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Wang D, Fei Y, Niu C, Lu S, Chen X, Wu Y, He P, Zhang X, Chen H, Wang H, Gao Y. Proficiency testing for event-specific quantification of genetically modified maize MON87427: Performance assessment based on the metrologically traceable reference values as assigned values. Food Chem 2024; 453:139668. [PMID: 38805943 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The Asia Pacific Metrology Program and the Accreditation Cooperation joint Proficiency Testing (PT) program for the quantification of genetically modified maize MON87427 was organized by the National Institute of Metrology, China, to enhance the measurement accuracy and metrological traceability in the region. Certified reference materials were employed as test samples; metrologically traceable certified reference values served as PT reference values (PTRVs) for evaluating the participants results. The consensus values obtained from the participants were higher than the assigned values, potentially due to the systematic effects of DNA extraction process. The participants' relatively poor overall performance by the ζ-score compared with z-score demonstrates their need to thoroughly investigate quantification bias to elevate the measurement capability of genetically modified (GM) content and deepen their understanding of uncertainty estimation. This program confirmed the importance of using metrologically traceable reference values instead of consensus values as PTRV for reliable performance assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Fei
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunyan Niu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Song Lu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Traceability of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ping He
- Specialized Standards Accreditation Department (SSAD), China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS), Beijing 100062, China
| | - Xiujie Zhang
- Development Center for Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Development Center for Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Haoqian Wang
- Development Center for Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yunhua Gao
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Fernandes IDAA, Maciel GM, Bortolini DG, Pedro AC, Rubio FTV, de Carvalho KQ, Haminiuk CWI. The bitter side of teas: Pesticide residues and their impact on human health. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113955. [PMID: 37482194 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverages globally, known for its rich composition of bioactive compounds that offer various health benefits to humans. However, the cultivation of tea plants often faces challenges due to their high vulnerability to pests and diseases, resulting in the heavy use of pesticides. Consequently, pesticide residues can be transferred to tea leaves, compromising their quality and safety and potentially posing risks to human health, including hormonal and reproductive disorders and cancer development. In light of these concerns, this review aims to: (I) present the maximum limits of pesticide residues established by different international regulatory agencies; (II) explore the characteristics of pesticides commonly employed in tea cultivation, encompassing aspects such as digestion, bioaccessibility, and the behavior of pesticide transfer; and (III) discuss the effectiveness of detection and removal methods for pesticides, the impacts of pesticides on both tea plants and human health and investigate emerging alternatives to replace these substances. By addressing these critical aspects, this review provides valuable insights into the management of pesticide residues in tea production, with the goal of ensuring the production of safe, high-quality tea while minimizing adverse effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela de Andrade Arruda Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP (81531-980), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giselle Maria Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental (PPGCTA), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), CEP (81280-340), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), CEP (81280-340), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora Gonçalves Bortolini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP (81531-980), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental (PPGCTA), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), CEP (81280-340), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Cristina Pedro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CEP (81531-980), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Thaís Vieira Rubio
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, CEP (05508-080), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Querne de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental (PPGCTA), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), CEP (81280-340), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Charles Windson Isidoro Haminiuk
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental (PPGCTA), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), CEP (81280-340), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), CEP (81280-340), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Kim SH, Cho H, Heo SW, Hwang E. APMP-APLAC joint proficiency testing programs for elemental analysis in food with metrological reference values: Assessment of participants' performance considering measurement uncertainties. Talanta 2023; 255:124184. [PMID: 36587428 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Asia Pacific Metrology Program (APMP) and the Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (APLAC) joint Proficiency Testing (PT) programs for toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) or nutritional elements such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in food were organized by the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) with the aim of enhancing the quality of measurement and metrological traceability in various economies of the Asia Pacific region by evaluating the performance with rigorous evaluation. Three APMP-APLAC joint PT programs for elemental analyses were carried out by KRISS sequentially, where candidate certified reference materials (CRMs) were used as the PT materials and metrologically traceable certified reference values (RVs) were used as the PT assigned values for the evaluation of participants' results, which allows reliable evaluation of participant performance. This article describes the operation of the PTs and the overall performance of the participating laboratories. The effectiveness of these joint PT programs and trends in PT performance assessment are also discussed. These PT programs confirm the significant importance of using the metrologically traceable RVs instead of the consensus values from participants as the PT assigned value for reliable assessment. The lack of understanding of the concept of coverage factor, degree of freedom, standard uncertainty, and expanded uncertainty was revealed by some participants in these PT programs. Interpreting the zeta-scores or En scores, which are derived by using measurement uncertainties, in conjunction with the z-scores is highly meaningful for assessing participants' ability in measurement capabilities and measurement uncertainty evaluation. Assessment of participants' performance considering measurement uncertainties helps the participants to check how reasonable their measurement uncertainty estimation was. The results of PTs also demonstrated that these PT programs are useful for improving the measurement capability of the laboratories, whereas more capability-building in uncertainty evaluation is required for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Heun Kim
- Inorganic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hana Cho
- Inorganic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Heo
- Inorganic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Euijin Hwang
- 68 Daedeok-daero 541 beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34130, Republic of Korea.
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Morlock GE. High-performance thin-layer chromatography combined with effect-directed assays and high-resolution mass spectrometry as an emerging hyphenated technology: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Effect-Directed Profiling of Powdered Tea Extracts for Catechins, Theaflavins, Flavonols and Caffeine. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010117. [PMID: 33467615 PMCID: PMC7830616 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidative activity of Camelia sinensis tea and especially powdered tea extracts on the market, among others used as added value in functional foods, can considerably vary due to not only natural variance, but also adulteration and falsification. Thus, an effect-directed profiling was developed to prove the functional effects or health-promoting claims. It took 3-12 min per sample, depending on the assay incubation time, for 21 separations in parallel. Used as a fast product quality control, it can detect known and unknown bioactive compounds. Twenty tea extracts and a reference mixture of 11-bioactive compounds were investigated in parallel under the same chromatographic conditions by a newly developed reversed phase high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method. In eight planar on-surface assays, effect-directed tea profiles were revealed. Catechins and theaflavins turned out to be not only highly active, but also multi-potent compounds, able to act in a broad range of metabolic pathways. The flavan-3-ols acted as radical scavengers (DPPH∙ assay), antibacterials against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis bacteria, and inhibitors of tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase. Further effects against Gram-negative Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria and β-glucuronidase were assigned to other components in the powdered tea extracts. According to their specifications, the activity responses of the powdered tea extracts were higher than in mere leaf extracts of green, white and black tea. The multi-imaging and effect-directed profiling was not only able to identify known functional food ingredients, but also to detect unknown bioactive compounds (including bioactive contaminants, residues or adulterations).
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Kim SH, Heo SW, Cho H, Yim YH, Lim Y, Lee K, Hwang E. Asia-Pacific Metrology Program (APMP) and Asia-Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (APLAC) joint proficiency testing with metrological reference values for hazardous elements in cabbage. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Utilizing a novel sorbent in the solid phase extraction for simultaneous determination of 15 pesticide residues in green tea by GC/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1023-1024:44-54. [PMID: 27183089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide residues exceeding standard in green tea is a widespread problem of the world's attention, containing organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), and pyrethroids. In this research, three dimensionally honeycomb Mg-Al layered double oxide (TDH-Mg-Al-LDO) combined with graphitized carbon black (GCB), packed as a column, was used as a novel solid phase extraction sorbent, applying in simultaneous determination of 15 pesticide residues in green tea coupled with GC-MS. Compared with different type of SPE column, it showed that TDH-Mg-Al-LDO exhibited great advantages in the extraction of 15 pesticide residues from green tea, which was seldom reported before. Different experiment conditions, such as combination order of Mg-Al-LDO and GCB, dosage of sorbents, type and volume of eluting solvent were thoroughly studied and optimized. The limits of detection (LODs) of 15 pesticides ranged from 0.9 to 24.2ng/g and the limits of quantifications (LOQs) were ranging from 3.0 to 80.0ng/g. The recoveries using this method at three spiked concentration levels (10, 100 and 500ng/g for Fenthion, P,P'-DDE, O,P'-DDT, P,P'-DDD and Bifenthrin, 100, 500 and 2000ng/g for the others) range from 71.1 to 119.0%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was from 0.1 to 7.6% in all case. The result indicated that the proposed analytical method had been successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of 15 pesticide residues in commercial green tea.
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Yarita T, Aoyagi Y, Otake T. Evaluation of the impact of matrix effect on quantification of pesticides in foods by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using isotope-labeled internal standards. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1396:109-16. [PMID: 25892640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the matrix effect in GC-MS quantification of pesticides in food using the corresponding isotope-labeled internal standards was evaluated. A spike-and-recovery study of nine target pesticides was first conducted using paste samples of corn, green soybean, carrot, and pumpkin. The observed analytical values using isotope-labeled internal standards were more accurate for most target pesticides than that obtained using the external calibration method, but were still biased from the spiked concentrations when a matrix-free calibration solution was used for calibration. The respective calibration curves for each target pesticide were also prepared using matrix-free calibration solutions and matrix-matched calibration solutions with blank soybean extract. The intensity ratio of the peaks of most target pesticides to that of the corresponding isotope-labeled internal standards was influenced by the presence of the matrix in the calibration solution; therefore, the observed slope varied. The ratio was also influenced by the type of injection method (splitless or on-column). These results indicated that matrix-matching of the calibration solution is required for very accurate quantification, even if isotope-labeled internal standards were used for calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yarita
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 3, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan.
| | - Yoshie Aoyagi
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 3, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Otake
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 3, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan
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