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Freitas M, Ribeiro D, Janela JS, Varela CL, Costa SC, da Silva ET, Fernandes E, Roleira FMF. Plant-derived and dietary phenolic cinnamic acid derivatives: Anti-inflammatory properties. Food Chem 2024; 459:140080. [PMID: 38986205 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Cinnamic acids are aromatic acids primarily found in plants and plant-derived food. Phenolic cinnamic acids, with one or more hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring, often contribute to the biological activities attributed to these compounds. The presence of hydroxyl groups and a carboxyl group makes cinnamic acids very hydrophilic, preventing them from crossing biological membranes and exerting their biological activities. To alleviate this condition, a panel of synthetic modifications have been made leading to a diverse set of phenolic cinnamic structures. In this review, an overview of the natural phenolic cinnamic acid derivatives and their plant sources (more than 200) is described. The synthetic approaches to obtain the referred derivatives (more than 200) namely esters and amides are reviewed. Further, their anti-inflammatory activity (more than 70 compounds) is scrutinized. Finally, future directions will be indicated to translate the research on phenolic cinnamic derivatives into potentially effective anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Freitas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e do Ambiente da Universidade dos Açores, Portugal.
| | - João S Janela
- Univ Coimbra, CERES, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carla L Varela
- Univ Coimbra, CERES, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinic Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Saul C Costa
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Elisiário Tavares da Silva
- Univ Coimbra, CERES, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda M F Roleira
- Univ Coimbra, CERES, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Guo S, Zhang S. The Cysteine Protease CfAtg4 Interacts with CfAtg8 to Govern the Growth, Autophagy and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:431. [PMID: 38921417 PMCID: PMC11204552 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is a native woody oil plant in southern China and is infected with anthracnose wherever it is grown. We previously identified Colletotrichum fructicola as the major causal agent of anthracnose on C. oleifera and found that CfAtg8 regulates the pathogenicity and development of C. fructicola. Here, we revealed that CfAtg4 interacts with CfAtg8, contributing to the formation of autophagosomes. The CfAtg81-160 allele, which only contains 1-160 amino acids of the CfAtg8, partially recovered the autophagosome numbers and autophagy defects of the ΔCfatg4 mutant. Consequently, these recoveries resulted in the restoration of the defects of the ΔCfatg4 mutant in growth and responses to different external stresses, albeit to an extent. Importantly, we illustrated the critical roles of CfAtg81-160 in appressoria formation, and pathogenicity. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the importance of the interaction between CfAtg8 and CfAtg4 in the growth, autophagy and pathogenicity of the phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Guo
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Shengpei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Changsha 410004, China
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3
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Ye Z, Mao D, Wang Y, Deng H, Liu X, Zhang T, Han Z, Zhang X. Comparative Genome-Wide Identification of the Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene Family in Tea and Oil Tea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1444. [PMID: 38891253 PMCID: PMC11174766 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Camellia oil is valuable as an edible oil and serves as a base material for a range of high-value products. Camellia plants of significant economic importance, such as Camellia sinensis and Camellia oleifera, have been classified into sect. Thea and sect. Oleifera, respectively. Fatty acid desaturases play a crucial role in catalyzing the formation of double bonds at specific positions of fatty acid chains, leading to the production of unsaturated fatty acids and contributing to lipid synthesis. Comparative genomics results have revealed that expanded gene families in oil tea are enriched in functions related to lipid, fatty acid, and seed processes. To explore the function of the FAD gene family, a total of 82 FAD genes were identified in tea and oil tea. Transcriptome data showed the differential expression of the FAD gene family in mature seeds of tea tree and oil tea tree. Furthermore, the structural analysis and clustering of FAD proteins provided insights for the further exploration of the function of the FAD gene family and its role in lipid synthesis. Overall, these findings shed light on the role of the FAD gene family in Camellia plants and their involvement in lipid metabolism, as well as provide a reference for understanding their function in oil synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Ye
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Dan Mao
- National Forest and Seedling Workstation of Hunan Province, The Forestry Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China; (D.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yujian Wang
- National Forest and Seedling Workstation of Hunan Province, The Forestry Department of Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China; (D.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hongda Deng
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xing Liu
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tongyue Zhang
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- The Laboratory of Forestry Genetics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Z.Y.); (H.D.); (X.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Qin P, Shen J, Wei J, Chen Y. A critical review of the bioactive ingredients and biological functions of camellia oleifera oil. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100753. [PMID: 38725963 PMCID: PMC11081779 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera oil is a pure and natural high-grade oil prevalent in South China. Camellia oleifera oil is known for its richness in unsaturated fatty acids and high nutritional value. There is increasing evidence indicating that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids is beneficial to health. Despite the widespread production of Camellia oleifera oil and its bioactive components, reports on its nutritional components are scarce, especially regarding systematic reviews of extraction methods and biological functions. This review systematically summarized the latest research on the bioactive components and biological functions of Camellia oleifera oil reported over the past decade. In addition to unsaturated fatty acids, Camellia oleifera oil contains six main functional components contributing to its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular protective properties. These functional components are vitamin E, saponins, polyphenols, sterols, squalene, and flavonoids. This paper reviewed the biological activity of Camellia oleifera oil and its extraction methods, laying a foundation for further development of its bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiju Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology & International, Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource, Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Junjun Shen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology & International, Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource, Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, National Engineering Research Center for Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Jeigen Wei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology & International, Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource, Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yuqi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology & International, Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource, Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Zhou L, Peng Y, Xu Z, Chen J, Zhang N, Liang T, Chen T, Xiao Y, Feng S, Ding C. The Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Moisturizing Effects of Camellia oleifera Oil and Its Potential Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1864. [PMID: 38675684 PMCID: PMC11055129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera oil (CO oil) extracted from C. oleifera seeds has a 2300-year consumption history in China. However, there is relatively little research regarding its non-edible uses. This study determined the physicochemical properties of CO oil extracted via direct pressing, identified its main components using GC-MS, and evaluated its antioxidant, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that CO oil's acid, peroxide, iodine, and saponification values were 1.06 ± 0.031 mg/g, 0.24 ± 0.01 g/100 g, 65.14 ± 8.22 g/100 g, and 180.41 ± 5.60 mg/g, respectively. CO oil's tocopherol, polyphenol, and squalene contents were 82.21 ± 9.07 mg/kg, 181.37 ± 3.76 mg/kg, and 53.39 ± 6.58 mg/kg, respectively; its unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content was 87.44%, and its saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was 12.56%. CO oil also demonstrated excellent moisture retention properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and certain free radical scavenging. A highly stable CO oil emulsion with competent microbiological detection was developed using formulation optimization. Using CO oil in the emulsion significantly improved the formulation's antioxidant and moisturizing properties compared with those of the emulsion formulation that did not include CO oil. The prepared emulsion was not cytotoxic to cells and could reduce cells' NO content; therefore, it may have potential nutritional value in medicine and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhou
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yunlan Peng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhou Xu
- Panxi Crops Research and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China;
| | - Jingyi Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ningbo Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tao Liang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Shiling Feng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Chunbang Ding
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (L.Z.); (Y.P.); (J.C.); (N.Z.); (T.L.); (T.C.); (Y.X.)
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Wang D, Yu Z, Guo J, Liu M, Guan M, Gu Y, Li S, Ren D, Yi L. Development and comparison of parallel reaction monitoring and data-independent acquisition methods for quantitative analysis of hydrophilic compounds in white tea. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464601. [PMID: 38160583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In the present work, parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and data-independent acquisition (DIA) methods were developed for the accurate quantitation of amino acids, alkaloids nucleosides and nucleotides in tea. The quality peaks were significantly enhanced by optimizing the LC elution procedure, HCD voltage, MS resolution, and scanning event. Both methods were validated with good liner linearity (0.004-200 μg/mL), LODs (0.001-0.309 μg/mL for PRM and 0.001-0.564 μg/mL for DIA). Applied to white tea sample, the contents of these hydrophilic compounds were range from 34,655.39 to 70,586.14 mg/kg, and caffeine (32,529.02 mg/kg) and theanine (5483.46 mg/kg) were determined as the most abundant ones. Based on the quantitation data set, the white tea samples from Puer, Lincang and Xishuangbanna were clearly discriminated using multivariate data analysis. The results of the present works show that PRM and DIA have great potential in quantitative analysis of multiple hydrophilic compounds in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Zhihao Yu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Jie Guo
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Meiyan Liu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Mengdi Guan
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Ying Gu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Siyu Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Dabing Ren
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Lunzhao Yi
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
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Li W, Zhu L, Zhang F, Han C, Li P, Jiang J. A novel strategy by combining foam fractionation with high-speed countercurrent chromatography for the rapid and efficient isolation of antioxidants and cytostatics from Camellia oleifera cake. Food Res Int 2024; 176:113798. [PMID: 38163709 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera cake is a by-product, which is rich in functional chemical components. However, it is typically used as animal feed with no commercial value. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify compounds from Camellia oleifera cake using a combination of foam fractionation and high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) and to investigate their biological activities. Foam fractionation with enhanced drainage through a hollow regular decahedron (HRD) was first established for simultaneously enriching flavonoid glycosides and saponins for further separation of target compounds. Under suitable operating conditions, the introduction of HRD resulted in a threefold increase in enrichment ratio with no negative effect on recovery. A novel elution-extrusion countercurrent chromatography (EECCC) coupled with the consecutive injection mode was established for the successful simultaneous isolation of flavonoid glycosides and saponins. As a result, 38.7 mg of kaemferol-3-O-[2-O-D-glucopyranosyl-6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside (purity of 98.17%, FI), 70.8 mg of kaemferol-3-O-[2-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside (purity of 97.52%, FII), and 560 mg of an oleanane-type saponin (purity of 92.32%, FIII) were separated from the sample (900 mg). The present study clearly showed that FI and II were natural antioxidants (IC50 < 35 μg/mL) without hemolytic effect. FIII displayed the effect of inhibiting Hela cell proliferation (IC50 < 30 μg/mL). Further erythrocyte experiments showed that this correlated with the extremely strong hemolytic effect of FIII. Overall, this study offers a potential strategy for efficient and green isolation of natural products, and is beneficial to further expanding the application of by-products (Camellia oleifera cake) in food, cosmetics, and pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fenglun Zhang
- China CO-OP Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Chunrui Han
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), National Forest and Grass Administration Woody Spices (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Wang S, Li Y, Lin X, Fu X, Zhong H, Ren K, Liu C, Yao W. Rapid Screening of Phenolic Compounds with Anti-Enteritis Activity from Camellia oleifera Oil Using a Smurf Drosophila Model and Molecular Docking Methods. Molecules 2023; 29:76. [PMID: 38202658 PMCID: PMC10780214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Screening and identifying the active compounds in foods are important for the development and utilization of functional foods. In this study, the anti-enteritis activity of ethanol extract from Camellia oleifera oil (PECS) was quickly evaluated using a Smurf Drosophila model and the metabolomics approach, combined with molecular docking techniques, were performed to rapidly screen and identify compounds with potential anti-enteritis activity in PECS. PECS showed good anti-enteritis activity and inhibited the activity of 5-lipoxygenase (LOX), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In particular, wighteone and p-octopamine were newly identified in C. oleifera oil and were proven to have good anti-enteritis activity. The inhibitory activity of kaempferitrin (IC50 = 0.365 mmol L-1) was higher than that of wighteone (IC50 = 0.424 mmol L-1) and p-octopamine (IC50 = 0.402 mmol L-1). Of note, the IC50 value of salazosulfapyridine was 0.810 mmol L-1. Inhibition of LOX activity is likely one of the anti-enteritis mechanisms of PECS. These new findings lay the foundation for further investigations into the underlying mechanisms of anti-enteritis activity in C. oleifera oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Edible Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Commodity Quality Inspection Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xin Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiangjin Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Edible Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Haiyan Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Edible Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Kangzi Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Yi-Feng Agriculture and Forestry Technology Co., Ltd., Shaoyang 422300, China
| | - Wen Yao
- Hunan Ju Xiong Institute of Camellia oleifera Oil, Yueyang 414000, China;
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Zhu Q, Li G, Ma L, Chen B, Zhang D, Gao J, Deng S, Chen Y. Virgin Camellia Seed Oil Improves Glycolipid Metabolism in the Kidney of High Fat-Fed Rats through AMPK-SREBP Pathway. Nutrients 2023; 15:4888. [PMID: 38068746 PMCID: PMC10708295 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Camellia seed oil (CO) is used as edible oil in southern China because of its excellent fatty acid composition and abundant bioactive compounds. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common chronic degenerative diseases in China, and active compounds in vegetable oil, like virgin olive oil, have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the management of CKD. In this study, virgin CO was refined using a standard process. The refining had minimal impact on the fatty acid composition, but significantly reduced the presence of bioactive compounds like polyphenols in CO. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed with high fat diet (Group G) were treated with either virgin (Group Z) or refined CO (Group R). The oral administration of CO alleviated lipid accumulation and decreased body and kidney weight gain. Furthermore, treatment with virgin CO increased the renal ATP content. The renal expression levels of AMPK and key enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation (CPT-1 and ACOX1) and glycolysis (HK, PFK, PK and GAPDH) were up-regulated in Group Z, thereby enhancing the ATP production. Virgin CO treatment downregulated the expression level of SREBP2 and its downstream target genes, such as ACC, FAS, and HMGCR, which reduced lipid synthesis. These findings indicate that virgin CO improves glycolipid metabolism and restores energy homeostasis in the kidneys of rats fed with a high-fat diet by modulating the AMPK-SREBP-signaling pathway, suggesting the potential of active compounds in virgin CO for managing the renal failure associated with glycolipid dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhe Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Oiltea Camellia, State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Shao Shan South Road, No. 658, Changsha 410004, China; (Q.Z.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (D.Z.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Guihui Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Oiltea Camellia, State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Shao Shan South Road, No. 658, Changsha 410004, China; (Q.Z.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (D.Z.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Li Ma
- National Engineering Research Center of Oiltea Camellia, State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Shao Shan South Road, No. 658, Changsha 410004, China; (Q.Z.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Bolin Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Oiltea Camellia, State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Shao Shan South Road, No. 658, Changsha 410004, China; (Q.Z.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (D.Z.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Jing Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Oiltea Camellia, State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Shao Shan South Road, No. 658, Changsha 410004, China; (Q.Z.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Senwen Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Oiltea Camellia, State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Shao Shan South Road, No. 658, Changsha 410004, China; (Q.Z.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (D.Z.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yongzhong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Oiltea Camellia, State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Shao Shan South Road, No. 658, Changsha 410004, China; (Q.Z.); (G.L.); (L.M.); (D.Z.)
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10
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Tian M, Bai Y, Tian H, Zhao X. The Chemical Composition and Health-Promoting Benefits of Vegetable Oils-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6393. [PMID: 37687222 PMCID: PMC10489903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With population and economic development increasing worldwide, the public is increasingly concerned with the health benefits and nutritional properties of vegetable oils (VOs). In this review, the chemical composition and health-promoting benefits of 39 kinds of VOs were selected and summarized using Web of Science TM as the main bibliographic databases. The characteristic chemical compositions were analyzed from fatty acid composition, tocols, phytosterols, squalene, carotenoids, phenolics, and phospholipids. Health benefits including antioxidant activity, prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, diabetes treatment, and kidney and liver protection were examined according to the key components in representative VOs. Every type of vegetable oil has shown its own unique chemical composition with significant variation in each key component and thereby illustrated their own specific advantages and health effects. Therefore, different types of VOs can be selected to meet individual needs accordingly. For example, to prevent CVD, more unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols should be supplied by consuming pomegranate seed oil, flaxseed oil, or rice bran oil, while coconut oil or perilla seed oil have higher contents of total phenolics and might be better choices for diabetics. Several oils such as olive oil, corn oil, cress oil, and rice bran oil were recommended for their abundant nutritional ingredients, but the intake of only one type of vegetable oil might have drawbacks. This review increases the comprehensive understanding of the correlation between health effects and the characteristic composition of VOs, and provides future trends towards their utilization for the general public's nutrition, balanced diet, and as a reference for disease prevention. Nevertheless, some VOs are in the early stages of research and lack enough reliable data and long-term or large consumption information of the effect on the human body, therefore further investigations will be needed for their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongyu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuebing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Chen X, Ran J, Mazhar M, Zhu Y, Lin Y, Qin L, Miao S. The balanced unsaturated fatty acid supplement constituted by woody edible oils improved lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1203932. [PMID: 37545586 PMCID: PMC10399753 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1203932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary intervention has demonstrated effectiveness in improving hyperlipidemia and obesity. Woody edible oils are rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) that could positively affect lipid metabolism. In this study, the blended oil (BLO), a balanced UFA supplement, constituted by Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Chinese Red Pepper) seed oil, walnut (Juglans regia) oil, camellia (Camema oleifera) seed oil and perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil was established referring to the Chinese dietary reference intakes, in which the ratios of monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids and ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were 1:1 and 4:1, respectively. The BLO was administrated to KM mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) by gavage every day at a dose of 3.0 mL/kg·bw for 10 weeks to assess its effects on serum lipid levels, liver antioxidant activities and gut microbial composition. The results showed that the BLO improved hepatic steatosis, liver oxidative stress, and serum lipid levels. Additionally, there was an increased abundance of Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, and Blautia, along with a decreased abundance of Staphylococcus in cecal contents. These changes were found to be positively correlated with the metabolic improvements, as indicated by Spearman's correlation analysis. These findings implied the practicality of the balanced unsaturated fatty acid consumption in preventing hyperlipidemia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinyang Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingqi Ran
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Muhammad Mazhar
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yichen Lin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Likang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Song Miao
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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12
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Zahidova F, Yildiz S, Özdemir A, Gülfen M, Yemiş GP. Modification of poly(L-lactic acid)-based films and evaluation of physical and antibacterial properties by using multivariate data analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124583. [PMID: 37100330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to prepare new packaging materials with improved physical and antimicrobial properties that prevent the growth of microorganisms. Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) based packaging films were prepared by the solvent-casting method using spruce resin (SR), epoxidized soybean oil, an essential oil mixture (calendula and clove oil), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs were synthesized by the polyphenol reduction method, using spruce resin dissolved in methylene chloride. The prepared films were tested for antibacterial activity and physical properties, such as tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB), elastic modulus (EM), water vapor permeability (WVP), and UV-C blocking effect. The addition of SR decreased the water vapor permeation (WVP) of the films, whereas the addition of essential oils (EOs) increased this property due to their higher polarity. The morphological, thermal, and structural properties were characterized using SEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and DSC. The agar disc well method showed that SR, AgNPs, and EOs imparted antibacterial activity to the PLA-based films against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Multivariate data analysis tools, such as principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis, were used to discriminate PLA-based films by simultaneously evaluating their physical and antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidan Zahidova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Semanur Yildiz
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Abdil Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Gülfen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Science, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Polat Yemiş
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
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13
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Application of stable isotope and mineral element fingerprint in identification of Hainan camellia oil producing area based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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14
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Zhang D, Huang D, Zhang X, Zhao H, Gong G, Tang X, Li L. Drying performance and energy consumption of Camellia oleifera seeds under microwave-vacuum drying. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:969-977. [PMID: 37123070 PMCID: PMC10130285 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave-vacuum drying performance and energy consumption of Camellia oleifera seeds were studied in this paper. The effects of microwave power, vacuum pressure and loading quantity were evaluated and discussed. Orthogonal experiments were also conducted to optimize the drying process. A new drying model based on the weibull distribution model was developed. Results showed that the microwave-vacuum drying process was dominated by internal water diffusion and surface water evaporation. As the microwave power and vacuum pressure increased and the loading quantity decreased, the drying time and energy consumption both decreased. However, too low or too high microwave power would increase the energy consumption. The optimal microwave-vacuum drying conditions were found to be a loading quantity of 150 g, a microwave power of 350 W and a vacuum pressure of 0.09 MPa. The developed drying model and the calculated scale and shape parameter were all consistent with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Hangyi Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Guiliang Gong
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Xiaohong Tang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
| | - Lijun Li
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan China
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15
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Effects of refining process on Camellia vietnamensis oil: Phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity in THP-1 macrophages. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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HUANG T, JIANG J, CAO Y, HUANG J, ZHANG F, CUI G. Camellia oil ( Camellia oleifera Abel.) treatment improves high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) -/- mice. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2023; 42:56-64. [PMID: 36660600 PMCID: PMC9816045 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2022-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases, and healthy dietary habits are a feasible strategy to prevent atherosclerosis development. Camellia oil, an edible plant oil, exhibits multiple beneficial cardiovascular effects. Our previous study showed that oral administration of camellia oil attenuated hyperglycemia, fat deposits in the liver, and the atherosclerosis index in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Here, an atherosclerosis model of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- mice induced by HFD was used to study the effect of camellia oil on atherosclerosis, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the changes in gut microbiota composition. The results showed that camellia oil significantly inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-/- mice, which were characterized by significantly reduced levels of serum total cholesterol and enhanced levels of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The aortic levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor were decreased. The results of the 16S rRNA analysis showed that after camellia oil interventions, the intestinal flora of ApoE-/- mice changed significantly, with the diversity of intestinal flora especially increasing, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Faecalibaculum, Bilophila, and Leuconostoc increasing, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Firmicutes abundance decreasing. Collectively, our findings confirmed the promising value of camellia oil in preventing the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Mechanistically, this preventive effect of camellia oil was probably due to its lipid-lowering activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and alteration of the gut microbiota composition in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang HUANG
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical
University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Jianhui JIANG
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical
University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - YongJun CAO
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical
University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Junze HUANG
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical
University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Fuan ZHANG
- Guizhou Camellia Oil Engineering Technology Research Center,
Tongren, Guizhou 550000, China
| | - Guozhen CUI
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical
University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China,aThese authors contributed equally to this work.
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17
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Quality control of woody edible oil: The application of fluorescence spectroscopy and the influencing factors of fluorescence. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Extraction Systems and Analytical Techniques for Food Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223671. [PMID: 36429261 PMCID: PMC9689915 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are highly valuable food components due to their potential utilisation as natural bioactive and antioxidant molecules for the food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. For this purpose, the development and optimisation of efficient extraction methods is crucial to obtain phenolic-rich extracts and, for some applications, free of interfering compounds. It should be accompanied with robust analytical tools that enable the standardisation of phenolic-rich extracts for industrial applications. New methodologies based on both novel extraction and/or analysis are also implemented to characterise and elucidate novel chemical structures and to face safety, pharmacology, and toxicity issues related to phenolic compounds at the molecular level. Moreover, in combination with multivariate analysis, the extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds offer tools for plant chemotyping, food traceability and marker selection in omics studies. Therefore, this study reviews extraction techniques applied to recover phenolic compounds from foods and agri-food by-products, including liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction assisted by intensification technologies, solid-phase extraction, and combined methods. It also provides an overview of the characterisation techniques, including UV-Vis, infra-red, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and others used in minor applications such as Raman spectroscopy and ion mobility spectrometry, coupled or not to chromatography. Overall, a wide range of methodologies are now available, which can be applied individually and combined to provide complementary results in the roadmap around the study of phenolic compounds.
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19
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Microsatellite analysis and polymorphic marker development based on the full-length transcriptome of Camellia chekiangoleosa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18906. [PMID: 36344600 PMCID: PMC9640616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia chekiangoleosa is a popular variety of Oil-camellia that has high oil production and ornamental value. Microsatellite (SSR) markers are the preferred tool for the molecular marker-assisted breeding of C. chekiangoleosa. By focusing on the problems of the low development efficiency of polymorphic SSR markers and the lack of available functional markers in Oil-camellia, we identified 97,510 SSR loci based on the full-length transcriptome sequence of C. chekiangoleosa. An analysis of SSR characteristics showed that mononucleotide (51.29%) and dinucleotide (34.36%) SSRs were the main repeat types. The main SSR distribution areas based on proportion covered were ordered as follows: 5'UTR > 3'UTR > CDS. By comparing our data with those in databases such as GO and KEGG, we obtained functional annotations of unigene sequences containing SSR sites. The data showed that the amplification efficiency of the SSR primers was 51.72%, and the development efficiency of polymorphic SSR primers was 26.72%. Experiments verified that dinucleotide and pentanucleotide SSRs located in UTR regions could produce more polymorphic markers. An investigation into the genetic diversity of several C. chekiangoleosa populations also suggested that the developed SSR markers had higher levels of polymorphism. This study will provide a reference and high-quality markers for the large-scale development of functional SSR markers and genetic research in Oil-camellia.
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20
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Zeng J, Wang W, Chen Y, Liu X, Xu Q, Qi S, Lan D, Wang Y. Typical Characterization of Commercial Camellia Oil Products Using Different Processing Techniques: Triacylglycerol Profile, Bioactive Compounds, Oxidative Stability, Antioxidant Activity and Volatile Compounds. Foods 2022; 11:3489. [PMID: 36360102 PMCID: PMC9658760 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing technique is one of the key factors affecting the quality of camellia oil. In this study, camellia oils were obtained using four different processing techniques (cold-pressed, roast-pressed, fresh-pressed, and refined), and their triacylglycerols (TAGs) profile, bioactive compound (tocopherols, sterols, squalene, and polyphenols) level, oxidative stability, and volatile compounds were analyzed and compared. To further identify characteristic components in four camellia oil products, the TAG profile was analyzed using UPLC-QTOF-MSE. Five characteristic markers were identified, including OOO (m/z 902.8151), POL (m/z 874.7850), SOO (m/z 904.8296), PPL (m/z 848.7693), PPS (m/z 852.7987). Regarding the bioactive compound level and antioxidant capacity, the fresh-pressed technique provided higher α-tocopherols (143.15 mg/kg), β-sitosterol (93.20 mg/kg), squalene (102.08 mg/kg), and polyphenols (35.38 mg/kg) and showed stronger overall oxidation stability and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, a total of 65 volatile compounds were detected and identified in four camellia oil products, namely esters (23), aldehydes (19), acids (8), hydrocarbons (3), ketones (3), and others (9), among which pressed oil was dominated by aldehydes, acid, and esters, while refined oil had few aroma components. This study provided a comprehensive comparative perspective for revealing the significant influence of the processing technique on the camellia oil quality and its significance for producing camellia oil of high quality and with high nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weifei Wang
- Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Suijian Qi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dongming Lan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-Manufacturing, Foshan 528226, China
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21
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Wang M, Zhang Y, Wan Y, Zou Q, Shen L, Fu G, Gong ES. Effect of pretreatments of camellia seeds on the quality, phenolic profile, and antioxidant capacity of camellia oil. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1023711. [PMID: 36313117 PMCID: PMC9597088 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1023711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia oil is one of the four major woody oils in the world and has high nutritional value due to its richness in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and bioactive substances. In order to compare the effects of pretreatments of camellia seeds on the quality, phenolic profile, and antioxidant capacity of camellia oil, three different pretreatment methods, i.e., hot air (HA), steam (ST) and puffing (PU), were used to treat the seed powder in the present study. All three pretreatments changed the internal structure of the camellia seeds. The oil yield was increased after all three pretreatments, with the highest oil yield increased by PU pretreatment (Based on the oil yield, we screened out the best conditions of the three pretreatments, HA pretreatment is 60°C for 40 min, ST pretreatment is 100°C for 15 min, PU pretreatment is 800 rpm). The fatty acids (FAs) of the oil were relatively stable, with no significant changes after three pretreatments. However, all three pretreatments had a significant effect on the acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and benzo(a)pyrene (Ba P) of the camellia oil. The PU and HA pretreatments could increase the tocopherol content and the total sterols content in the camellia oil. The ST and PU pretreatments significantly increased the free phenolics (FP) content, all three pretreatments reduced the contents of conjugated phenolics (CP) and insoluble-bound phenolics (IBP) in the camellia oil. The IBP made the most significant contribution to the antioxidant capacities of camellia oil. ST and PU prtreatments increased the antioxidant capacities of the total phenolics in the camellia oil. Eight phenolics in FP, CP, and IBP were significantly correlated with the antioxidant capacities of camellia oil. The results of the present study could provide some theoretical guidance for the pretreatment of camellia seeds for higher oil yield, phenolic content and enhanced antioxidant capacities of camellia oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,State Center of Quality Testing and Inspection for Camellia Products, Ganzhou, China,Ganzhou General Inspection and Testing Institute, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yuancong Zhang
- State Center of Quality Testing and Inspection for Camellia Products, Ganzhou, China,Ganzhou General Inspection and Testing Institute, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Zou
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lecheng Shen
- State Center of Quality Testing and Inspection for Camellia Products, Ganzhou, China,Ganzhou General Inspection and Testing Institute, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guiming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Guiming Fu
| | - Er Sheng Gong
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,Er Sheng Gong
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22
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Li Z, Liu A, Du Q, Zhu W, Liu H, Naeem A, Guan Y, Chen L, Ming L. Bioactive substances and therapeutic potential of camellia oil: An overview. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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The CfSnt2-Dependent Deacetylation of Histone H3 Mediates Autophagy and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090974. [PMID: 36135699 PMCID: PMC9506038 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is one of the most valuable woody edible-oil crops, and anthracnose seriously afflicts its yield and quality. We recently showed that the CfSnt2 regulates the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola, the dominant causal agent of anthracnose on C. oleifera. However, the molecular mechanisms of CfSnt2-mediated pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we found that CfSnt2 is localized to the nucleus to regulate the deacetylation of histone H3. The further transcriptomic analysis revealed that CfSnt2 mediates the expression of global genes, including most autophagy-related genes. Furthermore, we provided evidence showing that CfSnt2 negatively regulates autophagy and is involved in the responses to host-derived ROS and ER stresses. These combined functions contribute to the pivotal roles of CfSnt2 on pathogenicity. Taken together, our studies not only illustrate how CfSnt2 functions in the nucleus, but also link its roles on the autophagy and responses to host-derived stresses with pathogenicity in C. fructicola.
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24
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Histone Acetyltransferase CfGcn5-Mediated Autophagy Governs the Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola. mBio 2022; 13:e0195622. [PMID: 35975920 PMCID: PMC9600425 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01956-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is a woody edible-oil plant in China, and anthracnose occurs wherever it is grown, causing serious losses each year. We previously identified that the histone acetyltransferase CfGcn5 orchestrates growth, development, and pathogenicity in Colletotrichum fructicola, the major causal agent of anthracnose on C. oleifera. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we conducted a transcriptome analysis and found that CfGcn5 is mainly involved in ribosomes, catalytic and metabolic processes, primary metabolism, and autophagy. In addition, we provided evidence showing that CfGcn5 serves as an autophagy repressor to mediate the expression of many autophagy-related genes (ATG) and undergoes degradation during autophagy. Moreover, we found that the CfATG8 and CfATG9 gene-deletion mutants had defects in mitosis and autophagy, resulting in their decreased appressoria formation rates and lower turgor pressure. These combined effects caused the failure of their appressoria functions and caused defects on their pathogenicity, revealing the importance of autophagy in pathogenicity. Taken together, our study illustrates that the autophagy repressor CfGcn5 undergoes degradation in order to regulate autophagy-dependent pathogenicity in C. fructicola.
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Extraction of Oils and Phytochemicals from Camellia oleifera Seeds: Trends, Challenges, and Innovations. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10081489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel., is popular in South China because of its high nutritive value and unique flavor. Nowadays, the traditional extraction methods of hot pressing extraction (HPE) and solvent extraction (SE) are contentious due to low product quality and high environmental impact. Innovative methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) and aqueous extraction (AE) are proposed to overcome the pitfalls of the traditional methods. However, they are often limited to the laboratory or pilot scale due to economic or technical bottlenecks. Optimization of extraction processes indicates the challenges in finding the optimal balance between the yield and quality of oils and phytochemicals, as well as the environmental and economic impacts. This article aims to explore recent advances and innovations related to the extraction of oils and phytochemicals from camellia seeds, and it focuses on the pretreatment and extraction processes, as well as their complex effects on nutritional and sensory qualities. We hope this review will help readers to better understand the trends, challenges, and innovations associated with the camellia industry.
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Yu J, Yan H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Xia P. Quality Evaluation of the Oil of Camellia spp. Foods 2022; 11:2221. [PMID: 35892806 PMCID: PMC9368027 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The oil of Camellia spp. has become a well-known high-quality edible oil because of its rich nutrition. It is of great significance to breed fine varieties of Camellia spp. for the sustainable growth of the Camellia spp. industry. This study mainly evaluated the quality and antioxidant capacity of the camellia seed from several sources. The fatty acid composition and main active components of 40 kinds of C. oleifera, C. vietnamensis, C. osmantha, and C. gigantocarpa seeds, and so on, from different regions, were tested using GC-MS and HPLC. The quality of different Camellia spp. germplasm resources was comprehensively evaluated using multiple indices. The unsaturated fatty acid content and the antioxidant capacity of C. vietnamensis from Hainan were higher than those of C. oleifera Abel. In addition, there were a few differences in the fatty acid compositions of Camellia spp. oil from different species. Correlation analysis confirmed that rutin, total saponin, total flavonoids, squalene, and vitamin E were strongly correlated to the antioxidant capacity of Camellia spp. In the comprehensive evaluation, the best quality and strongest antioxidant activity were found for Chengmai Dafeng (C. vietnamensis). These methods in the study were applied for the first time for the quality evaluation of the Camellia spp. species. This study provided new insights into the quality evaluation of the Camellia spp. species, thus facilitating further development of variety breeding along with quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Heqin Yan
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yougen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Pengguo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Cheng L, Li M, Han Q, Qiao Z, Hao Y, Balbuena TS, Zhao Y. Phylogenomics Resolves the Phylogeny of Theaceae by Using Low-Copy and Multi-Copy Nuclear Gene Makers and Uncovers a Fast Radiation Event Contributing to Tea Plants Diversity. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071007. [PMID: 36101388 PMCID: PMC9311850 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Theaceae includes more than 300 species of great morphological diversity and has immense economic, cultural, and ornamental values. However, the evolutionary history of this family remains elusive. We integrated 91 genomes and transcriptome datasets of Theaceae and successfully resolved the phylogeny of Theaceae including relatives of cultivated tea plants from both extensive low-copy and multi-copy nuclear gene markers. Bayes-based molecular dating revealed that the ancestor of the tea family originated slightly earlier than the K-Pg boundary (Mass extinction events including the extinction of dinosaurs) with early diversification of three tribes associated with the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Further speciation analysis suggested a sole significant diversification shift rate in the common ancestor of Camellia associated with the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. Collectively, polyploidy events, and key morphological innovation characters, such as pericarp with seed coat hardening, could possibly contribute to the Theaceae species diversity. Abstract Tea is one of the three most popular nonalcoholic beverages globally and has extremely high economic and cultural value. Currently, the classification, taxonomy, and evolutionary history of the tea family are largely elusive, including phylogeny, divergence, speciation, and diversity. For understanding the evolutionary history and dynamics of species diversity in Theaceae, a robust phylogenetic framework based on 1785 low-copy and 79,103 multi-copy nuclear genes from 91 tea plant genomes and transcriptome datasets had been reconstructed. Our results maximumly supported that the tribes Stewartieae and Gordonieae are successive sister groups to the tribe Theeae from both coalescent and super matrix ML tree analyses. Moreover, in the most evolved tribe, Theeae, the monophyletic genera Pyrenaria, Apterosperma, and Polyspora are the successive sister groups of Camellia. We also yield a well-resolved relationship of Camellia, which contains the vast majority of Theaceae species richness. Molecular dating suggests that Theaceae originated in the late L-Cretaceous, with subsequent early radiation under the Early Eocene Climatic Optimal (EECO) for the three tribes. A diversification rate shift was detected in the common ancestors of Camellia with subsequent acceleration in speciation rate under the climate optimum in the early Miocene. These results provide a phylogenetic framework and new insights into factors that likely have contributed to the survival of Theaceae, especially a successful radiation event of genus Camellia members to subtropic/tropic regions. These novel findings will facilitate the efficient conservation and utilization of germplasm resources for breeding cultivated tea and oil-tea. Collectively, these results provide a foundation for further morphological and functional evolutionary analyses across Theaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tea-Oil Tree Biology and High Value Utilization, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (L.C.); (M.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mengge Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tea-Oil Tree Biology and High Value Utilization, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (L.C.); (M.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.)
| | - Qunwei Han
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tea-Oil Tree Biology and High Value Utilization, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (L.C.); (M.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.)
| | - Zhen Qiao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tea-Oil Tree Biology and High Value Utilization, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (L.C.); (M.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanlin Hao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tea-Oil Tree Biology and High Value Utilization, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; (L.C.); (M.L.); (Q.H.); (Z.Q.); (Y.H.)
| | - Tiago Santana Balbuena
- Department of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Biotechnology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil;
| | - Yiyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence:
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Quan W, Wang A, Gao C, Li C. Applications of Chinese Camellia oleifera and its By-Products: A Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:921246. [PMID: 35685348 PMCID: PMC9171030 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.921246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia oleifera is a woody oil tree species unique to China that has been cultivated and used in China for more than 2,300 years. Most biological research on C. oleifera in recent years has focused on the development of new varieties and breeding. Novel genomic information has been generated for C. oleifera, including a high-quality reference genome at the chromosome level. Camellia seeds are used to process high-quality edible oil; they are also often used in medicine, health foods, and daily chemical products and have shown promise for the treatment and prevention of diseases. C. oleifera by-products, such as camellia seed cake, saponin, and fruit shell are widely used in the daily chemical, dyeing, papermaking, chemical fibre, textile, and pesticide industries. C. oleifera shell can also be used to prepare activated carbon electrodes, which have high electrochemical performance when used as the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries. C. oleifera is an economically valuable plant with diverse uses, and accelerating the utilization of its by-products will greatly enhance its industrial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Quan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Anping Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chaochan Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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Composition, bioactive substances, extraction technologies and the influences on characteristics of Camellia oleifera oil: A review. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kuang J, Luo N, Hao Z, Xu J, He X, Shi J. NI-Raman spectroscopy combined with BP-Adaboost neural network for adulteration detection of soybean oil in camellia oil. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yang L, Xie GL, Ma JL, Huang XQ, Gu Y, Huang L, Chen HY, Ouyang XL. Phytochemical constituents of Camellia osmantha fruit cores with antithrombotic activity. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1510-1519. [PMID: 35592273 PMCID: PMC9094467 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia osmantha is a new species of the genus Camellia and is an economically important ornamental plant. Its activity and ingredients are less studied than other Camellia plants. This study investigated the antithrombotic effect and chemical components of C. osmantha fruit cores using platelet aggregation assays and coagulation function tests. The cores of C. osmantha fruits were extracted with ethanol to obtain a crude extract. The extract was dissolved in water and further eluted with different concentrations of methanol on an MCI resin column to obtain three fractions. These samples were used for antithrombotic activity tests and phytochemical analysis. The results showed that the extract and its fractions of C. osmantha have strong antithrombotic activity, significantly reducing the platelet aggregation rate and prolonging the thrombin time (TT). The total saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols in the active fractions may be responsible for the antithrombotic activity. The chemical constituents were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS). Twenty-three compounds were identified rapidly and accurately. Among them, ellagic acid, naringenin, and quercetin 3-O-glucuronide may be important antithrombotic constituents. Furthermore, interactions between these compounds and the P2Y1 receptor were investigated via molecular modeling, because the P2Y1 receptor is a key drug target of antiplatelet aggregative activity. The molecular docking results suggested that these compounds could combine tightly with the P2Y1R protein. Our results showed that C. osmantha fruit cores are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins, which can be developed into a promising antithrombotic functional beverage for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Utilization Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Forestry Research Institute Nanning China
| | - Gui-Liang Xie
- Department of Pharmacy Gannan Healthcare Vocational College Ganzhou China
| | - Jin-Lin Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Utilization Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Forestry Research Institute Nanning China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy Gannan Healthcare Vocational College Ganzhou China
| | - Yao Gu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Utilization Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Forestry Research Institute Nanning China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Public Health and Management Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities Baise China
| | - Hai-Yan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Utilization Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Forestry Research Institute Nanning China
| | - Xi-Lin Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacy Gannan Healthcare Vocational College Ganzhou China
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Wei Z, Yang K, Guo M, Luan X, Duan Z, Li X. The effect of thermal pretreatment processing on the distribution of free and bound phenolics in virgin Camellia oleifera seed oil. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gong W, Xiao S, Wang L, Liao Z, Chang Y, Mo W, Hu G, Li W, Zhao G, Zhu H, Hu X, Ji K, Xiang X, Song Q, Yuan D, Jin S, Zhang L. Chromosome-level genome of Camellia lanceoleosa provides a valuable resource for understanding genome evolution and self-incompatibility. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:881-898. [PMID: 35306701 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The section Oleifera (Theaceae) has attracted attention for the high levels of unsaturated fatty acids found in its seeds. Here, we report the chromosome-scale genome of the sect. Oleifera using diploid wild Camellia lanceoleosa with a final size of 3.00 Gb and an N50 scaffold size of 186.43 Mb. Repetitive sequences accounted for 80.63% and were distributed unevenly across the genome. Camellia lanceoleosa underwent a whole-genome duplication event approximately 65 million years ago (65 Mya), prior to the divergence of C. lanceoleosa and Camellia sinensis (approx. 6-7 Mya). Syntenic comparisons of these two species elucidated the genomic rearrangement, appearing to be driven in part by the activity of transposable elements. The expanded and positively selected genes in C. lanceoleosa were significantly enriched in oil biosynthesis, and the expansion of homomeric acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) genes and the seed-biased expression of genes encoding heteromeric ACCase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and stearoyl-ACP desaturase could be of primary importance for the high oil and oleic acid content found in C. lanceoleosa. Theanine and catechins were present in the leaves of C. lanceoleosa. However, caffeine can not be dectected in the leaves but was abundant in the seeds and roots. The functional and transcriptional divergence of genes encoding SAM-dependent N-methyltransferases may be associated with caffeine accumulation and distribution. Gene expression profiles, structural composition and chromosomal location suggest that the late-acting self-incompatibility of C. lanceoleosa is likely to have favoured a novel mechanism co-occurring with gametophytic self-incompatibility. This study provides valuable resources for quantitative and qualitative improvements and genome assembly of polyploid plants in sect. Oleifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Shixin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Linkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Zhenyang Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yihong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Wenjuan Mo
- Experiment Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, National Permanent Scientific Research Base for Warm Temperate Zone Forestry of Jiu Long Mountain in Beijing, Beijing, 102300, China
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Guanxing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Huaguo Zhu
- College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei, 438000, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, Hubei, 438000, China
| | - Ke Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Qiling Song
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of the Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
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Wu MY, Du MH, Wen H, Wang WQ, Tang J, Shen LR. Effects of n-6 PUFA-rich soybean oil, MUFA-rich olive oil and camellia seed oil on weight and cardiometabolic profiles among Chinese women: a 3-month double-blind randomized controlled-feeding trial. Food Funct 2022; 13:4375-4383. [PMID: 35389391 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03759e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat is beneficial for cardiometabolic health. However, research that directly compares the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) is rare. The present 3-month, three-arm, randomized, controlled-feeding trial aimed to investigate the effects of n-6 PUFA- and MUFA-rich cooking oils on body weight and cardiometabolic profiles among middle-aged and elderly Chinese women at high cardiovascular risk. Ninety participants were recruited and randomly assigned to groups fed diets using n-6 PUFA-rich soybean oil (SO, n = 30), MUFA-rich olive oil (OO, n = 30), and MUFA-rich camellia seed oil (CSO, n = 30) as cooking oils considering traditional Chinese eating habits for 3 months. Participants were required to eat only the foods provided for lunch and dinner, and avoid intake of edible oils in breakfast. Body weight and cardiovascular profiles were measured at the baseline, middle, and end of the intervention, and group differences in changes of outcomes during intervention were examined by a linear mixed model. We found no significant difference in the changes of body weight among the SO group (mean change, 0.31 kg; 95% CI, -0.88 to 0.27), the OO group (mean change, -0.13 kg; 95% CI, -0.62 to 0.36), and the CSO group (mean change, -0.72 kg; 95% CI, -1.38 to -0.07). For secondary outcomes, the OO group showed a slight increase in HDL cholesterol (P = 0.03), while the CSO group showed greater reduction in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.02) when compared with the SO group. These results suggested that MUFA-rich OO and CSO exerted more favorable effects on cardiometabolic profiles among middle-aged and elderly Chinese women at high cardiovascular risk than the n-6 PUFA-rich SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Meng-Hao Du
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wen-Qiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translation Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Li-Rong Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Song F, Li Y, Wang B, Shen X, Wang H, Li R, Xia Q. Effect of drying method and wall material composition on the characteristics of camellia seed oil microcapsule powder. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Song
- Coconut Research Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Wenchang China
| | - Yannan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences Australian Catholic University Sydney Australia
| | - Xiaojun Shen
- Coconut Research Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Wenchang China
| | - Hui Wang
- Coconut Research Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Wenchang China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology Guangdong Ocean University Zhanjiang China
| | - Qiuyu Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology Guangdong Ocean University Zhanjiang China
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36
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Shi H, Zhou X, He X, Wang R, Zhou W. Camellia oil Enhances Plasma Antioxidant Metabolism and Improves Plasma Lipid Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Rats. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221081368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Living on a high-fat, high-calorie, and high-protein diet for a long period may compromise human immunity due to the long-term accumulation of free radicals and plasma lipids. The antioxidant and lipid-lowering compounds (ie polyphenols and vitamin E) in Camellia oil help to decrease the risk of numerous ailments, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), and obesity. The aims of this study were to study the hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of Camellia oil in high-fat-fed rats and to promote the high-value use of camellia resources. The high-fat-fed rats were administrated with 2.5, 7.5, and 15 mL/kg BW Camellia oil (Camellia oil group), and 10 mg/kg BW atorvastatin (atorvastatin group), respectively, and compared with a model group (only fed with high fat) and a control group (fed with basal diet). Several parameters were measured, including (1) body weight (BW), liver-to-BW ratio; (2) plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); and (3) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, model driven architecture (MDA) content, lipid metabolism-related genes, and antioxidant-related genes in liver tissue. Compared with the model group, the high-fat-fed rats in the Camellia oil and atorvastatin group had significantly lower BW and liver-to-BW ratio ( P < .01), plasma TC, TG, and LDL-C levels and ALT and AST activities, but higher HDL-C levels. The relative expressions of ACAT1, DGAT2, FAS, and SREBP genes were significantly reduced in the Camellia oil and atorvastatin groups, while the relative expressions of LCAT, UCP2, MCD, and CPT-1 genes were significantly increased. The rats in the Camellia oil group showed significantly higher SOD and GSH-Px activities, significantly lower MDA content, and significantly higher relative expression of antioxidant genes (eg SOD1, GPx1, CAT, and Gclm). Thus, atorvastatin and Camellia oil exhibited significant hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects, which were better at a dose of 7.5 mL/kg (BW) of Camellia oil. Therefore, Camellia oil becomes a potential new natural resource for future research and development of antioxidant and hypolipidemic drugs, nutraceuticals, and additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Applied technology University, Changde, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Xiaoe He
- Hunan Applied technology University, Changde, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rencai Wang
- Hunan Applied technology University, Changde, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Applied technology University, Changde, People’s Republic of China
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Liu G, Zhu W, Zhang J, Song D, Zhuang L, Ma Q, Yang X, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang J, Liang L, Xu X. Antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds separated from tea seed oil in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 2022; 371:131122. [PMID: 34571406 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tea seed oil is rich in phenols with good antioxidant capacity. However, the antioxidant capacity evaluation of tea seed oil polyphenols is not deep enough, which mainly focusing on the evaluation of the chemical system. Thirty-nine phenols were tentatively identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, including flavonoids and phenolic acids. The antioxidant capacity of phenol extracts was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The chemical assays showed the extracts had good proton and electron transfer capabilities. The CAA assay indicated the IC50 of the extracts was 77.93 ± 4.80 µg/mL and cell antioxidant capacity of the extracts was 101.05 ± 6.70 μmol·QE/100 g of oil. The animal experiments suggested phenol extracts could significantly improve the organ index, reduce malondialdehyde content, and increase superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). This study was contributed to the antioxidant capacity of phenol extracts of tea seed oil by comprehensive evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dandan Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Linwu Zhuang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China; China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China; China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Population Genetic Structure Analysis Reveals Significant Genetic Differentiation of the Endemic Species Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu. with a Narrow Geographic Range. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In order to protect and utilize the germplasm resource better, it is highly necessary to carry out a study on the genetic diversity of Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu. However, systematic research on population genetics analysis of the species is comparatively rare. Herein, 16 highly variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used for genetic structure assessment in 12 natural C. chekiangoleosa populations. The genetic diversity of C. chekiangoleosa was low (h = 0.596), within which, central populations (such as Damaoshan (DMS), Sanqingshan (SQS), and Gutianshan (GTS)) at the junction of four main mountain ranges presented high diversity and represented the center of the C. chekiangoleosa diversity distribution; the Hengshan (HS) population in the west showed the lowest diversity, and the diversity of the eastern and coastal populations was intermediate. C. chekiangoleosa exhibited a high level of genetic differentiation, and the variation among populations accounted for approximately 24% of the total variation. The major reasons for this situation are the small population scale and bottleneck effects in some populations (HS and Lingshan (LS)), coupled with inbreeding within the population and low gene flow among populations (Nm = 0.796). To scientifically protect the genetic diversity of C. chekiangoleosa, in situ conservation measures should be implemented for high-diversity populations, while low-diversity populations should be restored by reintroduction.
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Natolino A, Da Porto C, Scalet M. Broken and Intact Cell Model for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of tea Camellia sinensis (L) seed oil. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Shen TF, Huang B, Xu M, Zhou PY, Ni ZX, Gong C, Wen Q, Cao FL, Xu LA. The reference genome of camellia chekiangoleosa provides insights into camellia evolution and tea oil biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab083. [PMID: 35039868 PMCID: PMC8789033 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oil extracted from Camellia seeds is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and secondary metabolites beneficial to human health. However, no oil-tea tree genome has yet been published, which is a major obstacle to investigating the heredity improvement of oil-tea trees. Here, using both Illumina and PicBio sequencing technologies, we present the first chromosome-level genome sequence of the oil-tea tree species Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu. (CCH). The assembled genome consists of 15 pseudochromosomes with a genome size of 2.73 Gb and a scaffold N50 of 185.30 Mb. At least 2.16 Gb of the genome assembly consists of repetitive sequences, and the rest involves a high-confidence set of 64 608 protein-coding gene models. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the CCH genome underwent a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event shared across the Camellia genus at ~57.48 MYA and a γ-WGT event shared across all core eudicot plants at ~120 MYA. Gene family clustering revealed that the genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis have undergone rapid expansion. Furthermore, we determined the expression patterns of oleic acid accumulation- and terpenoid biosynthesis-associated genes in six tissues. We found that these genes tend to be highly expressed in leaves, pericarp tissues, roots, and seeds. The first chromosome-level genome of oil-tea trees will provide valuable resources for determining Camellia evolution and utilizing the germplasm of this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-fei Shen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Peng-yan Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhou-xian Ni
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chun Gong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Camellia Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Fu-liang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Wang Z, Huang B, Ye J, He Y, Tang S, Wang H, Wen Q. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals genes related to the rapid accumulation of oleic acid in Camellia chekiangoleosa, an oil tea plant with early maturity and large fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 171:95-104. [PMID: 34974387 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Camellia chekiangoleosa has a higher oleic acid content and a shorter reproductive cycle than typical oil tea plants. It was intensively sampled over six C. chekiangoleosa seed development stages. The content of fatty acids determined by GC showed that the accumulation of fatty acids gradually increased from the S1 to S5 stages, and the maximum concentration was reached in S5. Then, fatty acids declined slightly in S6. The main fatty acid component showed the same accumulation trend as the total fatty acids, except linolenic acid, which remained at a low level throughout seed developmental stages. Changes in the expression of fatty acid accumulation-related genes were monitored using second-generation and SMRT full-length transcriptome sequencing. Finally, 18.92 G accurate and reliable data were obtained. Differential expression analysis and weighted coexpression analysis revealed two "gene modules" significantly associated with oleic acid and linoleic acid contents, and the high expression of ENR, KAS I, and KAS II, which accumulate substrates for oleic acid synthesis, was thought to be responsible for the rapid accumulation of fatty acids in the early stage. The rapid increase in fatty acids in the second stage may be closely related to the synergy between the high expression of SAD and low expression of FAD2. In addition, many transcription factors, such as ERF, GRAS, GRF, MADS, MYB and WRKY, may be involved in the fatty acid synthesis. Our data provide a rich resource for further studies on the regulation of fatty acid synthesis in C. chekiangoleosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Bin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032, China.
| | - Jinshan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032, China.
| | - Yichang He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032, China.
| | - Shijie Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Huanli Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Qiang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330032, China.
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42
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Wang J, Tang X, Chu Q, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Xu B. Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in Camellia oleifera Seed Oil from Different Geographic Origins. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27010308. [PMID: 35011538 PMCID: PMC8746305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile flavor of edible oils is an important quality index and factor affecting consumer choice. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize virgin Camellia oleifera seed oil (VCO) samples from different locations in southern China in terms of their volatile compounds to show the classification of VCO with respect to geography. Different samples from 20 producing VCO regions were collected in 2020 growing season, at almost the same maturity stage, and processed under the same conditions. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometer system (GC–MS) was used to analyze volatile compounds. A total of 348 volatiles were characterized, including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, esters, alkenes, alkanes, furans, phenols, and benzene; the relative contents ranged from 7.80–58.68%, 1.73–12.52%, 2.91–37.07%, 2.73–46.50%, 0.99–12.01%, 0.40–14.95%, 0.00–27.23%, 0.00–3.75%, 0.00–7.34%, and 0.00–1.55%, respectively. The VCO geographical origins with the largest number of volatile compounds was Xixiangtang of Guangxi (L17), and the least was Beireng of Hainan (L19). A total of 23 common and 98 unique volatile compounds were detected that reflected the basic and characteristic flavor of VCO, respectively. After PCA, heatmap and PLS-DA analysis, Longchuan of Guangdong (L8), Qingshanhu of Jiangxi (L16), and Panlong of Yunnan (L20) were in one group where the annual average temperatures are relatively low, where annual rainfalls are also low. Guangning of Guangdong (L6), Yunan of Guangdong (L7), Xingning of Guangdong (L9), Tianhe of Guangdong (L10), Xuwen of Guangdong (L11), and Xiuying of Hainan (L18) were in another group where the annual average temperatures are relatively high, and the altitudes are low. Hence, volatile compound distributions confirmed the differences among the VCO samples from these geographical areas, and the provenance difference evaluation can be carried out by flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (J.W.); (X.T.); (M.Z.); (B.X.)
| | - Xuxiao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (J.W.); (X.T.); (M.Z.); (B.X.)
| | - Qiulu Chu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (J.W.); (X.T.); (M.Z.); (B.X.)
| | - Yingzhong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (J.W.); (X.T.); (M.Z.); (B.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-8707-1272
| | - Baohua Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (J.W.); (X.T.); (M.Z.); (B.X.)
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Immunomodulatory effect of camellia oil (Camellia oleifera Abel.) on CD19+ B cells enrichment and IL-10 production in BALB/c mice. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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44
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Vidal OL, Barros Santos MC, Batista AP, Andrigo FF, Baréa B, Lecomte J, Figueroa-Espinoza MC, Gontard N, Villeneuve P, Guillard V, Rezende CM, Bourlieu-Lacanal C, Larraz Ferreira MS. Active packaging films containing antioxidant extracts from green coffee oil by-products to prevent lipid oxidation. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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45
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Liu G, Zhu W, Li S, Zhou W, Zhang H, Wang J, Liu X, Zhang J, Liang L, Xu X. Antioxidant capacity and interaction of endogenous phenolic compounds from tea seed oil. Food Chem 2021; 376:131940. [PMID: 34968910 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous phenols play a significant role in delaying oil rancidity. In this study, the profile of 22 endogenous phenols was determined from tea seed oil by UPLC-MS/MS, of which 15 phenols were identified for the first time. Then seven phenols with high content and strong antioxidant capacity were selected to investigate interaction using the DPPH· and Rancimat. It was found that the interaction of combinations was inconsistent in different media. Combined quercetin + esculetin, caffeoyl tartaric acid + esculetin, caffeoyl tartaric acid + gentisic acid and esculetin + gentisic acid showed synergistic antioxidant effects in oil and ethanol systems. Moreover, through the evaluation of the lipid oxidation process, combined esculetin + gentisic acid exhibited the greatest synergistic antioxidant effect. Notably, combined quercetin + esculetin had an inhibitory effect on the formation of volatile compounds. These findings may provide a basis for explaining the oxidation stability of tea seed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sitong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wanli Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China; China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China; China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Liu X, Zhang Z, Shen M, Wu Y, He X, Liang L, Zhang J, Xu X, Liu G. Optimization of the Refining Process for Removing Benzo(a)pyrene and Improving the Quality of Tea Seed Oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 China
| | - Zhenfang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 China
| | - Mengyu Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 China
| | - Yinyin Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 China
| | - Xudong He
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225127 China
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47
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Application of UHPLC Fingerprints Combined with Chemical Pattern Recognition Analysis in the Differentiation of Six Rhodiola Species. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226855. [PMID: 34833946 PMCID: PMC8618991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodiola, especially Rhodiola crenulate and Rhodiola rosea, is an increasingly widely used traditional medicine or dietary supplement in Asian and western countries. Because of the phytochemical diversity and difference of therapeutic efficacy among Rhodiola species, it is crucial to accurately identify them. In this study, a simple and efficient method of the classification of Rhodiola crenulate, Rhodiola rosea, and their confusable species (Rhodiola serrata, Rhodiola yunnanensis, Rhodiola kirilowii and Rhodiola fastigiate) was established by UHPLC fingerprints combined with chemical pattern recognition analysis. The results showed that similarity analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) could not achieve accurate classification among the six Rhodiola species. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) combined with stepwise feature selection exhibited effective discrimination. Seven characteristic peaks that are responsible for accurate classification were selected, and their distinguishing ability was successfully verified by partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), respectively. Finally, the components of these seven characteristic peaks were identified as 1-(2-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate) β-D-glucopyranose, 4-O-glucosyl-p-coumaric acid, salidroside, epigallocatechin, 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyglucose, epigallocatechin gallate, and (+)-isolarisiresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside or (+)-isolarisiresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. The results obtained in our study provided useful information for authenticity identification and classification of Rhodiola species.
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Abstract
Camellia oleifera oil has attracted increasing attention due to its well-balanced composition. In this study, we evaluated the oil content and chemical composition of C. oleifera oil cultivated in southwest China. The results showed that the acid and peroxide values were in line with the optimal quality index of the national standard of China. Oleic acid was the most predominant and important fatty acid, which accounted for 80.34–86.18%. The α-tocopherol, polyphenols and squalene ranged from 112.36 to 410.46 mg/kg oil, 14.22 to 53.63 mg/kg oil and 14.80 to 52.49 mg/kg oil, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the synthesis score of introduced cultivars (‘Changlin 3’, ‘Changlin 4’ and ‘Changlin 18’) was higher that the local cultivars (‘Chuanya 21’ and ‘Chuanlin 2’). This research demonstrated that the introduced C. oleifera could adapt to the environment and climate of southwest China and large-scale plant of these introduced cultivars. In addition, the C. oleifera oil rich in unsaturated fatty acid has enormous potential to become a kind of functional oil and possesses great prospects for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
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49
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Xing M, Wang S, Lin J, Xia F, Feng J, Shen G. Composition Profiling and Authenticity Assessment of Camellia Oil Using High Field and Low Field 1H NMR. Molecules 2021; 26:4738. [PMID: 34443325 PMCID: PMC8400449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia oil (CA), mainly produced in southern China, has always been called Oriental olive oil (OL) due to its similar physicochemical properties to OL. The high nutritional value and high selling price of CA make mixing it with other low-quality oils prevalent, in order to make huge profits. In this paper, the transverse relaxation time (T2) distribution of different brands of CA and OL, and the variation in transverse relaxation parameters when adulterated with corn oil (CO), were assessed via low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) imagery. The nutritional compositions of CA and OL and their quality indices were obtained via high field NMR (HF-NMR) spectroscopy. The results show that the fatty acid evaluation indices values, including for squalene, oleic acid, linolenic acid and iodine, were higher in CA than in OL, indicating the nutritional value of CA. The adulterated CA with a content of CO more than 20% can be correctly identified by principal component analysis or partial least squares discriminant analysis, and the blended oils could be successfully classified by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, with an accuracy of 100% when the adulteration ratio was above 30%. These results indicate the practicability of LF-NMR in the rapid screening of food authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Xing
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (M.X.); (S.W.); (F.X.); (J.F.)
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (M.X.); (S.W.); (F.X.); (J.F.)
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Technology Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361012, China;
| | - Feng Xia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (M.X.); (S.W.); (F.X.); (J.F.)
| | - Jianghua Feng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (M.X.); (S.W.); (F.X.); (J.F.)
| | - Guiping Shen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; (M.X.); (S.W.); (F.X.); (J.F.)
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Li CX, Shen LR. New observations on the effect of camellia oil on fatty liver disease in rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 21:657-667. [PMID: 32748581 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Camellia oil has become an important plant oil in China in recent years, but its effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have not been documented. In this study, the effects of camellia oil, soybean oil, and olive oil on NAFLD were evaluated by analyzing the fatty acid profiles of the plant oils, the serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats fed different oils, and by cytological and ultrastructural observation of the rats' hepatocytes. Analysis of fatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) n-6/n-3 ratio was 33.33 in camellia oil, 12.50 in olive oil, and 7.69 in soybean oil. Analyses of serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats showed that the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a camellia oil-fed group (COFG) were lower than those in an olive oil-fed group (OOFG) and higher than those in a soybean oil-fed group (SOFG). However, only the difference in total cholesterol between the COFG and SOFG was statistically significant. Cytological observation showed that the degree of lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in the hepatocytes in the COFG was lower than that in the OOFG, but higher than that in the SOFG. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the size and number of the LDs in the hepatocytes of rats fed each of the three types of oil were related to the degree of damage to organelles, including the positions of nuclei and the integrity of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The results revealed that the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD in rats was greater than that of soybean oil, but less than that of olive oil. Although the overall trend was that among the three oil diets, those with a lower n-6/n-3 ratio were associated with a lower risk of NAFLD, and the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD was not entirely related to the n-6/n-3 ratio and may have involved other factors. This provides new insights into the effect of oil diets on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xue Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li-Rong Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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