1
|
Viora L, Tichané T, Nottelet B, Mouton J, Garric X, Van Den Berghe H, Coudane J. Casein-based conjugates and graft copolymers. Synthesis, properties, and applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13306. [PMID: 38369928 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Biobased natural polymers, including polymers of natural origin such as casein, are growing rapidly in the light of the environmental pollution caused by many mass-produced commercial synthetic polymers. Although casein has interesting intrinsic properties, especially for the food industry, numerous chemical reactions have been carried out to broaden the range of its properties, most of them preserving casein's nontoxicity and biodegradability. New conjugates and graft copolymers have been developed especially by Maillard reaction of the amine functions of the casein backbone with the aldehyde functions of sugars, polysaccharides, or other molecules. Carried out with dialdehydes, these reactions lead to the cross-linking of casein giving three-dimensional polymers. Acylation and polymerization of various monomers initiated by amine functions are also described. Other reactions, far less numerous, involve alcohol and carboxylic acid functions in casein. This review provides an overview of casein-based conjugates and graft copolymers, their properties, and potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Viora
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron), CNRS, Montpellier University, ENSCM, Department "Polymers for Health and Biomaterials", Pôle Chimie Balard, Montpellier, France
| | - Teddy Tichané
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron), CNRS, Montpellier University, ENSCM, Department "Polymers for Health and Biomaterials", Pôle Chimie Balard, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Nottelet
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron), CNRS, Montpellier University, ENSCM, Department "Polymers for Health and Biomaterials", Pôle Chimie Balard, Montpellier, France
| | - Julia Mouton
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PPCH), IMT Mines d'Alès, Alès, France
- EPF Graduate School of Engineering, Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Garric
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron), CNRS, Montpellier University, ENSCM, Department "Polymers for Health and Biomaterials", Pôle Chimie Balard, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, Nimes, France
| | - Hélène Van Den Berghe
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron), CNRS, Montpellier University, ENSCM, Department "Polymers for Health and Biomaterials", Pôle Chimie Balard, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Coudane
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron), CNRS, Montpellier University, ENSCM, Department "Polymers for Health and Biomaterials", Pôle Chimie Balard, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo J, Cui L, Meng Z. Oleogels/emulsion gels as novel saturated fat replacers in meat products: A review. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
3
|
Zhao Y, Wang P, Xu Y, Zeng X, Xu X. A Study on the Mechanisms of Nanoparticle-Stabilized High Internal Phase Emulsions Constructed by Cross-Linking Egg White Protein Isolate with Different Transglutaminase Concentrations. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121765. [PMID: 35741964 PMCID: PMC9222873 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the development of high internal phase emulsions (HIPE) stabilized by food-grade nanoparticles due to their potential applications in the food industry. In this study, cross-linked egg white protein isolates (cEPIs) are prepared by adding 10 u/g, 20 u/g, and 40 u/g of transglutaminase (TG), and the impacts of interface properties of cEPIs and emulsifying of HIPEs are investigated. Relative to the native EPI, the cEPIs have more irregular and agglomerated morphology, and the turbidity and hydrophobicity are significantly increased. The particle size and zeta potential of cEPIs considerably varied with the addition of TG. In HIPE, the formation, physical properties, and microstructure are characterized by visual observations, the Turbiscan stability index, and CLSM. The results indicated that stable and gel-like HIPEs are formed by cEPIs at oil internal phase (φ) values of 0.75–0.90. Especially for the enzyme additions of 20 u/g, the cEPIs had the best storage stability and the lowest TSI value (2.50) and formed a gel network structure at φ values of 0.9 microscopically. Overall, this study can enrich the theoretical frame of interface properties by enzyme treatment. Besides, it would be of great importance for the research of HIPE stabilized by cEPIs appropriate to be applied in food formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xinglian Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(0)25-8439-5689 or +86-(0)25-8439-5939
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang L, Ren Y, Li H, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Cao J, Liu X. Create Fat Substitute From Soybean Protein Isolate/Konjac Glucomannan: The Impact of the Protein and Polysaccharide Concentrations Formulations. Front Nutr 2022; 9:843832. [PMID: 35356728 PMCID: PMC8959708 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.843832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, soybean protein isolate (SPI) and coconut oil were emulsified and konjac flour was added to prepare the protein/polysaccharide composite emulsion gel. The SPI/polysaccharide compound fat substitute was obtained by vacuuming. The effects of protein and konjac flour addition on the gel system of the mixed emulsion were explored. Sensory evaluation experiments showed that the overall acceptability of fat substitutes added with 1% SPI was higher. With the increase of protein and konjac content, the juiciness of the samples decreased gradually. The increase of konjac content reduced the brightness of compound fat substitutes, and the yellowness of compound fat substitute increases significantly with the increase of protein content. The rheological results showed that the G′ and loss modulus (G″) increased with the increase of protein and konjac content, forming a rigid elastic gel matrix, which provided a basis for the preparation of fat substitutes. Texture profile analysis (TPA) results showed that the springiness of all samples was similar to the natural fat after 20 min of heating. With the increase of protein and konjac content, the hardness of the samples increased gradually. The results of oral tribology showed that the friction coefficients of all samples were very small. The friction behavior of the samples with SPI content of 1% was similar to that of natural fat, which could better simulate the swallowing feeling and lubricity of natural fat. To sum up, the appearance of solid fat substitutes prepared with SPI and konjac flour is similar to pork fat. They show ideal functional characteristics in mechanical properties and oral tribology. Among them, the fat substitute with the protein content of 1% and konjac content of 4% is the most popular among consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Ren
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - He Li
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: He Li
| | - Qibo Zhang
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Yong Wang
| | - Jinnuo Cao
- Plant Meat (Hangzhou) Health Technology Limited Company, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Funke M, Boom R, Weiss J. Dry fractionation of lentils by air classification - Composition, interfacial properties and behavior in concentrated O/W emulsions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Dreher J, Weißmüller M, Herrmann K, Terjung N, Gibis M, Weiss J. Influence of protein and solid fat content on mechanical properties and comminution behavior of structured plant-based lipids. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110416. [PMID: 34112419 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recently an approach has been developed to structure plant-based lipids with the intention to mimic animal fat tissue in processed meat products or analogues. This study investigated the comminution behavior in a bowl chopper of such structured lipids with varying mechanical properties. For products like salami-type sausages these systems need to withstand comminution to yield particles for inclusion in product matrices. Therefore, samples were prepared from protein suspensions with 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% soy protein isolate (SPI) and 70% (w/w) total fat with varying solid fat contents (0-30%, w/w). The hardness of samples prepared with 6% and 8% SPI varied between 4.5 and 35.9 N. When comminuted in a bowl chopper, these structures had insufficient mechanical strengths to facilitate the formation of small particles and yielded a coarse paste. Higher concentrations of protein increased hardness (15.9-76.2 N and 15.6-96.1 N, for 10% and 12% SPI, respectively). These samples retained their structural integrity upon comminution yielding individual intact particles. The size of these particles increased with sample firmness, i.e. with increasing amount of protein. The shape of the particles was more elongated the higher the solid fat content as indicated by a higher aspect ratio. Taken together, results show that structural characteristics of the gelled emulsions can be tuned to yield desired fat particles after comminution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dreher
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maximilian Weißmüller
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kurt Herrmann
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nino Terjung
- DIL German Institute of Food Technology, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Monika Gibis
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dai L, Cepeda M, Hinrichs J, Weiss J. Behavior of concentrated emulsions prepared by acid-hydrolyzed insoluble microalgae proteins from Chlorella protothecoides. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3348-3354. [PMID: 33222184 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are a promising alternative source to meet the increasing global demand for protein. The insoluble microalgae protein fraction that makes up over half of the protein composition of the biomass has shown potential to serve as a functional emulsifier after acidic hydrolysis. However, creaming was observed due to the flocculation of emulsion droplets, suggesting a preferable use in concentrated emulsions. RESULTS In this study, we examined the emulsifying behavior of the untreated insoluble microalgae protein fraction and two of its hydrolysates obtained in 0.5 mol L-1 HCl for 4 h at 65 °C (Hydrolysates 65) or 85 °C (Hydrolysates 85), at a concentration of 3% (w/w), and elevated levels of oil (50-70%). The results showed an increase in droplet size and apparent viscosity with increasing oil content in the emulsions. The emulsions made with Hydrolysates 85 had the smallest droplet size and the highest apparent viscosity. The gravitational separation was hindered when oil content was increased. The Hydrolysates 85 stabilized emulsions had a gel-like structure and were stable against coalescence or creaming during a 7 day storage test. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the thermal acid-treated fraction Hydrolysates 85 may, in particular, be a good emulsifier to formulate concentrated emulsion-based foods with oil content over 50%, such as mayonnaise, salad dressings, or dips. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laixin Dai
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Melanie Cepeda
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Hinrichs
- Department of Soft Matter Science and Dairy Technology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Size Modulation of Enzymatically Cross-Linked Sodium Caseinate Nanoparticles via Ionic Strength Variation Affects the Properties of Acid-Induced Gels. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic cross-linking by microbial transglutaminase is a prominent approach to modify the structure and techno-functional properties of food proteins such as casein. However, some of the factors that influence structure-function-interrelations are still unknown. In this study, the size of cross-linked sodium caseinate nanoparticles was modulated by varying the ionic milieu during incubation with the enzyme. As was revealed by size exclusion chromatography, cross-linking at higher ionic strength resulted in larger casein particles. These formed acid-induced gels with higher stiffness and lower susceptibility to forced syneresis compared to those where the same number of ions was added after the cross-linking process. The results show that variations of the ionic milieu during enzymatic cross-linking of casein can be helpful to obtain specific modifications of its molecular structure and certain techno-functional properties. Such knowledge is crucial for the design of protein ingredients with targeted structure and techno-functionality.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao C, Feng Y, Kong B, Sun F, Yang L, Liu Q. Transglutaminase crosslinking promotes physical and oxidative stability of filled hydrogel particles based on biopolymer phase separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:429-438. [PMID: 33454333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of transglutaminase (TGase) concentration on the physical and oxidative stabilities of filled hydrogel particles created by biopolymer phase separation was investigated. The results showed that filled hydrogels had relatively smaller particle sizes, higher absolute zeta-potentials, higher interfacial layer thicknesses and lightness values with the increasing of TGase concentration (P < 0.05), as evidenced by the apparent viscosity and viscoelasticity behavior. However, the relatively higher TGase concentration promoted the protein aggregation, which weakens the protection of the surface protein layer, having the negatively impacted the physical stability of filled hydrogels. Microstructural images which obtained via cryo-scanning electron microscopy also verified the above results. In particular, it is noted that filled hydrogels displayed the lowest degrees of lipid and protein oxidation during 10 days of storage (P < 0.05) at TGase concentration of 10 U/g. Prevention against oxidation was attributed mainly to TGase crosslinking of protein molecules on the surface of droplets, which likely provided a denser interface around lipid droplets. Our results indicated that TGase was a favourable agent to crosslink protein on the surface of lipid and improve the physical and oxidative stability of filled hydrogel particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanai Cao
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yangyang Feng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Baohua Kong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Fangda Sun
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Le Yang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Heilongjiang Green Food Science & Research Institute, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dreher J, Blach C, Terjung N, Gibis M, Weiss J. Influence of protein content on plant-based emulsified and crosslinked fat crystal networks to mimic animal fat tissue. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
Glusac J, Isaschar-Ovdat S, Fishman A. Transglutaminase modifies the physical stability and digestibility of chickpea protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. Food Chem 2020; 315:126301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
12
|
Coşkun Ö, Pehlivanoğlu H, Gülseren İ. Pilot scale assessment for seed protein enrichment of gluten‐free breads at varying water content levels and after protein modification treatments. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Özgenur Coşkun
- Department of Food Engineering İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University (İZÜ) İstanbul Turkey
- Department of Food Science Aarhus University Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Halime Pehlivanoğlu
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Department of Food Hygiene and Technology Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University (NKÜ) Tekirdağ Turkey
| | - İbrahim Gülseren
- Department of Food Engineering İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University (İZÜ) İstanbul Turkey
- İZÜ Food and Agricultural Research Center (GTAUM) İstanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ribeiro EF, Borreani J, Moraga G, Nicoletti VR, Quiles A, Hernando I. Digestibility and Bioaccessibility of Pickering Emulsions of Roasted Coffee Oil Stabilized by Chitosan and Chitosan-Sodium Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles. FOOD BIOPHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-019-09614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Ewert J, Luz A, Volk V, Stressler T, Fischer L. Enzymatic production of emulsifying whey protein hydrolysates without the need of heat inactivation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3443-3450. [PMID: 30609037 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One possible way to modify the emulsifying properties of whey proteins is by enzymatic hydrolysis. However, most studies covering the influence of the hydrolysis on whey proteins used a heating step (>65 °C) to inactivate the enzyme. This leads to irreversible product changes, like protein denaturation and increased viscosity. Here, the objective was to investigate the single effect of hydrolysis on the emulsifying properties of whey proteins under conditions without a temperature step for enzyme inactivation. Therefore, two acidic peptidase preparations (Maxipro AFP, Protease AP-30L) differing in their peptidase composition were investigated and applied at 45 °C and pH 2.75. The enzyme inactivation was realized by a simple shift to pH 7.0. RESULTS After the pH shift, no activity or further hydrolysis was measurable. For the products, no differences (assuming P > 0.05) regarding the emulsifying properties were detected between the two peptidase preparations used. The emulsifying properties of the whey protein isolate hydrolysates produced increased (i.e. half-life >71%) until a degree of hydrolysis of 1.1%. This indicated that the endopeptidase (aspergillopepsin I) present in both preparations was determining the emulsifying properties. As a plus, the presence of exopeptidases in Protease AP-30L compared with Maxipro AFP reduced the bitterness of the hydrolysate (-50%). CONCLUSION The application of acidic endo- and exopeptidases enables the production of emulsifying whey protein isolate hydrolysates at high protein concentrations (≥10%) without a commonly used heat inactivation step. The presence of exopeptidases in acidic peptidase preparations is favorable, due to the improved taste. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ewert
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anja Luz
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Veronika Volk
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Timo Stressler
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fuhrmann PL, Sala G, Stieger M, Scholten E. Clustering of oil droplets in o/w emulsions: Controlling cluster size and interaction strength. Food Res Int 2019; 122:537-547. [PMID: 31229109 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clustering of oil droplets changes the rheological properties of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions and can be used as a tool to structure foods. The aim of this study was to manipulate both oil droplet cluster size and cluster strength in liquid o/w emulsions, and to investigate the effect of these parameters on the rheological properties. Clustered emulsions were prepared using three different methods: (i) clustering by protein-proanthocyanidin interactions, (ii) clustering by hetero-aggregation of oppositely-charged emulsion droplets, and (iii) enzymatic clustering of protein-stabilised droplets using transglutaminase. Clustering by protein-proanthocyanidin interactions allowed to control oil droplet cluster size from 1 to 140 μm. Clusters decreased in size upon both an increase and decrease in pH, but were stable against changes in ionic strength. Hetero-aggregation of oppositely-charged oil droplets (gelatine/whey protein and gelatine/DATEM) allowed to control cluster size from 1 to 40 μm. Clusters showed a strong decrease in size in response to changes in pH and a small decrease in size with increasing ionic strength. Enzymatic clustering did not allow to control cluster size. Cluster strength of proanthocyanidin-stabilised clusters was found to be higher than that of hetero-aggregated clusters. Stabilisation of clusters was likely induced by different protein-proanthocyanidin interactions such as H-bridges, π-π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions, whereas hetero-aggregation is based on electrostatic interactions. Upon clustering, emulsion viscosity increased by up to three orders of magnitude. We conclude that protein-proanthocyanidin interactions and hetero-aggregation are effective methods to tune droplet cluster size and strength in o/w emulsions, and that cluster size and interaction strength control the rheological properties of o/w emulsions with clustered oil droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp L Fuhrmann
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands; Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Sala
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Stieger
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Scholten
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands; Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Protection of emulsified polyunsaturated fatty acids against in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation by polyphenol oxidase: Characterization of the cross-linked emulsion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
17
|
Emulsion gels containing n-3 fatty acids and condensed tannins designed as functional fat replacers. Food Res Int 2018; 113:465-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
18
|
Ewert J, Horstmann G, Glück C, Claaßen W, Stressler T, Fischer L. Development and application of a biocatalyst-filter reactor for the continuous production of caseinate hydrolysate surfactants. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
19
|
Ewert J, Glück C, Zeeb B, Weiss J, Stressler T, Fischer L. Modification of the interfacial properties of sodium caseinate using a commercial peptidase preparation from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Promising perspectives for ruminal protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids through polyphenol-oxidase-mediated crosslinking of interfacial protein in emulsions. Animal 2018; 12:2539-2550. [PMID: 29547375 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from linseed oil were effectively protected (>80%) against biohydrogenation through polyphenol-oxidase-mediated protein crosslinking of an emulsion, prepared with polyphenol oxidase (PPO) extract from potato tuber peelings. However, until now, emulsions of only 2 wt% oil have been successfully protected, which implies serious limitations both from a research perspective (e.g. in vivo trials) as well as for further upscaling toward practical applications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to increase the oil/PPO ratio. In the original protocol, the PPO extract served both an emulsifying function as well as a crosslinking function. Here, it was first evaluated whether alternative protein sources could replace the emulsifying function of the PPO extract, with addition of PPO extract and 4-methylcatechol (4MC) to induce crosslinking after emulsion preparation. This approach was then further used to evaluate protection of emulsions with higher oil content. Five candidate emulsifiers (soy glycinin, gelatin, whey protein isolate (WPI), bovine serum albumin and sodium caseinate) were used to prepare 10 wt% oil emulsions, which were diluted five times (w/w) with PPO extract (experiment 1). As a positive control, 2 wt% oil emulsions were prepared directly with PPO extract according to the original protocol. Further, emulsions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt% oil were prepared, with 80 wt% PPO extract (experiment 2), or with 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50 wt% PPO extract, respectively (experiment 3) starting from WPI-stabilized emulsions. Enzymatic crosslinking was induced by 24-h incubation with 4MC. Ruminal protection efficiency was evaluated by 24-h in vitro batch simulation of the rumen metabolism. In experiment 1, protection efficiencies were equal or higher than the control (85.5% to 92.5% v. 81.3%). In both experiments 2 and 3, high protection efficiencies (>80%) were achieved, except for emulsions containing 10 wt% oil emulsions (<50% protection), which showed oiling-off after enzymatic crosslinking. This study demonstrated that alternative emulsifier proteins can be used in combination with PPO extract to protect emulsified PUFA-rich oils against ruminal biohydrogenation. By applying the new protocol, 6.5 times less PPO extract was required.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu YQ, Chen X, McClements DJ, Zou L, Liu W. Pickering-stabilized emulsion gels fabricated from wheat protein nanoparticles: Effect of pH, NaCl and oil content. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1398660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Liqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zeeb B, McClements DJ, Weiss J. Enzyme-Based Strategies for Structuring Foods for Improved Functionality. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2017; 8:21-34. [PMID: 28068492 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme technologies can be used to create food dispersions with novel functional attributes using structural design principles. Enzymes that utilize food-grade proteins and/or polysaccharides as substrates have gained recent interest among food scientists. The utilization of enzymes for structuring foods is an ecologically and economically viable alternative to the utilization of chemical cross-linking and depolymerization agents. This review highlights recent progress in the use of enzymes to modify food structures, particularly the interfacial and/or bulk properties of food dispersions with special emphasis on commercially available enzymes. Cross-linking enzymes such as transglutaminase and laccase promote the formation of intra- and intermolecular bonds between biopolymers to improve stability and functionality, whereas various degrading enzymes such as proteases alter the native conformation of proteins, leading to self-assembly of hierarchically ordered colloids. Results of this bio-inspired approach show that rational use of structure-affecting enzymes may enable food manufacturers to produce food dispersions with improved physical, functional, textural, and optical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zeeb
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | | | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Grossmann L, Wefers D, Bunzel M, Weiss J, Zeeb B. Accessibility of transglutaminase to induce protein crosslinking in gelled food matrices - Influence of network structure. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Grossmann L, Zeeb B, Weiss J. Diffusion Behavior of Microbial Transglutaminase to Induce Protein Crosslinking in Oil-in-Water Emulsions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2015.1135401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Grossmann
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Zeeb
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Accessibility of Transglutaminase to Induce Protein Crosslinking in Gelled Food Matrices - Impact of Membrane Structure. FOOD BIOPHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-016-9428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
26
|
Reprint of: Impact of alcohols on the formation and stability of protein-stabilized nanoemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 449:13-20. [PMID: 25865241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are increasingly being used for encapsulation, protection, and delivery of bioactive lipids, however, their formation from natural emulsifiers is still challenging. We investigated the impact of alcohol on the formation and stability of protein-stabilized oil-in-water nanoemulsions prepared by high-pressure homogenization. The influence of different alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol) at various concentrations (0-25% w/w) on the formation and stability of emulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate, and fish gelatin was investigated. The mean particle diameter decreased with increasing alcohol concentrations from 0 to 10%w/w, but extensive droplet aggregation occurred at higher levels. This phenomenon was attributed to enhanced protein-protein interactions between the adsorbed emulsifier molecules in the presence of alcohol leading to droplet flocculation. The smallest droplets (d<100 nm) were obtained when 10%w/w 1-butanol was added to sodium caseinate-stabilized nanoemulsions, but relatively small droplets (d<150 nm) could also be obtained in the presence of a food-grade alcohol (ethanol). This study demonstrated that alcohol addition might be a useful tool for producing protein-stabilized nanoemulsions suitable for use as delivery systems of lipophilic bioactive agents.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zeeb B, Herz E, McClements DJ, Weiss J. Impact of alcohols on the formation and stability of protein-stabilized nanoemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 433:196-203. [PMID: 25129338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are increasingly being used for encapsulation, protection, and delivery of bioactive lipids, however, their formation from natural emulsifiers is still challenging. We investigated the impact of alcohol on the formation and stability of protein-stabilized oil-in-water nanoemulsions prepared by high-pressure homogenization. The influence of different alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol) at various concentrations (0-25% w/w) on the formation and stability of emulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate, and fish gelatin was investigated. The mean particle diameter decreased with increasing alcohol concentrations from 0 to 10%w/w, but extensive droplet aggregation occurred at higher levels. This phenomenon was attributed to enhanced protein-protein interactions between the adsorbed emulsifier molecules in the presence of alcohol leading to droplet flocculation. The smallest droplets (d<100nm) were obtained when 10%w/w 1-butanol was added to sodium caseinate-stabilized nanoemulsions, but relatively small droplets (d<150nm) could also be obtained in the presence of a food-grade alcohol (ethanol). This study demonstrated that alcohol addition might be a useful tool for producing protein-stabilized nanoemulsions suitable for use as delivery systems of lipophilic bioactive agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zeeb
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva Herz
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Physics and Meat Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Impact of Heat and Laccase on the pH and Freeze-Thaw Stability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Adsorbed Biopolymer Nanoparticles. FOOD BIOPHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-013-9325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|