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Li X, Li P, Tang W, Zheng J, Fan F, Jiang X, Li Z, Fang Y. Simultaneous determination of subspecies and geographic origins of 110 rice cultivars by microsatellite markers. Food Chem 2024; 445:138657. [PMID: 38354640 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Rice varieties of different subspecies types (indica rice and japonica rice) across various geographical origins (Hunan, Jiangsu, and Northeast China) were monitored using microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats, SSR). 110 representative rice cultivars were collected from the main crop areas. Multiple methods including clustering analysis (neighbor-joining (NJ) method, unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method), principal component analysis (PCA) and model-based grouping were applied. The study revealed that 25 pairs of SSR markers exhibited a broad range of polymorphism information content (PIC) values, ranging from 0.240 to 0.830. Furthermore, our study successfully achieved a higher overall mean correct rate of 99.09% in determining the geographical origin of rice. Simultaneously, it accurately classified indica rice and japonica rice. These findings are significant as they provide an SSR fingerprint of 110 high-quality rice cultivars, serving as a valuable scientific resource for the detection of rice adulteration and traceability of its origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenqian Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiayu Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengjiao Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziqian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, China.
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2
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Chappel JR, Kirkwood-Donelson KI, Reif DM, Baker ES. From big data to big insights: statistical and bioinformatic approaches for exploring the lipidome. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2189-2202. [PMID: 37875675 PMCID: PMC10954412 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The goal of lipidomic studies is to provide a broad characterization of cellular lipids present and changing in a sample of interest. Recent lipidomic research has significantly contributed to revealing the multifaceted roles that lipids play in fundamental cellular processes, including signaling, energy storage, and structural support. Furthermore, these findings have shed light on how lipids dynamically respond to various perturbations. Continued advancement in analytical techniques has also led to improved abilities to detect and identify novel lipid species, resulting in increasingly large datasets. Statistical analysis of these datasets can be challenging not only because of their vast size, but also because of the highly correlated data structure that exists due to many lipids belonging to the same metabolic or regulatory pathways. Interpretation of these lipidomic datasets is also hindered by a lack of current biological knowledge for the individual lipids. These limitations can therefore make lipidomic data analysis a daunting task. To address these difficulties and shed light on opportunities and also weaknesses in current tools, we have assembled this review. Here, we illustrate common statistical approaches for finding patterns in lipidomic datasets, including univariate hypothesis testing, unsupervised clustering, supervised classification modeling, and deep learning approaches. We then describe various bioinformatic tools often used to biologically contextualize results of interest. Overall, this review provides a framework for guiding lipidomic data analysis to promote a greater assessment of lipidomic results, while understanding potential advantages and weaknesses along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie R Chappel
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Kaylie I Kirkwood-Donelson
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - David M Reif
- Predictive Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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3
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Yeo J, Kang J, Kim H, Moon C. A Critical Overview of HPLC-MS-Based Lipidomics in Determining Triacylglycerol and Phospholipid in Foods. Foods 2023; 12:3177. [PMID: 37685110 PMCID: PMC10486615 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the current advancement in mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics, the knowledge of lipidomes and their diverse roles has greatly increased, enabling a deeper understanding of the action of bioactive lipid molecules in plant- and animal-based foods. This review provides in-depth information on the practical use of MS techniques in lipidomics, including lipid extraction, adduct formation, MS analysis, data processing, statistical analysis, and bioinformatics. Moreover, this contribution demonstrates the effectiveness of MS-based lipidomics for identifying and quantifying diverse lipid species, especially triacylglycerols and phospholipids, in foods. Further, it summarizes the wide applications of MS-based lipidomics in food science, such as for assessing food processing methods, detecting food adulteration, and measuring lipid oxidation in foods. Thus, MS-based lipidomics may be a useful method for identifying the action of individual lipid species in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuDong Yeo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (H.K.); (C.M.)
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4
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Artificial Intelligence Aided Adulteration Detection and Quantification for Red Chilli Powder. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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5
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Nutritional lipidomics for the characterization of lipids in food. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023. [PMID: 37516469 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipids represent one out of three major macronutrient classes in the human diet. It is estimated to account for about 15-20% of the total dietary intake. Triacylglycerides comprise the majority of them, estimated 90-95%. Other lipid classes include free fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and plant sterols as minor components. Various methods are used for the characterization of nutritional lipids, however, lipidomics approaches become increasingly attractive for this purpose due to their wide coverage, comprehensiveness and holistic view on composition. In this chapter, analytical methodologies and workflows utilized for lipidomics profiling of food samples are outlined with focus on mass spectrometry-based assays. The chapter describes common lipid extraction protocols, the distinct instrumental mass-spectrometry based analytical platforms for data acquisition, chromatographic and ion-mobility spectrometry methods for lipid separation, briefly mentions alternative methods such as gas chromatography for fatty acid profiling and mass spectrometry imaging. Critical issues of important steps of lipidomics workflows such as structural annotation and identification, quantification and quality assurance are discussed as well. Applications reported over the period of the last 5years are summarized covering the discovery of new lipids in foodstuff, differential profiling approaches for comparing samples from different origin, species, varieties, cultivars and breeds, and for food processing quality control. Lipidomics as a powerful tool for personalized nutrition and nutritional intervention studies is briefly discussed as well. It is expected that this field is significantly growing in the near future and this chapter gives a short insight into the power of nutritional lipidomics approaches.
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de Oliveira AN, Bolognini SRF, Navarro LC, Delafiori J, Sales GM, de Oliveira DN, Catharino RR. Tomato classification using mass spectrometry-machine learning technique: A food safety-enhancing platform. Food Chem 2023; 398:133870. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Wadood SA, Nie J, Li C, Rogers KM, Khan A, Khan WA, Qamar A, Zhang Y, Yuwei Y. Rice authentication: An overview of different analytical techniques combined with multivariate analysis. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Neelakandan AK, Wright DA, Traore SM, Chen X, Spalding MH, He G. CRISPR/Cas9 Based Site-Specific Modification of FAD2 cis-Regulatory Motifs in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L). Front Genet 2022; 13:849961. [PMID: 35571035 PMCID: PMC9091597 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.849961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is a rich source of edible oil, comprised primarily of monounsaturated oleic acid and polyunsaturated linoleic acid, accounting for 80% of its fatty acid repertoire. The conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid, catalyzed by Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FAD2) enzymes, is an important regulatory point linked to improved abiotic stress responses while the ratio of these components is a significant determinant of commercial oil quality. Specifically, oleic acid has better oxidative stability leading to longer shelf life and better taste qualities while also providing nutritional based health benefits. Naturally occurring FAD2 gene knockouts that lead to high oleic acid levels improve oil quality at the potential expense of plant health though. We undertook a CRISPR/Cas9 based site-specific genome modification approach designed to downregulate the expression of two homeologous FAD2 genes in seed while maintaining regulation in other plant tissues. Two cis-regulatory elements the RY repeat motif and 2S seed protein motif in the 5′UTR and associated intron of FAD2 genes are potentially important for regulating seed-specific gene expression. Using hairy root and stable germ line transformation, differential editing efficiencies were observed at both CREs when targeted by single gRNAs using two different gRNA scaffolds. The editing efficiencies also differed when two gRNAs were expressed simultaneously. Additionally, stably transformed seed exhibited an increase in oleic acid levels relative to wild type. Taken together, the results demonstrate the immense potential of CRISPR/Cas9 based approaches to achieve high frequency targeted edits in regulatory sequences for the generation of novel transcriptional alleles, which may lead to fine tuning of gene expression and functional genomic studies in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjanasree K. Neelakandan
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - David A. Wright
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sy M. Traore
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Crops Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Martin H. Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Guohao He
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Guohao He,
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9
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Wang X, Jin M, Cheng X, Hu X, Zhao M, Yuan Y, Sun P, Jiao L, Tocher DR, Betancor MB, Zhou Q. Lipidomic profiling reveals molecular modification of lipids in hepatopancreas of juvenile mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) fed with different dietary DHA/EPA ratios. Food Chem 2022; 372:131289. [PMID: 34818734 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted lipidomic analysis was conducted to explore how different dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio and, specifically, how an optimal ratio (2.3) compared to a suboptimum ratio (0.6) impacted lipid molecular species and the positional distribution of fatty acids in hepatopancreas of mud crab. The results indicated that major category of lipid affected by dietary DHA/EPA ratio was glycerophospholipids (GPs). The optimum dietary DHA/EPA ratio increased the contents of DHA bound to the sn-2 and sn-3 positions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triacylglycerol, EPA bound to the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine and 18:2n-6 bound to the sn-2 position of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Increased dietary DHA/EPA ratio also led to competition between arachidonic acid (ARA) and 18:2n-6 bound to esterified sites. Appropriate dietary DHA/EPA ratio can not only improve the growth performance and nutritional quality of mud crab, but also provide higher quality products for human consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexi Wang
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xin Cheng
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaoying Hu
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lefei Jiao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Mónica B Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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10
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Zhang D, Zhao L, Wang W, Wang Q, Liu J, Wang Y, Liu H, Shang B, Duan X, Sun H. Lipidomics reveals the changes in non-starch and starch lipids of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during storage. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Abraham EJ, Kellogg JJ. Chemometric-Guided Approaches for Profiling and Authenticating Botanical Materials. Front Nutr 2021; 8:780228. [PMID: 34901127 PMCID: PMC8663772 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.780228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Botanical supplements with broad traditional and medicinal uses represent an area of growing importance for American health management; 25% of U.S. adults use dietary supplements daily and collectively spent over $9. 5 billion in 2019 in herbal and botanical supplements alone. To understand how natural products benefit human health and determine potential safety concerns, careful in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies are required. However, botanicals are innately complex systems, with complicated compositions that defy many standard analytical approaches and fluctuate based upon a plethora of factors, including genetics, growth conditions, and harvesting/processing procedures. Robust studies rely upon accurate identification of the plant material, and botanicals' increasing economic and health importance demand reproducible sourcing, as well as assessment of contamination or adulteration. These quality control needs for botanical products remain a significant problem plaguing researchers in academia as well as the supplement industry, thus posing a risk to consumers and possibly rendering clinical data irreproducible and/or irrelevant. Chemometric approaches that analyze the small molecule composition of materials provide a reliable and high-throughput avenue for botanical authentication. This review emphasizes the need for consistent material and provides insight into the roles of various modern chemometric analyses in evaluating and authenticating botanicals, focusing on advanced methodologies, including targeted and untargeted metabolite analysis, as well as the role of multivariate statistical modeling and machine learning in phytochemical characterization. Furthermore, we will discuss how chemometric approaches can be integrated with orthogonal techniques to provide a more robust approach to authentication, and provide directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn J Abraham
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University (PSU), University Park, PA, United States
| | - Joshua J Kellogg
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University (PSU), University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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12
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Śliwińska-Bartel M, Burns DT, Elliott C. Rice fraud a global problem: A review of analytical tools to detect species, country of origin and adulterations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Low requirement imaging enables sensitive and robust rice adulteration quantification via transfer learning. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Fighting food frauds exploiting chromatography-mass spectrometry technologies: Scenario comparison between solutions in scientific literature and real approaches in place in industrial facilities. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Balkir P, Kemahlioglu K, Yucel U. Foodomics: A new approach in food quality and safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Wu B, Xie Y, Xu S, Lv X, Yin H, Xiang J, Chen H, Wei F. Comprehensive Lipidomics Analysis Reveals the Effects of Different Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Diets on Egg Yolk Lipids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15048-15060. [PMID: 33267575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) for laying hens enriches eggs with these essential fatty acids. However, the enrichment patterns and changes to intact lipids in egg yolk have not been sufficiently revealed. Herein, egg yolk lipids from hens fed with diets supplemented with flaxseed, Schizochytrium sp. residue, or their mixture were comprehensively analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). A total of 335 individual lipid species covering 23 (sub)classes were identified and quantified. Distinct n-3 PUFA-lipid profiles were revealed among different groups. Dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) was mainly deposited in the TAG fraction, whereas synthesized or preformed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) predominantly existed in the glycerophospholipid form. Furthermore, different lipid species were identified and related lipid pathways after dietary supplementation were analyzed. Collectively, these findings provide us with new knowledge for production, nutritional evaluation, authentication, and application of n-3 PUFA-enriched eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangfu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, P. R. China
| | - Ya Xie
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, P. R. China
| | - Shuling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, P. R. China
| | - Hongqing Yin
- Enshi Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, Hubei 445002, P. R. China
| | - Jiqian Xiang
- Enshi Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, Hubei 445002, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, P. R. China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, P. R. China
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Song H, Lu B, Ye C, Li J, Zhu Z, Zheng L. Fraud vulnerability quantitative assessment of Wuchang rice industrial chain in China based on AHP-EWM and ANN methods. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109805. [PMID: 33648162 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vulnerability assessment has been used in the food fraud mitigation based on the subjective judgement of industry participants and simple calculation. To have a more objective result, an improved vulnerability quantitative assessment method was proposed. The overall fraud vulnerability was described by the vulnerability of fraud factors and the health and economic impact of fraud incidents. The fraud factors were related to opportunity, motivation and control measure. Analytic hierarchy process combined with entropy weighting method (AHP-EWM) and artificial neural networking (ANN) to improve judgment accuracy. In the application in Wuchang rice industrial chain, 51 fraud factors were used in the assessment and 10 experts, 36 farmers, 15 suppliers and 15 supervisors were interviewed. Results showed that Wuchang rice industrial chain was highly vulnerable to fraud. The opportunity for fraud was high, the motivation to commit it was moderate, and controls to prevent it needed reinforcing. Fraud vulnerability differed between farmers and suppliers. To reduce the fraud vulnerability, improved regulations and policies and stiffer penalties were strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Song
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Chunhui Ye
- China Academy for Rural Development (CARD), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Li
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, 403 Warren Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Rice (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Lufei Zheng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Rural Products Agricultural Products Quality Standards Research Center, Beijing 100081, China
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Rocha WFDC, do Prado CB, Blonder N. Comparison of Chemometric Problems in Food Analysis Using Non-Linear Methods. Molecules 2020; 25:E3025. [PMID: 32630676 PMCID: PMC7411792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food analysis is a challenging analytical problem, often addressed using sophisticated laboratory methods that produce large data sets. Linear and non-linear multivariate methods can be used to process these types of datasets and to answer questions such as whether product origin is accurately labeled or whether a product is safe to eat. In this review, we present the application of non-linear methods such as artificial neural networks, support vector machines, self-organizing maps, and multi-layer artificial neural networks in the field of chemometrics related to food analysis. We discuss criteria to determine when non-linear methods are better suited for use instead of traditional methods. The principles of algorithms are described, and examples are presented for solving the problems of exploratory analysis, classification, and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werickson Fortunato de Carvalho Rocha
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av. N. S. das Graças, 50, Xerém, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, RJ, Brazil; (W.F.C.R.); (C.B.d.P.)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8390 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Charles Bezerra do Prado
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av. N. S. das Graças, 50, Xerém, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, RJ, Brazil; (W.F.C.R.); (C.B.d.P.)
| | - Niksa Blonder
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8390 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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20
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Li YC, Liu SY, Meng FB, Liu DY, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhang JM. Comparative review and the recent progress in detection technologies of meat product adulteration. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2256-2296. [PMID: 33337107 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Meat adulteration, mainly for the purpose of economic pursuit, is widespread and leads to serious public health risks, religious violations, and moral loss. Rapid, effective, accurate, and reliable detection technologies are keys to effectively supervising meat adulteration. Considering the importance and rapid advances in meat adulteration detection technologies, a comprehensive review to summarize the recent progress in this area and to suggest directions for future progress is beneficial. In this review, destructive meat adulteration technologies based on DNA, protein, and metabolite analyses and nondestructive technologies based on spectroscopy were comparatively analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages, application situations of these technologies were discussed. In the future, determining suitable indicators or markers is particularly important for destructive methods. To improve sensitivity and save time, new interdisciplinary technologies, such as biochips and biosensors, are promising for application in the future. For nondestructive techniques, convenient and effective chemometric models are crucial, and the development of portable devices based on these technologies for onsite monitoring is a future trend. Moreover, omics technologies, especially proteomics, are important methods in laboratory detection because they enable multispecies detection and unknown target screening by using mass spectrometry databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Cheng Li
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Yan Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan-Bing Meng
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Da-Yu Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Ultrasound-assisted extraction of pectin from artichoke by-products. An artificial neural network approach to pectin characterisation. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Li H, Song Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Cong P, Xu J, Xue C. Comparative lipid profile of four edible shellfishes by UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS. Food Chem 2019; 310:125947. [PMID: 31841939 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An ultra performance liquid chromatography-Triple time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS) method were established to characterize the lipid profiles in four shellfish species. More than 600 lipid molecular species belonging to 14 classes were detected. Phospholipids (PLs) were predominant in Chlamys farreri (54.9%) and glycerolipids (GLs) were dominant in Ostrea gigas (51.6%). PLs that contained polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as PC (16:0/20:5), PC (16:0/22:6) and PE (18:0/22:6) were the main molecular species. Especially, the percentage of sphingolipids (SLs) in four shellfishes is considerable (18.8-38.6%), the characterization of their special long-chain base (LCB) structure (mainly d19:3) and N-acyl group (mainly 16:0) was realized. Several SL subclasses with low abundance in four shellfish species, such as ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP) and deoxy-ceramide (DeoxyCer), were also detected. These active lipids identified by this method have potential value in revealing the nutritional value of shellfishes and serving as biomarkers for distinguishing different shellfishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Yu Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 70, Qutang Xia Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266500, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1, Wen Hai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266235, China.
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23
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Esteki M, Shahsavari Z, Simal-Gandara J. Food identification by high performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting and mathematical processing. Food Res Int 2019; 122:303-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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24
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Sabater C, Ferreira-Lazarte A, Montilla A, Corzo N. Enzymatic Production and Characterization of Pectic Oligosaccharides Derived from Citrus and Apple Pectins: A GC-MS Study Using Random Forests and Association Rule Learning. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7435-7447. [PMID: 31244205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pectic oligosaccharides (POS) from citrus and apple pectin hydrolysis using ViscozymeL and Glucanex200G have been obtained. According to the results, maximum POS formation was achieved from citrus pectin after 30 min of hydrolysis with ViscozymeL, with a yield of 652 mg g-1 and average molecular mass ( Mw) of 0.8-2.5 kDa, while with Glucanex200G, the yield was 518 mg g-1 and Mw was 0.8-7.1 kDa. Digalacturonic and trigalacturonic acids were identified among other low Mw compounds as di- and tri-POS. In addition, differences in GC-MS spectra of all oligosaccharides found in the hydrolysates were studied by employing random forests and other algorithms to identify structural differences between the obtained POS, and high prediction rates were shown for new samples. Chemical structures were proposed for some influential m/ z ions, and 12 association rules that explain differences according to pectin and enzyme origin were built. This information could be used to establish structure-function relationships of POS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sabater
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC) , C/Nicolás Cabrera 9 , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - Alvaro Ferreira-Lazarte
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC) , C/Nicolás Cabrera 9 , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - Antonia Montilla
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC) , C/Nicolás Cabrera 9 , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - Nieves Corzo
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC) , C/Nicolás Cabrera 9 , Madrid 28049 , Spain
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25
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Jiménez-Carvelo AM, González-Casado A, Bagur-González MG, Cuadros-Rodríguez L. Alternative data mining/machine learning methods for the analytical evaluation of food quality and authenticity - A review. Food Res Int 2019; 122:25-39. [PMID: 31229078 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the variety and volume of data acquired by modern analytical instruments in order to conduct a better authentication of food has dramatically increased. Several pattern recognition tools have been developed to deal with the large volume and complexity of available trial data. The most widely used methods are principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA), k-nearest neighbours (kNN), parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). Nevertheless, there are alternative data treatment methods, such as support vector machine (SVM), classification and regression tree (CART) and random forest (RF), that show a great potential and more advantages compared to conventional ones. In this paper, we explain the background of these methods and review and discuss the reported studies in which these three methods have been applied in the area of food quality and authenticity. In addition, we clarify the technical terminology used in this particular area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Jiménez-Carvelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio González-Casado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - M Gracia Bagur-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Cuadros-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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26
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Sabater C, Olano A, Corzo N, Montilla A. GC–MS characterisation of novel artichoke (Cynara scolymus) pectic-oligosaccharides mixtures by the application of machine learning algorithms and competitive fragmentation modelling. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 205:513-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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27
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Fan Z, Kong F, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Dai Y. Intelligence Algorithms for Protein Classification by Mass Spectrometry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2862458. [PMID: 30534555 PMCID: PMC6252195 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2862458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an important technique in protein research. Effective classification methods by MS data could contribute to early and less-invasive diagnosis and also facilitate developments in the bioinformatics field. As MS data is featured by high dimension, appropriate methods which can effectively deal with the large amount of MS data have been widely studied. In this paper, the applications of methods based on intelligence algorithms have been investigated. Firstly, classification and biomarker analysis methods using typical machine learning approaches have been discussed. Then those are followed by the Ensemble strategy algorithms. Clearly, simple and basic machine learning algorithms hardly addressed the various needs of protein MS classification. Preprocessing algorithms have been also studied, as these methods are useful for feature selection or feature extraction to improve classification performance. Protein MS data growing with data volume becomes complicated and large; improvements in classification methods in terms of classifier selection and combinations of different algorithms and preprocessing algorithms are more emphasized in further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Fan
- School of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fanchen Kong
- School of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yiqing Chen
- School of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yalan Dai
- School of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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28
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Greer M, Chen C, Mandal S. Automated classification of food products using 2D low-field NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 294:44-58. [PMID: 30005193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, low-field proton (1H) and sodium (23Na) relaxation and diffusion measurements are used to detect and classify different types of food products. A compact and low-cost system based on a small 0.5 T permanent magnet has been developed to autonomously authenticate such products. The system uses a simple but efficient double-tuned matching network suitable for 1H/23Na NMR. Various machine learning algorithms are used to classify food samples based on T1-T2 and D-T2 data generated by the system, and the accuracy and prediction speed of these algorithms are studied in detail. The influence of temperature drift upon prediction accuracy is also studied. Experimental results demonstrate reliable classification of cooking oils, milk, and soy sauces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Greer
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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29
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Maione C, Barbosa RM. Recent applications of multivariate data analysis methods in the authentication of rice and the most analyzed parameters: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1868-1879. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1431763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maione
- Instituto de Informática, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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30
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Lim DK, Mo C, Lee JH, Long NP, Dong Z, Li J, Lim J, Kwon SW. The integration of multi-platform MS-based metabolomics and multivariate analysis for the geographical origin discrimination of Oryza sativa L. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 26:769-777. [PMID: 29567248 PMCID: PMC9322228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the authentication of white rice from different geographical origins, the selection of outstanding discrimination markers is essential. In this study, 80 commercial white rice samples were collected from local markets of Korea and China and discriminated by mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics approaches. Additionally, the potential markers that belong to sugars & sugar alcohols, fatty acids, and phospholipids were examined using several multivariate analyses to measure their discrimination efficiencies. Unsupervised analyses, including principal component analysis and k-means clustering demonstrated the potential of the geographical classification of white rice between Korea and China by fatty acids and phospholipids. In addition, the accuracy, goodness-of-fit (R2), goodness-of-prediction (Q2), and permutation test p-value derived from phospholipid-based partial least squares-discriminant analysis were 1.000, 0.902, 0.870, and 0.001, respectively. Random Forests further consolidated the discrimination ability of phospholipids. Furthermore, an independent validation set containing 20 white rice samples also confirmed that phospholipids were the excellent discrimination markers for white rice between two countries. In conclusion, the proposed approach successfully highlighted phospholipids as the better discrimination markers than sugars & sugar alcohols and fatty acids in differentiating white rice between Korea and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyu Lim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyeun Mo
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziyuan Dong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Li
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongguk Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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