis methods are time-consuming and laborious, without quick response, which limits industry development and digital detection. Considering the efficiency and accuracy, faster, cheaper, and more environment-friendly techniques are highly needed to complement or replace the conventional chemical analysis methods. Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy techniques have been applied to the quality control and safety inspection of herbs during the last several decades. In this paper, we generalize the current application using IR and Raman spectroscopy techniques across the whole process, from raw materials to patent herbal products. The challenges and remarks were proposed in the end, which serve as references for improving herb detection based on IR and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Meanwhile, make a path to driving intelligence and automation of herb products factories.

The Application of Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics in Classification of Dried Herbs

The fast differentiation and classification of herb samples are complicated processes due to the presence of many various chemical compounds. Traditionally, separation techniques have been employed for the identification and quantification of compounds present in different plant matrices, but they are tedious, time-consuming and destructive. Thus, a non-targeted approach would be specifically advantageous for this purpose. In the present study, spectroscopy in the visible and near-infrared range and pattern recognition techniques, including the principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), regularized discriminant analysis (RDA), super k-nearest neighbor (SKNN) and support vector machine (SVM) techniques, were applied to develop classification models that enabled the discrimination of various commercial dried herbs, including mint, linden, nettle, sage and chamomile. The classification error rates in the validation data were below 10% for all the classification methods, except for SKNN. The results obtained confirm that spectroscopy and pattern recognition methods constitute a good non-destructive tool for the rapid identification of herb species that can be used in routine quality control by the pharmaceutical industry, as well as herbal suppliers, to avoid mislabeling.

The Application of FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for the Authentication Analysis of Horse Milk

Expensive milk such as horse's milk (HM) may be the target of adulteration by other milk such as goat's milk (GM) and cow's milk (CM). FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and multivariate calibrations of partial least square regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) was used for authentication of HM from GM and CM. Milk was directly subjected to attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectral measurement at midinfrared regions (4000-650 cm-1). Results showed that LDA could make clear discrimination between HM and HM adulterated with CM and GM without any misclassification observed. PLSR using 2nd derivative spectra at 3200-2800 and 1300-1000 cm-1 provided the best model for the relationship between actual values of GM and FTIR predicted values than PCR. At this condition, R 2 values for calibration and validation models obtained were 0.9995 and 0.9612 with RMSEC and RMSEP values of 0.0093 and 0.0794. PLSR using normal FTIR spectra at 3800-3000 and 1500-1000 cm-1 offered R 2 for the relationship between actual values of CM and FTIR predicted values of >0.99 in calibration and validation models with low errors of RMSEC of 0.0164 and RMSEP of 0.0336 during authentication of HM from CM. Therefore, FTIR spectroscopy in combination with LDA and PLSR is an effective method for authentication of HM from GM and CM.

Manufacturer identification and storage time determination of "Dong'e Ejiao" using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

We have developed a set of chemometric methods to address two critical issues in quality control of a precious traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Dong'e Ejiao (DEEJ). Based on near infrared (NIR) spectra of multiple samples, the genuine manufacturer of DEEJ, e.g. Dong'e Ejiao Co., Ltd., was accurately identified among 21 suppliers by the fingerprint method using Hotelling T(2), distance to Model X (DModX), and similarity match value (SMV) as discriminate criteria. Soft independent modeling of the class analogy algorithm led to a misjudgment ratio of 6.2%, suggesting that the fingerprint method is more suitable for manufacturer identification. For another important feature related to clinical efficacy of DEEJ, storage time, the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method was applied with a satisfactory misjudgment ratio (15.6%) and individual prediction error around 1 year. Our results demonstrate that NIR spectra comprehensively reflect the essential quality information of DEEJ, and with the aid of proper chemometric algorithms, it is able to identify genuine manufacturer and determine accurate storage time. The overall results indicate the promising potential of NIR spectroscopy as an effective quality control tool for DEEJ and other precious TCM products.

Species authentication and geographical origin discrimination of herbal medicines by near infrared spectroscopy: A review

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a rapid and nondestructive analytical technique, integrated with chemometrics, is a powerful process analytical tool for the pharmaceutical industry and is becoming an attractive complementary technique for herbal medicine analysis. This review mainly focuses on the recent applications of NIR spectroscopy in species authentication of herbal medicines and their geographical origin discrimination.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for discrimination of Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Zingiber cassumunar

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and cassumunar ginger (Zingiber cassumunar) are widely used in traditional Indonesian medicines (jamu). They have similar color for their rhizome and possess some similar uses, so it is possible to substitute one for the other. The identification and discrimination of these closely-related plants is a crucial task to ensure the quality of the raw materials. Therefore, an analytical method which is rapid, simple and accurate for discriminating these species using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with some chemometrics methods was developed. FTIR spectra were acquired in the mid-IR region (4000-400 cm(-1)). Standard normal variate, first and second order derivative spectra were compared for the spectral data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were used for the classification of the three species. Samples could be discriminated by visual analysis of the FTIR spectra by using their marker bands. Discrimination of the three species was also possible through the combination of the pre-processed FTIR spectra with PCA and CVA, in which CVA gave clearer discrimination. Subsequently, the developed method could be used for the identification and discrimination of the three closely-related plant species.

A green method for the quantification of polysaccharides in Dendrobium officinale

We report a NIR spectroscopy method for the quantification of polysaccharides inDendrobium officinaleusing a PLS calibration model.

Application of near infrared spectroscopy to the analysis and fast quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicinal products

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely applied in both qualitative and quantitative analysis. There is growing interest in its application to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and a review of recent developments in the field is timely. To present an overview of recent applications of NIRS to the identification, classification and analysis of TCM products, studies describing the application of NIRS to TCM products are classified into those involving qualitative and quantitative analysis. In addition, the application of NIRS to the detection of illegal additives and the rapid assessment of quality of TCMs by fast inspection are also described. This review covers over 100 studies emphasizing the application of NIRS in different fields. Furthermore, basic analytical principles and specific examples are used to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of NIRS in pattern identification. NIRS provides an effective and powerful tool for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of TCM products.

Application of chemometrics in authentication of herbal medicines: a review

INTRODUCTION

Herbal medicines (HM) and their preparations have been widely used for hundreds of years all over the world. However, they have not been officially recognised due to a lack of adequate or accepted research methodology for their evaluation.

OBJECTIVE

To present a concise overview of the recent applications of chemometrics in solving the ambiguity of herbal medicine authentication during the last two decades.

METHODOLOGY

Studies involving the applications of chemometric analysis in combination with different analytical methods were classified according to the method of analysis used including chromatographic (HPLC, GC and CE), spectroscopic (NMR, IR, UV and ICP) and genetic analysis (RAPD). The purpose of each of these studies was classified into one of three main categories: taxonomic discrimination, quality assessment or classification between plants of different geographic origins.

RESULTS

This review comprises over 150 studies, covering the past two decades, emphasising the significance of chemometric methods in the discrimination of many herbs from closely related species and from adulterants, based on the principal bioactive components and phytochemical diversity. Furthermore, the differentiation between varieties and hybrids was achieved in addition to the prediction of the active components by quantitative methods of analysis. Discrimination according to geographical origin and localities, processing methods, DNA profiling and metabolomics were also efficiently investigated.

CONCLUSION

Chemometric methods have provided an efficient and powerful tool for the quality control and authentication of different herbs.