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Wang X, Zhao X, Song X, He J. Diazo-functionalised immunoelectrochemical sensor for the detection of ochratoxin a in foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:699-713. [PMID: 38598095 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2339322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic fungal metabolite that is commonly found in cereals and animal feed. It is economically damaging and potentially hazardous to human health. Herein, we propose an electrochemical immunosensor for the rapid detection of OTA using anti-OTA antibodies and diazonium-functionalized, screen-printed electrodes. We attached 4-aminobenzoic acid to an electrode surface, activated the carboxyl groups on the surface with carbodiimide, and attached an antibody to the diazo layer. Subsequently, we used bovine serum protein as a blocker to prevent non-specific antigens from binding to the antibody. We evaluated the performance of the sensor by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor is highly specific and sensitive, has good linear responses in the range 20-200 ng/mL, a limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL, and good recoveries of 90.5%-100.9% in spiked samples. It can be stored at 4 °C for approximately 2 weeks, and is highly stable, with a current response variation of no more than 4.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyi Song
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Jinxing He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
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2
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Chen J, Chen Y, Zhu Q, Wan J. Ochratoxin A contamination and related high-yield toxin strains in Guizhou dried red chilies. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Giacomini RX, Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira M, Primel EG, Garda-Buffon J. Monitoring of mycotoxins and pesticides in winemaking. CIÊNCIA E TÉCNICA VITIVINÍCOLA 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/ctv/ctv20233801010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study monitored concentrations of both pesticides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and procymidone, and mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) in stages of the winemaking process. Sampling was carried out in the usual vinification process of red wine in a winery between the steps to obtain must and alcoholic fermentation. The highest transference of contaminants in the process occurred in the crushing step to 2,4-D (100%) and maceration to OTA and procymidone (100%). Removal of contaminants in the winemaking process corresponded to 100%, with a half-life (T1/2) longer for procymidone (216.5 h) and shorter for 2,4-D (38.5 h) and OTA (96 h). The processing factors (PFs) (0) for the contaminants, together with the data obtained, characterize winemaking as a process of reducing mycotoxin and pesticides. Results highlight the importance of fermentation to reduce contaminants and that yeasts promote detoxification
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Pesticide sorption and mitigation efficiency of a detention pond in a Champagne vineyard catchment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11475. [PMID: 36406734 PMCID: PMC9668682 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Detention ponds (DPs) are used to reduce the pesticide inputs from runoff to surface water. This study aimed to assess the role of the sorption process in the mitigation of a DP made up of four successive units and built at the outlet of a vineyard catchment in Champagne (France) to treat runoff waters. Sorption kinetics and isotherms were studied for four pesticides with contrasting properties, cyazofamid (CYA), fludioxonil (FLX), fluopicolide (FLP) and oryzalin (ORY), in the presence of copper in sediments and four emergent macrophyte roots and rhizomes sampled in the DP units 2 (photodegradation) and 3 (phytoremediation). The adsorption equilibrium time (from 24 to 96 h) was less than the hydraulic residence times in the two units (6 and 18 days on average) between November 2016 and November 2017. Sorption equilibrium could then be reached in situ in 85 % of cases. The Kd coefficients of the four pesticides were overall greater in plant roots (14–6742 L kg−1) than in sediments (6–163 L kg−1) because of their affinity for organic matter and the molecular and porous structure of the plant matrices. Typha latifolia and Iris pseudacorus exhibited greater Kd coefficients than Mentha aquatica and Phragmites australis, probably due to their greater specific surface area. The pesticide adsorption capacity in sediments and in T. latifolia and I. pseudacorus roots (ORY ≥ FLX > CYA > FLP) was linked to their Kow. The estimated total annual amounts of the four pesticides adsorbed in situ were determined to be 1236 mg for unit 2 and 1570 mg for unit 3. The four plants improved the removal efficiency of the unit 3 by 33%. Thus, the establishment of suitable and effective plants should be promoted to optimize sorption processes and DP efficiency in reducing water pollution. Pesticide sorption on various substrates of a vineyard detention pond was assessed. The measured equilibrium time was less than the in situ hydraulic residence time. Plant roots and rhizomes showed greater pesticide adsorption capacity than sediments. Sorption capacity was higher on cattail and iris than on mint and reed. Affinity of selected pesticides for roots and sediments was related to their Kow.
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Li X, Ma W, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Li H. The Occurrence and Contamination Level of Ochratoxin A in Plant and Animal-Derived Food Commodities. Molecules 2021; 26:6928. [PMID: 34834020 PMCID: PMC8623125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly toxic mycotoxin and poses great threat to human health. Due to its serious toxicity and widespread contamination, great efforts have been made to evaluate its human exposure. This review focuses on the OTA occurrence and contamination level in nine plant and animal derived food commodities: cereal, wine, coffee, beer, cocoa, dried fruit, spice, meat, and milk. The occurrence and contamination level varied greatly in food commodities and were affected by many factors, including spices, geography, climate, and storage conditions. Therefore, risk monitoring must be routinely implemented to ensure minimal OTA intake and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiang Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongmei Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
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6
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Li X, Ma W, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Li H. Recent progress in determination of ochratoxin a in foods by chromatographic and mass spectrometry methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5444-5461. [PMID: 33583259 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1885340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A is a highly toxic mycotoxin and has posed great threat to human health. Due to its serious toxicity and wide contamination, great efforts have been made to develop reliable determination methods. In this review, analytical methods are comprehensively summarized in terms of sample preparation strategy and instrumental analysis. Detailed method is described according to the food commodities in the order of cereal, wine, coffee, beer, cocoa, dried fruit and spice. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances, especially reported in the last decade. At last, challenges and perspectives are also discussed to achieve better advancement and promote practical application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiang Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
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Ubeda C, Hornedo-Ortega R, Cerezo AB, Garcia-Parrilla MC, Troncoso AM. Chemical hazards in grapes and wine, climate change and challenges to face. Food Chem 2020; 314:126222. [PMID: 31981884 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has an impact on the chemical risks associated to wine consumption related with grape development and microbial contamination. We can classify chemical hazards in wine into two groups: those present in grapes due to agricultural practices, environmental contamination or fungal growth and those coming from fermentation and the winemaking process. The first group includes mycotoxins, whilst the second encompasses ethyl carbamate, biogenic amines, sulfur dioxide and proteins used as technological ingredients such as fining material. Usually the effective control of chemical hazards is achieved by assuring that they either are minimized or absent in the final product since their removal is somewhat difficult and sometimes it may affect sensory properties, which is a major issue in wine. Interestingly, it is possible to give recommendations to avoid excess of these compounds, but more research is needed to face future challenges related to climate change and consumer demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ubeda
- Departamento de Nutricion y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ruth Hornedo-Ortega
- MIB, Unité de Recherche Oenologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d Onron, France
| | - Ana B Cerezo
- Departamento de Nutricion y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Carmen Garcia-Parrilla
- Departamento de Nutricion y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Troncoso
- Departamento de Nutricion y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Carrasco-Sánchez V, Marican A, Vergara-Jaque A, Folch-Cano C, Comer J, Laurie VF. Polymeric substances for the removal of ochratoxin A from red wine followed by computational modeling of the complexes formed. Food Chem 2018; 265:159-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Galarce-Bustos O, Novoa L, Pavon-Perez J, Henriquez-Aedo K, Aranda M. Chemometric Optimization of QuEChERS Extraction Method for Polyphenol Determination in Beers by Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Rosa Seus Arraché E, Fontes MRV, Garda Buffon J, Badiale-Furlong E. Trichothecenes in wheat: Methodology, occurrence and human exposure risk. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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11
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12
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Paterson RRM, Venâncio A, Lima N, Guilloux-Bénatier M, Rousseaux S. Predominant mycotoxins, mycotoxigenic fungi and climate change related to wine. Food Res Int 2017; 103:478-491. [PMID: 29389638 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wine is a significant contributor to the economies of many countries. However, the commodity can become contaminated with mycotoxins produced by certain fungi. Most information on mycotoxins in wine is from Spain, Italy and France. Grapes can be infected by mycotoxigenic fungi, of which Aspergillus carbonarius producing ochratoxin A (OTA) is of highest concern. Climate is the most important factor in determining contamination once the fungi are established, with high temperatures being a major factor for OTA contamination: OTA in wine is at higher concentrations in warmer southern Europe than northern. Contamination by fumonisins is a particular concern, related to Aspergillus niger producing these compounds and the fungus being isolated frequently from grapes. Aflatoxins can be present in wine, but patulin is seldom detected. Alternaria mycotoxins (e.g. alternariol) have been frequently observed. There are indications that T-2 toxin may be common. Also, the combined effects of mycotoxins in wine require consideration. No other mycotoxins are currently of concern. Accurate fungal identifications and mycotoxin detection from the fungi are important and a consideration of practical methods are required. There is a diversity of wines that can be contaminated (e.g. red, white, sweet, dry and fortified). The occurrence of OTA is higher in red and sweet than white wines. Steps to control mycotoxins in wine involve good agriculture practices. The effect of climate change on vines and mycotoxins in wine needs urgent consideration by well-constructed modelling studies and expert interpretation of existing data. Reliable models of the effect of climate change on vines is a priority: the health of vines affects mycotoxin contamination. A modelling study of OTA in grapes at higher temperatures over 100years is required. Progress has been made in reducing OTA in wine. The other mycotoxins require consideration and the effects of climate change will become crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Russell M Paterson
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710 057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Armando Venâncio
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710 057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nelson Lima
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710 057 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Sandrine Rousseaux
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France
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13
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Simultaneous Cell Disruption Extraction and Purification Followed by Two-phase Derivatization Procedure for the Determination of Organotin Compounds in Wet Biological Samples by GC–MS. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Wan H, Zhang B, Bai XL, Zhao Y, Xiao MW, Liao X. Extraction of ochratoxin A in red wine with dopamine-coated magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4022-4031. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- Shanghai Institute of Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Lin Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Meng-Wei Xiao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu China
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Mariño-Repizo L, Gargantini R, Manzano H, Raba J, Cerutti S. Assessment of ochratoxin A occurrence in Argentine red wines using a novel sensitive quechers-solid phase extraction approach prior to ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodology. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2487-2497. [PMID: 27701739 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine is relevant for food safety and its continuous control allows to reduce the risk of intake. Thus, a novel sensitive QuEChERS-SPE (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe - Solid Phase Extraction) pretreatment prior to liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of OTA in red wine samples from different grape-growing regions in Argentine. RESULTS A sensitive methodology was achieved and thus the limits of detection and quantification were 0.02 and 0.05 µg L-1 , respectively. Recoveries ranged from 89.0% to 105.3%. The method was applied to 136 red wine samples (Argentina's flagship varieties: Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon) from ten grape-growing regions, during vintages 2013-2015. Although all of the samples investigated were contaminated with OTA (concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 0.98 µg L-1 ), the levels detected were lower than the maximum allowable concentration limit of 2.0 µg L-1 established by international regulations. CONCLUSION The methodology proposed is suitable for reliable OTA analysis in red wines. Similarly, the values obtained from the samples analyzed were in accordance with the current regulations and, as a consequence, preventive actions to reduce this mycotoxin incidence can be undertaken. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mariño-Repizo
- Instituto de Química de San Luis (CONICET-UNSL), Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas, Bloque III, Avda. Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Raquel Gargantini
- Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura (INV), Avda. San Martín 430, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Humberto Manzano
- Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura (INV), Avda. San Martín 430, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Julio Raba
- Instituto de Química de San Luis (CONICET-UNSL), Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas, Bloque III, Avda. Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Soledad Cerutti
- Instituto de Química de San Luis (CONICET-UNSL), Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas, Bloque III, Avda. Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis, Argentina
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16
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Sun X, Niu Y, Ma T, Xu P, Huang W, Zhan J. Determination, content analysis and removal efficiency of fining agents on ochratoxin A in Chinese wines. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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QuEChERS Purification Combined with Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Quantification of 25 Mycotoxins in Cereals. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120375. [PMID: 27983693 PMCID: PMC5198569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A method based on the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) purification combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS), was optimized for the simultaneous quantification of 25 mycotoxins in cereals. Samples were extracted with a solution containing 80% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid, and purified with QuEChERS before being separated by a C18 column. The mass spectrometry was conducted by using positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) models. The method gave good linear relations with regression coefficients ranging from 0.9950 to 0.9999. The detection limits ranged from 0.03 to 15.0 µg·kg−1, and the average recovery at three different concentrations ranged from 60.2% to 115.8%, with relative standard deviations (RSD%) varying from 0.7% to 19.6% for the 25 mycotoxins. The method is simple, rapid, accurate, and an improvement compared with the existing methods published so far.
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18
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Zhao Z, Liu N, Yang L, Wu A, Zhou Z, Deng Y, Song S, Wang J, Hou J. A new preparative method for simultaneous purification of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B from wheat culture inoculated with Aspergillus ochraceus. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxins are a mycotoxin family frequently found in agricultural commodities worldwide and pose a potential health risk to humans and animals. To obtain large amounts of high-purity ochratoxins for food safety monitoring and toxicological research, a novel and effective method was established for simultaneous purification of ochratoxin A (OTA) and ochratoxin B (OTB) from a wheat culture inoculated with an ochratoxin-producing Aspergillus strain. The inoculated wheat culture was first extracted with methanol:water (80:20, v/v), followed by one or two cleanup procedures involving acid-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and gel permeation chromatography. Subsequently, target analytes were separated and collected using preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Finally, a combined approach of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry was applied for purity analysis and structural identification of the obtained toxins. As a result, 100 g of an inoculated wheat culture yielded 69 mg of OTA and 6 mg of OTB with purities greater than 98%. This proposed method might serve as a valuable reference to obtain expensive ochratoxin standards. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on simultaneous preparation of OTA and OTB from artificially inoculated wheat culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.Y. Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China P.R
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, 201403 Shanghai, China P.R
| | - N. Liu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, 201403 Shanghai, China P.R
| | - L.C. Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China P.R
| | - A.B. Wu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, 201403 Shanghai, China P.R
| | - Z.L. Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China P.R
| | - Y.F. Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China P.R
| | - S.Q. Song
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, 201403 Shanghai, China P.R
| | - J.H. Wang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Shanghai), Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, 201403 Shanghai, China P.R
| | - J.F. Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China P.R
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Jettanajit A, Nhujak T. Determination of Mycotoxins in Brown Rice Using QuEChERS Sample Preparation and UHPLC-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:720-9. [PMID: 26796964 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
QuEChERS sample preparation was optimized and validated using solvent extraction with 10% (v/v) acetic acid-containing acetonitrile in the presence of four salts (anh. MgSO4, NaCl, sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate and sodium citrate dibasic sesquihydrate) and dispersive solid-phase extraction with mixed sorbents (octadecylsilane, primary and secondary amine and silica sorbents) for an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of nine mycotoxins in brown rice: aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and zearalenone (ZON). Our developed method allows for the determination of trace levels of mycotoxins with method detection limits in the range of 1.4-25 µg/kg, below the maximum limits of EU regulations, and with an acceptable accuracy and precision, and recoveries in the range of 81-101% with relative standard deviations of 5-19% over a mycotoxin concentration range of 5.0-1,000 µg/kg. Six out of fourteen real samples of brown rice were found to be contaminated with at least one of these mycotoxins, ranging from 2.49-5.41 µg/kg of FB1, 4.33 ± 0.04 µg/kg of FB2 and 6.10-14.88 µg/kg of ZON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adisorn Jettanajit
- Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thumnoon Nhujak
- Chromatography and Separation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Molecular Sensory Science Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Petrarca MH, Rossi EA, Sylos CMD. In-house method validation, estimating measurement uncertainty and the occurrence of fumonisin B1 in samples of Brazilian commercial rice. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Norli HR, Christiansen AL, Stuveseth K. Analysis of non-cleaned QuEChERS extracts for the determination of pesticide residues in fruit, vegetables and cereals by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:300-12. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1124292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Rodríguez-Cabo T, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Cela R. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry selective determination of ochratoxin A in wine. Food Chem 2015; 199:401-8. [PMID: 26775988 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The performance of liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) for ochratoxin A (OTA) determination in wine is evaluated for the first time. Sample preparation was optimized to obtain quantitative recoveries at the same time that the efficiency of electrospray ionization (ESI) remained unaltered between sample extracts and calibration standards. Under final conditions, samples (20 mL) were concentrated using a reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, followed by OTA elution with 1 mL of ethyl acetate. The absolute recoveries of the method, established against calibration standards, were 91-121% and 90-113% (without and with internal standard correction, respectively), for wines fortified at 3 concentration levels. The attained LOQ (0.05 ng mL(-1)) remained below the maximum permitted OTA concentration (2 ng mL(-1)) in dry wines. The method was applied to different samples, with OTA being found in some dessert wines at concentrations below 1 ng mL(-1). The ethyl ester of OTA (OTC) could be identified in the same wine samples from its accurate full product ion spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rodríguez-Cabo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - M Ramil
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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23
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Porto-Figueira P, Camacho I, Câmara JS. Exploring the potentialities of an improved ultrasound-assisted quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe-based extraction technique combined with ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for determination of Zearalenone in cereals. J Chromatogr A 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Kupski L, Badiale-Furlong E. Principal components analysis: An innovative approach to establish interferences in ochratoxin A detection. Food Chem 2015; 177:354-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Dong M, Nie D, Tang H, Rao Q, Qu M, Wang W, Han L, Song W, Han Z. Analysis of amicarbazone and its two metabolites in grains and soybeans by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2245-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Dong
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Dongxia Nie
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Tang
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Qinxiong Rao
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Mingqing Qu
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Lijun Han
- Department of College of Science; China Agricultural University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai P. R. China
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26
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Lu L, Wang M, Liu LJ, Leung CH, Ma DL. Label-Free Luminescent Switch-On Probe for Ochratoxin A Detection Using a G-Quadruplex-Selective Iridium(III) Complex. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:8313-8318. [PMID: 25836665 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A library of six luminescent Ir(III) complexes were synthesized and studied for their capacity to function as probes for G-quadruplex DNA. The novel Ir(III) complex 1 was discovered to be selective for G-quadruplex structures and was subsequently used for the construction of a label-free G-quadruplex-based ochratoxin A (OTA) sensing platform in aqueous solution. The assay exhibited linearity for OTA in the range of 0 to 60 nM (R2=0.9933), and the limit of detection for OTA was 5 nM. Furthermore, this assay was highly selective for OTA over its structurally related analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Lu
- †Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Modi Wang
- †Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- †Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- §Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Zhao X, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Yue T. Identification of ochratoxin A in Chinese spices using HPLC fluorescent detectors with immunoaffinity column cleanup. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Fernandes PJ, Barros N, Santo JL, Câmara JS. High-Throughput Analytical Strategy Based on Modified QuEChERS Extraction and Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Clean-up Followed by Liquid Chromatography-Triple-Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Quantification of Multiclass Mycotoxins in Cereals. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Font G, Moltó JC, Berrada H. Quantitative determination of trichothecenes in breadsticks by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1422-30. [PMID: 24844464 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.926399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breadsticks are pencil-sized sticks of dry bread widely consumed as a pre-meal appetiser. They are basically wheat-based snacks, which makes them a good matrix to evaluate mycotoxin contamination, since wheat is very susceptible to fungal attack. In this sense, the fast, selective and sensitive gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) method proposed here allows simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, neosolaniol, HT-2 and T-2 toxin in breadsticks after QuEChERS extraction and clean-up. The performance of the method was assessed with respect to European Commission Regulations by studying the selectivity and specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), linearity, matrix effect, accuracy, precision and trueness. Satisfactory results in terms of validation parameters were obtained for all selected mycotoxins (recovery range of 70-110%, RSD < 10%, LOQ <40 µg kg(-1)). The trueness of the method was supported by using certified reference material (DON 1062 ± 110 µg kg(-1)). The method was successfully used to evaluate the occurrence of the studied Fusarium toxins in 61 breadstick samples. A total of 64% of the samples showed mycotoxin contamination, DON being the most frequently detected toxin. Nonetheless, mean levels obtained were far below the maximum levels permitted by European Union legislation. An additional goal was to carry out a risk-characterisation approach to DON by comparing probable daily intake and provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI).
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Melnyk A, Wolska L, Namieśnik J. Coacervative extraction as a green technique for sample preparation for the analysis of organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Bazin I, Faucet-Marquis V, Monje MC, El Khoury M, Marty JL, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A. Impact of pH on the stability and the cross-reactivity of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2324-40. [PMID: 24287570 PMCID: PMC3873688 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungi contaminating crops. In several countries, the maximum permitted levels of mycotoxins are found in foodstuffs and feedstuffs. The common strategy of mycotoxin analysis involves extraction, clean-up and quantification by chromatography. In this paper, we analyzed the reasons of underestimation of ochratoxin A (OTA) content in wine, and overestimation of OTA in wheat, depending on the pH of the clean-up step and the simultaneous presence of citrinin (CIT). We demonstrated that the increase of pH by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) to wine led to an underestimation of OTA by conversion of OTA into open ring ochratoxin A OP-OA. In comparing three methods of extraction and clean-up for the determination of OTA and CIT in wheat--(i) an inter-laboratory validated method for OTA in cereals using immunoaffinity column clean-up (IAC) and extraction by acetonitrile/water; (ii) a validated method using IAC and extraction with 1% bicarbonate Na; and (iii) an in-house validated method based on acid liquid/liquid extraction--we observed an overestimation of OTA after immunoaffinity clean-up when CIT is also present in the sample, whereas an underestimation was observed when OTA was alone. Under neutral and alkaline conditions, CIT was partially recognized by OTA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Bazin
- Ecole des mines d’Ales, 6 av de Clavieres, 30100 Ales Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Virginie Faucet-Marquis
- Laboratory Chemical Engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, University of Toulouse, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, 1 Avenue Agrobiopole, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; E-Mails: (V.F.-M.); (M.-C.M.)
- Anabiotox 16 allée Montcalm, 31500 Ramonville, France
| | - Marie-Carmen Monje
- Laboratory Chemical Engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, University of Toulouse, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, 1 Avenue Agrobiopole, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; E-Mails: (V.F.-M.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Micheline El Khoury
- Ecole des mines d’Ales, 6 av de Clavieres, 30100 Ales Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Jean-Louis Marty
- Laboratory IMAGES, University of Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France; E-Mail:
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Laboratory Chemical Engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, University of Toulouse, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, 1 Avenue Agrobiopole, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; E-Mails: (V.F.-M.); (M.-C.M.)
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