Alkaline conditions better extract anti-inflammatory polysaccharides from winemaking by-products

Structural characteristics and biological activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide HDCP-2 from Camellia sinensis

Large-leaf Yellow tea (LYT) is a traditional beverage from Camellia Sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze in China and has unusual health-regulating functions. This investigation explored the structural characteristics of a polysaccharide extracted from LYT, which possesses anti-inflammatory activity. The polysaccharide HDCP-2, obtained through ethanol fractional precipitation and then DEAE-52 anion exchange column, followed by DPPH radical scavenging screening, exhibited a yield of 0.19 %. The HPGPC method indicated that the molecular weight of HDCP-2 is approximately 2.9 × 104 Da. Analysis of the monosaccharide composition revealed that HDCP-2 consisted of mannose, glucose, xylose, and galacturonic acid, and their molar ratio is approximately 0.4:0.5:1.2:0.7. The structure motif of HDCP-2 was probed carefully through methylation analysis, FT-IR, and NMR analysis, which identified the presence of β-d-Xylp(1→, →2, 4)-β-d-Xylp(1→, →3)-β-d-Manp(1→, α-d-Glcp(1→ and →2, 4)-α-d-GalAp(1→ linkages. A CCK-8 kit assay was employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of HDCP-2. These results demonstrated that HDCP-2 could inhibit the migration and proliferation of the MH7A cells and reduce NO production in an inflammatory model induced by TNF-α. The abundant presence of xylose accounted for 39 % of the LYT polysaccharide structure, and its distinctive linking mode (→2, 4)-β-d-Xylp(1→) appears to be the primary contributing factor to its anti-inflammatory effect.

The effect of Jordanian essential oil from coriander seeds on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory activities using RAW 246.7 murine macrophages

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a member of the Umbelliferae/Apiaceae family and one of the well-known essential oil-containing plants, in which the seeds are used in traditional medicine, and as flavoring in food preparation. Knowing the diverse chemical components of different parts of the plant, this work aims to investigate the antioxidant, the anti-inflammatory, and the immunostimulatory modulator effects of the Jordanian C. sativum's seed extracted essential oil (JCEO). Coriander oil extract was prepared by hydro-distillation method using the Clevenger apparatus. Different concentrations of coriander oil were examined by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, MTT assay, pro-inflammatory cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor-TNF-alpha) production in RAW264.7 murine macrophages in addition, scratch-wound assessment, NO level examination, Th1/Th2 assay, phagocytosis assay, and fluorescence imaging using DAPI stain were conducted. JCEO had a potential metabolic enhancer effect at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL on cell viability with anti-inflammatory activities via increasing cytokines like IL-10, IL-4, and limiting NO, INF-γ, and TNF-α release into cell supernatant. Antioxidant activity was seen significantly at higher concentrations of JCEO reaching 98.7% when using 100mg/mL and minimally reaching 50% at 12.5mg/mL of the essential oil. Treated macrophages were able to attain full scratch closure after 48-hrs at concentrations below 0.3mg/mL. The seed-extracted JCEO showed significant free radical scavenging activity even at lower dilutions. It also significantly induced an anti-inflammatory effect via an increase in the release of cytokines but reduced the LPS-induced NO and TNF-α production at 0.16-0.3mg/mL. In summary, coriander essential oil demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory effects, showcasing its therapeutic potential at specific concentrations. The findings underscore its safety and metabolic enhancement properties, emphasizing its promising role in promoting cellular health.

Physicochemical Characterization and Biological Properties of Polysaccharides from Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus

Polysaccharides (AOPs) were extracted from Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus using three distinct methods: hot water (AOP-HW), hydrochloric acid (AOP-AC), and NaOH/NaBH4 (AOP-AL). This study systematically investigated and compared the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, antioxidant activities, and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the extracted polysaccharides. Among the three AOPs, AOP-AC exhibited the highest yield (13.76%) and neutral sugar content (80.57%), but had the lowest molecular weight (121.28 kDa). Conversely, AOP-HW had the lowest yield (4.54%) but the highest molecular weight (385.42 kDa). AOP-AL was predominantly composed of arabinose (28.42 mol%), galacturonic acid (17.61 mol%), and galactose (17.09 mol%), while glucose was the major sugar in both AOP-HW (52.31 mol%) and AOP-AC (94.77 mol%). Functionally, AOP-AL demonstrated superior scavenging activities against DPPH, hydroxyl, and ABTS radicals, whereas AOP-AC exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on α-amylase. These findings indicate that the extraction solvent significantly influences the physicochemical and biological properties of AOPs, thus guiding the selection of appropriate extraction methods for specific applications. The results of this study have broad implications for industries seeking natural polysaccharides with antioxidant and enzymatic inhibitory properties.

Effects of Ball Milling Combined With Cellulase Treatment on Physicochemical Properties and in vitro Hypoglycemic Ability of Sea Buckthorn Seed Meal Insoluble Dietary Fiber

To improve the rough texture and hypoglycemic ability of sea buckthorn insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), a novel combined modification method was developed in this study. The IDF was treated with ball milling and cellulase treatment to obtain co-modified insoluble dietary fiber (CIDF). The physicochemical and functional properties of IDF, milled insoluble dietary fiber (MIDF), and CIDF were studied. After treatments, MIDF had smaller particle sizes and a looser structure, and CIDF exhibited a wrinkled surface and sparse porous structure according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Compared to IDF, MIDF and CIDF showed improved water-holding, oil-binding, and swelling capacities, improved by 16.13, 14.29, and 15.38%, and 38.5, 22.2, and 25.0%, for MIDF and CIDF, respectively. The cation exchange ability of modified samples showed improvement as well. Treatments also changed the fluidity of MIDF and CIDF. Due to the smaller particles and increased stacking, the bulk density (BD) and angle of repose of MIDF improved by 33.3% and 4.1° compared to IDF, whereas CIDF had a looser structure and thus decreased by 7.1% and 13.3° with increased fluidity. Moreover, the modification also enhanced the effects of CIDF on glucose adsorption, glucose diffusion inhibition, starch digestion inhibition, starch pasting interference, and α-amylase activity inhibition. In summary, IDF modified by ball milling combined with cellulose treatment could be developed as a functional ingredient for regulating glucose content.

Optimizing the Extraction of Polysaccharides from Bletilla ochracea Schltr. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Evaluating their Antioxidant Activity

Bletilla ochracea Schltr. polysaccharides (BOP) have a similar structure to Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. (Orchidaceae) polysaccharides (BSP). Therefore, BOP can be considered as a substitute for BSP in the food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics fields. To the best of our knowledge, little information is available regarding the optimization of extraction and antioxidant activity of BOP. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was firstly used for optimizing the extraction parameters of BOP. The results suggested that the optimal conditions included a temperature of 82 °C, a duration of 85 min and a liquid/material ratio of 30 mL/g. In these conditions, we received 26.45% ± 0.18% as the experimental yield. In addition, BOP exhibited strong concentration-dependent antioxidant abilities in vitro. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of BOP against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+·), hydroxyl (·OH) and superoxide anion (·O2−) radicals and ferrous ions (Fe2+) were determined as 692.16, 224.09, 542.22, 600.53 and 515.70 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate that BOP can be a potential natural antioxidant, deserving further investigation.