Fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and thermal behaviour of various mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernel fats

Investigating the Water Relations in Aqueous Extract Powders of Mango (Mangifera indica) Peel and Seed Waste for Their Use in Food Matrices as a Value-Added By-Product

This study investigated the potential uses of discarded mango peel and seed parts by analyzing their water sorption behavior, hydration kinetics, and stability when converted into extract powders at pH 3 and 10. The results revealed that peel extracts had a higher water adsorption capacity compared with seed extracts due to differences in their composition. Peel extracts were primarily composed of carbohydrates (approximately 75%) with a low protein content, while seed extracts contained fewer carbohydrates (less than 30%) but higher levels of proteins (more than 30%) and lipids. The critical water content for maintaining the glassy state of peel extract powders during storage was found to be 0.025 and 0.032 g of water/g for extracts obtained at pH 3 and 10, respectively. In contrast, the Tg values of seed extracts remained relatively unchanged across different water content levels, suggesting that proteins and lipids inhibited the water's plasticizing effect in the solid matrix. These findings indicate that both mango waste fractions exhibit distinct hygroscopic behaviors, necessitating different approaches to processing and utilization. These extracts hold potential applications for various food products such as beverages, gels, sauces, or emulsions, contributing to the reduction in waste and the creation of value-added products from mango residues.

Physical Blending of Fractionated Bambangan Kernel Fat Stearin and Palm Oil Mid-Fraction to Formulate Cocoa Butter Equivalent

In this study, the physicochemical properties, composition, thermal properties, and crystal microstructure of fractionated bambangan kernel fat stearin and palm oil mid-fraction blends were investigated with respect to a potential cocoa butter equivalent. The blends were prepared in five ratios, and all of the blends exhibited similar physicochemical properties to cocoa butter. Although all of the blends had similar physicochemical properties, the blend containing 70% bambangan kernel fat stearin and 30% palm oil mid-fraction showed remarkable similarity to cocoa butter. The blend had similar fatty acid and triacylglycerol content to cocoa butter with 18.74% palmitic acids, 38.26% stearic acids, 34.05% oleic acids, 15.20% 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl glycerol, and 29.74% 1,3-disteroyl-2-oleoyl glycerol with improved thermostability (high solid fat content at 30 °C but reaching 0% at 40 °C). It also exhibited spherulite crystals with a needle-like crystal structure of 50 µm. This mixture showed good compatibility with cocoa butter at all mixing ratios; hence, it is suggested as a potential cocoa butter equivalent.

The core triacylglycerol toolbox in woody oil plants reveals targets for oil production bioengineering

Woody oil plants are the most productive oil-bearing species that produce seeds with high levels of valuable triacylglycerols (TAGs). TAGs and their derivatives are the raw materials for many macromolecular bio-based products, such as nylon precursors, and biomass-based diesel. Here, we identified 280 genes encoding seven distinct classes of enzymes (i.e., G3PAT, LPAAT, PAP, DGAT, PDCT, PDAT, and CPT) involved in TAGs-biosynthesis. Several multigene families are expanded by large-scale duplication events, such as G3PATs, and PAPs. RNA-seq was used to survey the expression profiles of these TAG pathway-related genes in different tissues or development, indicating functional redundancy for some duplicated genes originated from the large-scale duplication events, and neo-functionalization or sub-functionalization for some of them. Sixty-two genes showed strong, preferential expression during the period of rapid seed lipid synthesis, suggesting that their might represented the core TAG-toolbox. We also revealed for the first time that there is no PDCT pathway in Vernicia fordii and Xanthoceras sorbifolium. The identification of key genes involved in lipid biosynthesis will be the foundation to plan strategies to develop woody oil plant varieties with enhanced processing properties and high oil content.

Utilization of Fruit Seed-Based Bioactive Compounds for Formulating the Nutraceuticals and Functional Food: A Review

Fruit seeds include a large number of bioactive substances with potential applications in the culinary and pharmaceutical industries, satisfying current demands for natural ingredients, which are generally preferred since they have fewer adverse effects than artificial components. Researchers have long been interested in the functional features, as well as the proximate and mineral compositions, of diverse fruit seeds such as tomato, apple, guava, and dates, among others. Bioactive components such as proteins (bioactive peptides), carotenoids (lycopene), polysaccharides (pectin), phytochemicals (flavonoids), and vitamins (-tocopherol) are abundant in fruit by-products and have significant health benefits, making them a viable alternative for the formulation of a wide range of food products with significant functional and nutraceutical potential. This article discusses the role and activities of bioactive chemicals found in tomato, apple, dates, and guava seeds, which can be used in a variety of food forms to cure a variety of cardiovascular and neurological disorders, as well as act as an antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial agent. The extraction of diverse bioactive components from by-products could pave the path for the creation of value-added products from the fruit industry, making it more commercially viable while also reducing environmental pollution caused by by-products from the fruit industry.

Effect of solvent pre-treatment on the physicochemical, thermal profiles and morphological behavior of Mangifera pajang seed fat

In this work, the effect of solvent pre-treatment (hexane, petroleum ether and ethanol) on the physicochemical, thermal and morphology behavior of Mangifera pajang seed fat (MPSF) were investigated. Fat extraction was performed using Soxhlet method, and results showed that the yield, physicochemical, and crystalline structures of the MPSF were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the extraction solvents. Hexane gave the highest fat yield (7.67 %) with low unsaturation value (52.13 g iodine/g) compared with petroleum ether and ethanol. Hexane MPSF also had low oxidation rate (peroxide value of 1.1 mEq/g). Both non-stabilized and stabilized hexane MPSF showed a single melting endothermic peak at high temperature with onset, maximum peak and offset temperature of 16.23 ˚C-18.21 °C, 28.22 ˚C-31.25 °C and 34.85 ˚C-39.58 °C, respectively. Hexane MPSF crystallized rapidly at high temperature with single maximum peak starting at 16.51 ˚C-16.68 °C and ending at 0.23 ˚C-1.13 °C. In comparison with ethanol extract, hexane MPSF demonstrated a compact crystalline structure with a large densely packed center. Therefore, MPSF obtained from hexane presented better overall quality than those obtained from other extraction solvents. MPSF exhibited similar melting and morphological behavior to mango kernel fat and commercial cocoa butter. These results suggested that hexane was the best solvent for the extraction of MPSF. This fat also has the potential to be applied as a cocoa butter alternative fat or functional fat.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism associated with dynamic changes in fatty acid and phytosterol content in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) during seed development

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an excellent source of beneficial natural fatty acids and phytosterols. However, the mechanisms underlying the dynamic changes of fatty acids and phytosterols during seed development are unknown. In this study, a comprehensive dynamic change analysis of the bioactive compounds during seed development was conducted in two cultivars with different crude fat content (high-fat, JG 35 [5.40%]; and low-fat, JG 39 [2.90%]). GC-FID/MS analysis showed that the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) were higher than the saturated fatty acids (SFAs). UFA content first increased, then decreased during seed development, while SFA content showed the opposite trend. Oil contents continuously increased with seed development, especially at the S2 stage. Phytosterol contents initially increased, then decreased with seed development. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 152 genes were associated with fatty acid metabolism and phytosterol biosynthesis, of which 46 and 62 were related to UFA and phytosterol biosynthesis, respectively. Furthermore, the key genes involved in fatty acid synthesis (ACCase and FATA/B), triacylglycerol biosynthesis (LACS, GPAT, and DGAT), and phytosterols synthesis (CAS1, STM1, EGR6, and DWF1) were overexpressed. This led to maximum UFA, oil, and phytosterol accumulation in JG 35 at the S2 stage. This study reveals the mechanism behind the dynamic changes of fatty acid and phytosterol contents in foxtail millet during seed development.

A Pilot-Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction to Valorize Colombian Mango Seed Kernel

Colombian mango production, which exceeded 261,000 t in 2020, generates about 40% of the whole fruit as solid waste, of which more than 50% are seed kernels (over 52,000 t solid by-product); though none is currently used for commercial purposes. This study reports the results of the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) extraction of an oil rich in essential fatty acids (EFAs) from revalorized mango seed kernels and the optimization of the process by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In pilot-scale scCO₂ experiments, pressure (23–37 MPa) and temperature (52–73 °C) were varied, using 4.5 kg of CO₂. The highest experimental oil extraction yield was 83 g/kg (37 MPa and 63 °C); while RSM predicted that 84 g/kg would be extracted at 35 MPa and 65 °C. Moreover, by fine-tuning pressure and temperature it was possible to obtain an EFA-rich lipid fraction in linoleic (37 g/kg) and α-linolenic (4 g/kg) acids, along with a high oleic acid content (155 g/kg), by using a relatively low extraction pressure (23 MPa), which makes the process a promising approach for the extraction of oil from mango waste on an industrial scale, based on a circular economy model.

Fruit seeds and their oils as promising sources of value-added lipids from agro-industrial byproducts: oil content, lipid composition, lipid analysis, biological activity and potential biotechnological applications

Thousands of tons of fruit seeds are discarded every year worldwide as agro-industrial byproducts. Fruit seeds have a high oil content, are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (FA) and in n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated essential FA. Sterols, phospholipids, glycolipids, carotenoids, tocopherols and polyphenols are other seed phytochemicals that make them interesting from a commercial viewpoint. Fruit seeds have high potential as raw material for several industries, but their lipid profile remains poorly studied. Current analytical approaches for the analysis of lipids that are based on high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry allow the separation and analysis of compounds with the accurate identification and structural characterization of molecular species in very small quantities. Even though lipidomic analysis of fruit seeds' lipids is still in its infancy, it will bring a new look over these value-added byproducts. This review covers the following topics: (a) the lipid content of various fruit seed oils; (b) their lipid composition (FA, triacylglycerol, sterol, phospholipid and glycolipid profiles), (c) current and future analytical methodologies for the analysis of lipids in fruit seeds; (d) biological activities of fruit seeds' extracts; and (e) potential biotechnological applications of fruit seed oils for their commercial valorization based on lipids.

Effect of polyglycerol polyricinoleate on the polymorphic transitions and physicochemical properties of mango butter

Emulsifiers act as Fat crystal modifiers and can modulate the crystallization process of fats. In this study, we have reported the effect of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) on the physicochemical properties of an underutilized vegetable fat "mango butter" (MB). MB-PGPR based formulations were prepared by heat-cool method. Microscopic studies showed that PGPR resulted in the formation of globular MB crystals. XRD and thermal studies conjointly suggested that the MB crystals were predominantly crystallized as β-polymorph. However, PGPR induced imperfections within the MB crystals. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that PGPR considerably varied the local environment of the MB crystals. PGPR also altered the nucleation time and crystallization rate of the MB crystal formation. The MB formulation that contained 2.5% (w/w) PGPR was found to have good mechanical stability. In gist, the addition of PGPR (as a crystal modifier) can help us to influence the crystal behavior and physicochemical properties of the MB fat.

An integrated approach for the valorization of mango seed kernel: Efficient extraction solvent selection, phytochemical profiling and antiproliferative activity assessment

A novel valorization strategy is proposed in this work for the sustainable utilization of a major mango processing waste (i.e. mango seed kernel, MSK), integrating green pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE), bioactive assays and comprehensive HRMS-based phytochemical characterization to obtain bioactive-rich fractions with high antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity against human colon cancer cells. Thus, a two steps PLE procedure was proposed to recover first the non-polar fraction (fatty acids and lipids) and second the polar fraction (polyphenols). Efficient selection of the most suitable solvent for the second PLE step (ethanol/ethyl acetate mixture) was based on the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) approach. A comprehensive GC- and LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS profiling analysis allowed the complete characterization of the lipidic and phenolic fractions obtained under optimal condition (100% EtOH at 150 °C), demonstrating the abundance of oleic and stearic acids, as well as bioactive xanthones, phenolic acids, flavonoids, gallate derivatives and gallotannins. The obtained MSK-extract exhibited higher antiproliferative activity against human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 compared to traditional extraction procedures described in literature for MSK utilization (e.g. Soxhlet), demonstrating the great potential of the proposed valorization strategy as a valuable opportunity for mango processing industry to deliver a value-added product to the market with health promoting properties.