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Suarez P, Vallejos-Almirall A, Fernández I, Gonzalez-Chavarria I, Alonso J, Vidal G. Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Blastocystis hominis subtype ST3 in Cholga mussel and treated sewage: Preliminary evidence of fecal contamination in harvesting area. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2024; 34:e00214. [PMID: 38188968 PMCID: PMC10770711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum and Blastocystis hominis are foodborne parasites known for causing diarrhea. They accumulate in mussels grown on contaminated water bodies, due to the discharge of treated sewage from sewage treatment plants (STP). Despite this, some countries like Chile do not include these parasites in the control or monitoring of sewage water. The objective of this research was to evaluate the contamination of C. parvum. and B. hominis from treated sewage (disinfected by chlorination) and Cholga mussels in a touristic rural cove from the bay of Concepción. Cholga mussels from commercial stores and a treated sewage sample were analyzed. Cryptosporidium spp. was identified by Ziehl-Neelsen-Staining (ZNS) and C. parvum by direct-immunofluorescence assay (IFA) from ZNS-positive samples. Blastocystis hominis was identified by PCR using locus SSU rDNA. C. parvum and B. hominis subtype ST3 were found in 40% and 45% of Cholga mussel samples, respectively, and both parasites were identified in the treated sewage. Blastocystis hominis SSU rDNA gene alignment from Cholga mussels and treated sewage showed 89% of similarity, indicating that could be the same parasite in both samples. We describe the first evidence of possible contamination with these parasites from treated sewage to Cholga mussel suggesting an environmental contamination with high human risk. Based on these results, further studies will consider all the rural coves and STP from the bay to prevent possible contamination of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Suarez
- Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology Group (GIBA-UDEC), Environmental Science Faculty & EULA-CHILE Center, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), ANID Fondap Center, Victoria 1295, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - A. Vallejos-Almirall
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biotecnología Marina (GIBMAR), Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - I. Fernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - I. Gonzalez-Chavarria
- Laboratorio de Lipoproteínas y Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - J.L. Alonso
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - G. Vidal
- Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology Group (GIBA-UDEC), Environmental Science Faculty & EULA-CHILE Center, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Water Research Center for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), ANID Fondap Center, Victoria 1295, Concepción, Chile
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2
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Kim M, Rueda L, Packham A, Moore J, Wuertz S, Shapiro K. Molecular detection and viability discrimination of zoonotic protozoan pathogens in oysters and seawater. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110391. [PMID: 37742524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The presence of foodborne protozoan pathogens including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Cyclospora cayetanensis in commercial shellfish has been reported across diverse geographical regions. In the present study, a novel multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was validated to simultaneously detect and discriminate these four targeted parasites in oyster tissues including whole tissue homogenate, digestive gland, gills, and hemolymph, as well as seawater where shellfish grow. To differentiate viable and non-viable protozoan (oo)cysts, we further evaluated reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays through systematic laboratory spiking experiments by spiking not only dilutions of viable parasites but also mixtures of viable and non-viable parasites in the oyster tissues and seawater. Results demonstrate that multiplex PCR can detect as few as 5-10 (oo)cysts in at least one oyster matrix, as well as in 10 L of seawater. All parasites were detected at the lowest spiking dilution (5 (oo)cysts per extract) in hemolymph, however the probability of detection varied across the difference matrices tested for each parasite. RT-qPCR further discriminated viable from non-viable (heat-inactivated) C. parvum and T. gondii in seawater and hemolymph but did not perform well in other oyster matrices. This systematic spiking study demonstrates that a molecular approach combining multiplex PCR for sensitive and affordable screening of protozoan DNA and subsequent RT-qPCR assay for viability discrimination presents an important advance for accurately determining the risk of protozoal illness in humans due to consumption of contaminated shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lezlie Rueda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrea Packham
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James Moore
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA; Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTU, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Merks H, Boone R, Janecko N, Viswanathan M, Dixon BR. Foodborne protozoan parasites in fresh mussels and oysters purchased at retail in Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 399:110248. [PMID: 37210953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies worldwide have reported the presence of protozoan parasites in a variety of commercial bivalve shellfish. The uptake of these parasites by shellfish occurs during filter feeding in faecally-contaminated waters. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma in fresh, live shellfish purchased in three Canadian provinces as part of the retail surveillance activities led by FoodNet Canada (Public Health Agency of Canada). Packages containing mussels (n = 253) or oysters (n = 130) were purchased at grocery stores in FoodNet Canada sentinel sites on a biweekly basis throughout 2018 and 2019, and shipped in coolers to Health Canada for testing. A small number of packages were not tested due to insufficient quantity or poor quality. Following DNA extraction from homogenized, pooled tissues, nested PCR and DNA sequencing were used to detect parasite-specific sequences. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to confirm the presence of intact cysts and oocysts in sequence-confirmed PCR-positive samples. Giardia duodenalis DNA was present in 2.4 % of 247 packages of mussels and 4.0 % of 125 packages of oysters, while Cryptosporidium parvum DNA was present in 5.3 % of 247 packages of mussels and 7.2 % of 125 packages of oysters. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was only found in mussels in 2018 (1.6 % of 249 packages). Parasite DNA was detected in shellfish purchased in all three Canadian provinces sampled, and there was no apparent seasonal variation in prevalence. While the present study did not test for viability, parasites are known to survive for long periods in the marine environment, and these findings suggest that there is a risk of infection, especially when shellfish are consumed raw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Merks
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ryan Boone
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Nicol Janecko
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom; Food-borne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Suite #201, Guelph, Ontario N1H 7M7, Canada
| | - Mythri Viswanathan
- Food-borne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Suite #201, Guelph, Ontario N1H 7M7, Canada
| | - Brent R Dixon
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Willer DF, Nicholls RJ, Aldridge DC. Opportunities and challenges for upscaled global bivalve seafood production. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:935-943. [PMID: 37118255 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Slow growth in the bivalve mariculture sector results from production inefficiencies, food safety concerns, limited availability of convenience products and low consumer demand. Here we assess whether bivalves could meet mass-market seafood demand across the bivalve value chain. We explore how bivalve production could become more efficient, strategies for increasing edible meat yield and how food safety could be improved through food processing technologies and new depuration innovations. Finally, we examine barriers to consumer uptake, such as food allergen prevalence and bivalve preparation challenges, highlighting that appealing and convenient bivalve food products could provide consumers with nutritious and sustainable seafood options-and contribute positively to global food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Willer
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Bigot-Clivot A, La Carbona S, Cazeaux C, Durand L, Géba E, Le Foll F, Xuereb B, Chalghmi H, Dubey JP, Bastien F, Bonnard I, Palos Ladeiro M, Escotte-Binet S, Aubert D, Villena I, Geffard A. Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)-A bioindicator of marine water contamination by protozoa: Laboratory and in situ approaches. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:736-746. [PMID: 34152060 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii are identified as public health priorities and are present in a wide variety of environments including the marine ecosystem. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that the marine bivalve blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) can be used as a tool to monitor the contamination of marine waters by the three protozoa over time. METHODS AND RESULTS In order to achieve a proof of concept, mussels were exposed to three concentrations of G. duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum/T. gondii oocysts for 21 days, followed by 21 days of depuration in clear water. Then, natural contamination by these protozoa was sought for in wild marine blue mussels along the northwest coast of France to validate their relevance as bioindicators in the field. Our results highlighted that: (a) blue mussels bioaccumulated the parasites for 21 days, according to the conditions of exposure, and parasites could still be detected during the depuration period (until 21 days); (b) the percentage of protozoa-positive M. edulis varied under the degree of protozoan contamination in water; (c) mussel samples from eight out of nine in situ sites were positive for at least one of the protozoa. CONCLUSIONS The blue mussel M. edulis can bioaccumulate protozoan parasites over long time periods, according to the degree of contamination of waters they are inhabiting, and can highlight recent but also past contaminations (at least 21 days). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Mytilus edulis is a relevant bioaccumulators of protozoan (oo)cysts in laboratory and field conditions, hence its potential use for monitoring parasite contamination in marine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bigot-Clivot
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | | | | | - Loïc Durand
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France.,EA7510, ESCAPE, Epidémiosurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Faculté de Médecine, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Elodie Géba
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France.,EA7510, ESCAPE, Epidémiosurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Faculté de Médecine, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Frank Le Foll
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, University of Le Havre Normandie, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Benoit Xuereb
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, University of Le Havre Normandie, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Houssem Chalghmi
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO, University of Le Havre Normandie, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Fanny Bastien
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Mélissa Palos Ladeiro
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Sandie Escotte-Binet
- EA7510, ESCAPE, Epidémiosurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Faculté de Médecine, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- EA7510, ESCAPE, Epidémiosurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Faculté de Médecine, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- EA7510, ESCAPE, Epidémiosurveillance et CirculAtion des Parasites dans les Environnements, Faculté de Médecine, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques), University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, France
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6
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DeMone C, Trenton McClure J, Greenwood SJ, Fung R, Hwang MH, Feng Z, Shapiro K. A metabarcoding approach for detecting protozoan pathogens in wild oysters from Prince Edward Island, Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 360:109315. [PMID: 34215423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Food and waterborne protozoan pathogens including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia enterica and Toxoplasma gondii are a global concern for human public health. While all three pathogens have been detected in commercial shellfish, there is currently no standard approach for detecting protozoan parasites in shellfish. Common molecular and microscopic methods are limited in the number of pathogens they can simultaneously detect and are often targeted at one or two of these pathogens. Previously, we developed and validated a novel 18S amplicon-based next-generation sequencing assay for simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and T. gondii in shellfish. In this study, we applied the assay for protozoan pathogen detection in wild oysters from Prince Edward Island (PEI). Oysters were harvested from restricted and prohibited areas, classified by the Canadian government according to fecal coliform counts in surrounding waters, and different fractions (whole tissue homogenate and hemolymph) were analyzed. Protozoan DNA was detected using metabarcoding in 28%, of oysters tested (N = 128), and the pathogen read counts in oyster homogenate were considerably higher than those in hemolymph. Protozoan read count thresholds were established for classifying probable oyster contamination with pathogens to account for low levels of background protozoan reads detected in negative controls. Assay results showed protozoan contamination was not associated with harvesting site classifications, suggesting that using fecal indicators for ensuring food safety may be insufficient. Due to the complex matrix, an oyster DNA reduction step may further improve the pathogen detection sensitivity of the assay. Results from this study affirm that novel metabarcoding is a promising screening tool for detection of protozoan pathogens in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine DeMone
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Spencer J Greenwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Rebecca Fung
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mei-Hua Hwang
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Zeny Feng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Karen Shapiro
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Cavis, CA 95616, USA.
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7
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Torrecillas C, Fajardo MA, Córdoba MA, Sánchez M, Mellado I, Garrido B, Aleixandre-Górriz I, Sánchez-Thevenet P, Carmena D. First Report of Zoonotic Genotype of Giardia duodenalis in Mussels ( Mytilus edulis) from Patagonia Argentina. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:92-97. [PMID: 33074789 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) are among the most consumed fishery products globally. Foodborne outbreaks of mussel-associated infections by viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens have been reported in the last years. In this study, we investigated the occurrence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of the diarrhea-causing enteric protozoan Giardia duodenalis in blue mussels from Caleta Córdova in Chubut Province, southeast Patagonia, Argentina. A total of 344 free-living blue mussels were collected and distributed in 53 aliquots of pooled mussel tissue (each containing 5‒7 specimens) during the period 2015‒2018. Conventional optical microscopy was used as screening method for the detection of G. duodenalis cysts in pooled, homogenized tissues. Samples with a positive result were assessed by a multilocus sequence genotyping scheme based on the amplification of partial fragments of the glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes of the parasite. G. duodenalis cysts were found in 30.2% (16/53) of the aliquots of pooled mussel tissue tested. PCR and sequencing analyses revealed the presence of G. duodenalis subassemblage BIV in selected aliquots. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of zoonotic subassemblage BIV from blue mussels in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Torrecillas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - María Angélica Fajardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | | | - Marco Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Ivana Mellado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Betiana Garrido
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Isabel Aleixandre-Górriz
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Paula Sánchez-Thevenet
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Spain
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Patanasatienkul T, Greenwood SJ, McClure J, Davidson J, Gardner I, Sanchez J. Bayesian risk assessment model of human cryptosporidiosis cases following consumption of raw Eastern oysters ( Crassostrea virginica) contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts in the Hillsborough River system in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2020; 19:e00079. [PMID: 32258447 PMCID: PMC7109418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. has been associated with foodborne infectious disease outbreaks; however, it is unclear to what extent raw oyster consumption poses a risk to public health. Control of Cryptosporidium in shellfish harvest seawater in Canada is not mandatory and, despite relay/depuration processes, the parasite can remain viable in oysters for at least a month (depending on initial loads and seawater characteristics). Risks of human infection and illness from exposure to oysters contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts were assessed in a Bayesian framework. Two data sets were used: counts of oocysts in oysters harvested in Approved, Restricted, and Prohibited zones of the Hillsborough River system; and oocyst elimination rate from oysters exposed to oocysts in laboratory experiments. A total of 20 scenarios were assessed according to number of oysters consumed in a single serving (1, 10 and 30) and different relay times. The median probability of infection and developing cryptosporidiosis (e.g. illness) due to the consumption of raw oysters in Prince Edward Island was zero for all scenarios. However, the 95th percentiles ranged from 2% to 81% and from 1% to 59% for probability of infection and illness, respectively. When relay times were extended from 14 to 30 days and 10 oysters were consumed in one serving from the Restricted zones, these probabilities were reduced from 35% to 16% and from 15% to 7%, respectively. The 14-day relay period established by Canadian authorities for harvesting in Restricted zones seems prudent, though insufficient, as this relay period has been shown to be enough to eliminate fecal coliforms but not Cryptosporidium oocysts, which can remain viable in the oyster for over a month. Extending relay periods of 14 and 21 days for oysters harvested in Restricted zones to 30 days is likely insufficient to substantially decrease the probability of infection and illness. The highest risk was found for oysters that originated in Prohibited zones. Our findings suggest that Cryptosporidium oocysts are a potential cause of foodborne infection and illness when consuming raw oysters from Hillsborough River, one of the most important oyster production bays on Prince Edward Island. We discuss data gaps and limitations of this work in order to identify future research that can be used to reduce the uncertainties in predicted risks. Risk of infection and illness of cryptosporidiosis in humans by consuming raw oysters from PEI is likely to be negligible. Depuration time of 14 days might not be enough to reduce Cryptosporidium oocysts contamination in oysters in bays of PEI. More field data need to be obtained to reduce uncertainties in predicted risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiwan Patanasatienkul
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Spencer J. Greenwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
| | - J.T. McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
| | - Jeff Davidson
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, PEI, Canada
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9
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Manore AJW, Harper SL, Sargeant JM, Weese JS, Cunsolo A, Bunce A, Shirley J, Sudlovenick E, Shapiro K. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in locally harvested clams in Iqaluit, Nunavut. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:352-361. [PMID: 32065491 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
High prevalences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were recently found in enteric illness patients in the Qikiqtaaluk region of Nunavut, Canada, with a foodborne, waterborne or animal source of parasites suspected. Clams (Mya truncata) are a commonly consumed, culturally important and nutritious country food in Iqaluit; however, shellfish may concentrate protozoan pathogens from contaminated waters. The goal of this work was to investigate clams as a potential source of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in residents in Iqaluit, Nunavut. The objectives were to estimate the prevalence and genetically characterize Cryptosporidium and Giardia in locally harvested clams. Clams (n = 404) were collected from Iqaluit harvesters in September 2016. Haemolymph (n = 328) and digestive gland (n = 390) samples were screened for Cryptosporidium and Giardia via PCR, and amplified products were further processed for sequence analyses for definitive confirmation. Giardia DNA was found in haemolymph from 2 clams, while Cryptosporidium was not detected. The two Giardia sequences were identified as zoonotic Giardia enterica assemblage B. The overall prevalence of Giardia in clams near Iqaluit was low (0.6%) compared with other studies in southern Canada and elsewhere. The presence of Giardia DNA in clams suggests human or animal faecal contamination of coastal habitat around Iqaluit in shellfish harvesting waters. Results from this study are intended to inform public health practice and planning in Inuit Nunangat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J W Manore
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sherilee L Harper
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ashlee Cunsolo
- Labrador Institute, Memorial University, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL, Canada
| | - Anna Bunce
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamal Shirley
- Nunavut Research Institute, Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit, NU, Canada
| | - Enooyaq Sudlovenick
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Shapiro
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Ligda P, Claerebout E, Casaert S, Robertson LJ, Sotiraki S. Investigations from Northern Greece on mussels cultivated in areas proximal to wastewaters discharges, as a potential source for human infection with Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol 2020; 210:107848. [PMID: 32004534 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalves are usually cultivated in shallow, estuarine waters where there is a high concentration of nutrients. Many micro-pollutants, including the protozoan parasites Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., which also occur in such environments, may be concentrated in shellfish tissues during their feeding process. Shellfish can thus be considered as vehicles for foodborne infections, as they are usually consumed lightly cooked or raw. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the presence of both parasites in Mediterranean mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis that are cultivated in Thermaikos Gulf, North Greece, which is fed by four rivers that are contaminated with both protozoa. Moreover, the occurrence of these protozoa was monitored in treated wastewaters from 3 treatment plants that discharge into the gulf. In order to identify potential sources of contamination and to estimate the risk for human infection, an attempt was made to genotype Giardia and Cryptosporidium in positive samples. Immunofluorescence was used for detection and molecular techniques were used for both detection and genotyping of the parasites. In total, 120 mussel samples, coming from 10 farms, were examined for the presence of both protozoa over the 6-month farming period. None of them were found positive by immunofluorescence microscopy for the presence of parasites. Only in 3 mussel samples, PCR targeting the GP60 gene detected Cryptosporidium spp. DNA, but sequencing was not successful. Thirteen out of 18 monthly samples collected from the 3 wastewater treatment plants, revealed the presence of Giardia duodenalis cysts belonging to sub-assemblage AII, at relatively low counts (up to 11.2 cysts/L). Cryptosporidium oocysts (up to 0.9 oocysts/L) were also detected in 4 out of 8 samples, although sequencing was not successful at any of the target genes. At the studied location and under the sampling conditions described, mussels tested were not found to be harboring Giardia cysts and the presence of Cryptosporidium was found only in few cases (by PCR detection only). Our results suggest that the likelihood that mussels from these locations act as vehicles of human infection for Giardia and Cryptosporidium seems low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Ligda
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369, Sentrum, 0102, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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11
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Management Scale Assessment of Practices to Mitigate Cattle Microbial Water Quality Impairments of Coastal Waters. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11195516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coastal areas support multiple important resource uses including recreation, aquaculture, and agriculture. Unmanaged cattle access to stream corridors in grazed coastal watersheds can contaminate surface waters with fecal-derived microbial pollutants, posing risk to human health via activities such as swimming and shellfish consumption. Improved managerial control of cattle access to streams through implementation of grazing best management practices (BMPs) is a critical step in mitigating waterborne microbial pollution in grazed watersheds. This paper reports trend analysis of a 19-year dataset to assess long-term microbial water quality responses resulting from a program to implement 40 grazing BMPs within the Olema Creek Watershed, a primary tributary to Tomales Bay, USA. Stream corridor grazing BMPs implemented included: (1) Stream corridor fencing to eliminate/control cattle access, (2) hardened stream crossings for cattle movements across stream corridors, and (3) off stream drinking water systems for cattle. We found a statistically significant reduction in fecal coliform concentrations following the initial period of BMP implementation, with overall mean reductions exceeding 95% (1.28 log10)—consistent with 1—2 log10 (90–99%) reductions reported in other studies. Our results demonstrate the importance of prioritization of pollutant sources at the watershed scale to target BMP implementation for rapid water quality improvements and return on investment. Our findings support investments in grazing BMP implementation as an important component of policies and strategies to protect public health in grazed coastal watersheds.
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12
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Protocol standardization for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 298:31-38. [PMID: 30903916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalve shellfish are of public health interest because they can accumulate pollutants in their tissues. As they are usually consumed raw or lightly cooked, they are considered to be a possible source of foodborne infections, including giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis. Although data indicating contamination of shellfish with Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts have been published, comparing results from different studies is difficult, as there is no standardized protocol for the detection and quantification of these parasites in mussels, and different researchers have used different analytical approaches. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the most sensitive protocol for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in shellfish. In an effort to test the sensitivity and the detection limits of the protocol, every step of the process was investigated, from initial preparation of the mussel matrix through detection of the parasites. Comparative studies were conducted, including several methods previously applied by other researchers, on commercial mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis spiked with a known number of (oo)cysts of both parasites. As preparation of the mussel matrix plays an important role in the sensitivity of the method, different techniques were tested. These included: (ia) removal of the coarse particles from the matrix with sieving, (ib) extraction of the lipids with diethyl ether, and (ic) artificial digestion of the matrix with pepsin digestion solution, and (ii) the use or not of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for the concentration of the (oo)cysts. Pre-treatment of the mussel homogenate with pepsin digestion solution, followed by IMS, then detection with a direct immunofluorescence assay, achieved the highest sensitivity: 32.1% (SD: 21.1) of Giardia cysts and 61.4% (SD: 26.2) Cryptosporidium oocysts were recovered, with a detection limit of 10 (oo)cysts per g of mussel homogenate. The outcome of the current study was the standardization of a protocol, with defined detection limits, for the detection of these two protozoan transmission stages in mussels, in order to be used as a reference technique in future studies. Further advantages of this protocol are that it uses the whole mussel as a starting material and does not require difficult handling procedures. The method has potential to be applied in larger surveys and, potentially, to other species of shellfish for the detection of these parasites. However, the composition (lipid to protein ratio) may be of relevance for detection efficiency for some other species of shellfish.
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13
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Manore AJW, Harper SL, Aguilar B, Weese JS, Shapiro K. Comparison of freeze-thaw cycles for nucleic acid extraction and molecular detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental matrices. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 156:1-4. [PMID: 30468750 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-thaw DNA extraction methods and PCR primers were compared to optimize detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in different matrices. Increasing FT cycles did not increase parasite DNA detection, and primers targeting the 18S ssrRNA gene yielded the most sensitive detection of C. parvum oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J W Manore
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sherilee L Harper
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Beatriz Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Ave, 4206 VM3A, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - J S Weese
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Karen Shapiro
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Ave, 4206 VM3A, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
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14
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First report of Toxoplasma gondii sporulated oocysts and Giardia duodenalis in commercial green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) in New Zealand. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1453-1463. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Aguirre J, Greenwood SJ, McClure JT, Davidson J, Sanchez J. Effects of rain events on Cryptosporidium spp. levels in commercial shellfish zones in the Hillsborough River, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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16
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Ma J, Feng Y, Hu Y, Villegas EN, Xiao L. Human infective potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in urban wastewater treatment plant effluents. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:411-23. [PMID: 27280607 PMCID: PMC5788172 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis are important waterborne diseases. In the standard for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents in China and other countries, the fecal coliform count is the only microbial indicator, raising concerns about the potential for pathogen transmission through WWTP effluent reuse. In this study, we collected 50 effluent samples (30 L/sample) from three municipal WWTPs in Shanghai, China, and analyzed for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by microscopy and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, propidium monoazide (PMA)-PCR was used to assess the viability of oocysts/cysts. The microscopy and PCR-positive rates for Cryptosporidium spp. were 62% and 40%, respectively. The occurrence rates of G. duodenalis were 96% by microscopy and 92-100% by PCR analysis of three genetic loci. Furthermore, E. bieneusi was detected in 70% (35/50) of samples by PCR. Altogether, 10 Cryptosporidium species or genotypes, two G. duodenalis genotypes, and 11 E. bieneusi genotypes were found, most of which were human-pathogenic. The chlorine dioxide disinfection employed in WWTP1 and WWTP3 failed to inactivate the residual pathogens; 93% of the samples from WWTP1 and 83% from WWTP3 did not meet the national standard on fecal coliform levels. Thus, urban WWTP effluents often contain residual waterborne human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China E-mail:
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China E-mail:
| | - Yue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China E-mail:
| | - Eric N Villegas
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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17
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Kerambrun E, Palos Ladeiro M, Bigot-Clivot A, Dedourge-Geffard O, Dupuis E, Villena I, Aubert D, Geffard A. Zebra mussel as a new tool to show evidence of freshwater contamination by waterborne Toxoplasma gondii. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:498-508. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Kerambrun
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
| | - M. Palos Ladeiro
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie; EA 3800 SFR CAP-Santé FED 4231; Hôpital Maison Blanche; Reims France
| | - A. Bigot-Clivot
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
| | - O. Dedourge-Geffard
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
| | - E. Dupuis
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie; EA 3800 SFR CAP-Santé FED 4231; Hôpital Maison Blanche; Reims France
| | - I. Villena
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie; EA 3800 SFR CAP-Santé FED 4231; Hôpital Maison Blanche; Reims France
| | - D. Aubert
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie; EA 3800 SFR CAP-Santé FED 4231; Hôpital Maison Blanche; Reims France
| | - A. Geffard
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques; UMR-I 02 (SEBIO); Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne; Reims France
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18
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Palos Ladeiro M, Bigot-Clivot A, Aubert D, Villena I, Geffard A. Assessment of Toxoplasma gondii levels in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) by real-time PCR: an organotropism study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13693-13701. [PMID: 25772876 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water quality is a public health concern that calls for relevant biomonitoring programs. Molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are progressively becoming more sensitive and more specific than conventional techniques to detect pathogens in environmental samples such as water and organisms. The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) has already been demonstrated to accumulate and concentrate various human waterborne pathogens. In this study, first, a spiking experiment to evaluate detection levels of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in zebra mussel organs using real-time PCR was conducted. Overall, lower DNA levels in the hemolymph, digestive gland, and remaining tissues (gonad and foot) were detected compared to mantle, muscle, and gills. Second, an in vivo experiment with 1000 T. gondii oocysts per mussel and per day for 21 consecutive days, followed by 14 days of depuration time in protozoa-free water was performed. T. gondii DNA was detected in all organs, but greatest concentrations were observed in hemolymph and mantle tissues compared to the others organs at the end of the depuration period. These results suggest that (i) the zebra mussel is a potential new tool for measuring T. gondii concentrations and (ii) real-time PCR is a suitable method for pathogen detection in complex matrices such as tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palos Ladeiro
- Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UMR-I 02 (SEBIO), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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19
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Willis JE, McClure J, McClure C, Spears J, Davidson J, Greenwood SJ. Static tank depuration and chronic short-term experimental contamination of Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) with Giardia duodenalis cysts. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 192:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Souza DSM, Piazza RS, Pilotto MR, Nascimento MDAD, Moresco V, Taniguchi S, Leal DAG, Schmidt ÉC, Cargin-Ferreira E, Bícego MC, Sasaki ST, Montone RC, de Araujo RA, Franco RMB, Bouzon ZL, Bainy ACD, Barardi CRM. Virus, protozoa and organic compounds decay in depurated oysters. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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