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Jia J, Zhao H, Li F, Zheng Q, Wang G, Li D, Liu Y. Research on drug treatment and the novel signaling pathway of chronic atrophic gastritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116912. [PMID: 38850667 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a global digestive system disease and one of the important causes of gastric cancer. The incidence of CAG has been increasing yearly worldwide. PURPOSE This article reviews the latest research on the common causes and future therapeutic targets of CAG as well as the pharmacological effects of corresponding clinical drugs. We provide a detailed theoretical basis for further research on possible methods for the treatment of CAG and reversal of the CAG process. RESULTS CAG often develops from chronic gastritis, and its main pathological manifestation is atrophy of the gastric mucosa, which can develop into gastric cancer. The drug treatment of CAG can be divided into agents that regulate gastric acid secretion, eradicate Helicobacter. pylori (H. pylori), protect gastric mucous membrane, or inhibit inflammatory factors according to their mechanism of action. Although there are limited specific drugs for the treatment of CAG, progress is being made in defining the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of the disease. Growing evidence shows that NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/ β-catenin, MAPK, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Hedgehog, and VEGF signaling pathways play an important role in the development of CAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Jia
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Fangfei Li
- Shum Yiu Foon Shum Bik Chuen Memorial Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, PR China
| | - Guoli Wang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Defang Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, PR China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Binzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China.
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Cui W, Li A, Zhang L, Wei J, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Li K, Qin X. Comparison of two different integrated method of pharmacokinetics by the integrated pharmacokinetic research of fangji huangqi decoction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123831. [PMID: 37515912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is characterized by its multiple components. The utilization of mathematical statistical methods to integrate the pharmacokinetics of monomer components can provide a comprehensive understanding of the holistic pharmacokinetic process of TCM. Two distinct integrated methods, namely the correlation coefficient method and the AUC-based weight coefficient method, were employed in this study to elucidate and compare their differences in the integrated pharmacokinetic research of Fangji Huangqi decoction (FHD). FHD is commonly used in clinical practice to treat the nephrotic syndrome. Firstly, one-dose FHD was given to doxorubicin-induced nephropathy (DN) rats, and the prototype compounds of FHD and their metabolites in plasma were qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Secondly, the efficacy of FHD was quantitatively characterized by the relative distance method based on metabolomics. The correlation coefficients were obtained by analyzing the correlation between efficacy (relative distance values) and the content of compound, and they were subsequently used for the model integration (correlation coefficient method). Thirdly, the effective compounds of FHD treating DN were screened by integrating network pharmacology and molecular docking, and they were used for another integrated pharmacokinetic model by AUD-based weight coefficient method. Finally, the 2 integrated methods and the 2 integrated pharmacokinetic models were compared. In this study, 30 prototype compounds and 41 metabolites of FHD in plasma were identified, and the pharmacokinetic curve of 18 prototype compounds were built. The efficacy of FHD in the treatment of DN has been relatively quantitation. The 2 established integrated pharmacokinetic models of FHD indicated that the correlation coefficient method was the optimal approach for conducting the integrated pharmacokinetic research on the TCM with unknown effective compounds, whereas the AUC-based coefficient method was suitable for the TCM with the clear effective compounds. The integrated pharmacokinetic models indicated that FHD had high bioavailability and an absorption peak at about 6 h after administration, indicating that the 6 h after administration was the critical period of FHD treating DN. This research would be helpful for the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic research of FHD, and provide a method reference for the integrated pharmacokinetic research of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Cui
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China; Shanxi Health Vocational College, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical sciences of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Wei
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yirui Zhao
- Shanxi Provincial Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, No. 13, Fudong Street, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan 030013, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuetao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Li A, Cui W, Zhao Y, Luo T, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Li K, Qin X, Zhang L. Exploration of the main effective constituent and the mechanism in Astragali Radix in the treatment for doxorubicin-induced nephropathy by integrating metabolomics and molecular docking. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116074. [PMID: 36577490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragali Radix (AR) is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. AR was the main medicine in a Chinese traditional prescription called Fangji Huangqi Decoction, and it has been used to treating nephrotic syndrome (NS) for thousands of years in China. In recent years, AR has been evidenced to have anti-inflammatory activity, antihyperglycemic activity, antioxidant activity, etc. There are two mainstream commodities for ARs in the market including the imitation wild AR and transplanted AR. However, it is not clear whether the imitation wild AR or transplanted AR and which kind of component, astragalus saponin, astragalus flavonoid or astragalus polysaccharide, makes a bigger contribution in treating NS. And the exact molecular mechanism is not fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore which kind of AR and which kind of component in AR makes the bigger contribution in treating NS, and exploring the molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, HPLC-UV/ELSD was used for quantitative determination of the constituents in different ARs. Secondly, the efficacy of different ARs treating doxorubicin-induced nephropathy (DN) was compared by metabolomics. Thirdly, the protective effects of different constituents from ARs on the damage of MPC5 cells induced by adriamycin are validated. Finally, the effective constituents and mechanism of ARs against doxorubicin-induced nephropathy were investigated by network pharmacology and molecular docking. RESULTS Quantitative determination experiment and pharmacological experiment indicated that the AR produced from Gansu province (China) (transplanted AR) with a higher proportion of total saponins, has better efficacy in the treatment for DN. And the cell experiment validated the result that astragalus saponins has the better efficacy in protecting the podocyte against injury than astragalus flavonoids and polysaccharides. The network pharmacology and molecular docking study indicated that astragalus saponins were the main constituent of AR in the treatment for DN. The mechanism may involve in GnRH signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway and metabolic pathways, especially of bilirubin metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Transplanted AR has better efficacy in the treatment for NS than imitation wild AR, astragalus saponins have better efficacy in the treatment for NS than astragalus flavonoids and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenbo Cui
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Health Vocational College, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yirui Zhao
- Shanxi Provincial Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, No. 13, Fudong Street, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuetao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Ke Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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Jia L, Qin X, Liu Y. Integrated pharmacokinetics of Huangqi Jianzhong Tang in normal and chronic atrophic gastritis rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5492. [PMID: 36027597 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Huangqi Jianzhong Tang (HQJZ) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in China. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to study the pharmacokinetics of 12 prototypical components and one metabolite in HQJZ in normal and chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) rats. As results, AUC(0-t) , AUC (0-∞) and Cmax of most flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides were decreased, and T1/2 and MRT(0-t) were significantly increased, which indicated that the absorption of drugs in disease was decreased less and longer in vivo. Then, the integrated pharmacokinetic study was carried out by using the pharmacokinetic parameter model integration of each component. The results showed that the absorption of drugs in vivo with disease was reduced, and the absorption speed of flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides was accelerated. This study would provide the basis for clinical medication safety of HQJZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jia
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuetao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
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Zhu Z, Wu S, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang Y. Reveal the Antimigraine Mechanism of Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Cyperi Rhizoma Based on the Integrated Analysis of Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:805984. [PMID: 35401159 PMCID: PMC8987590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.805984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a common neurological disorder that manifests as recurrent attacks of unilateral and throbbing headache. Conioselinum anthriscoides “Chuanxiong” (Apiaceae; Chuanxiong rhizoma) and Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae; Cyperi rhizoma) (CRCR), is a classic prescription for treating migraine. This study aimed to reveal the potential mechanisms of CRCR extract against migraine using integrated analysis of metabolomics and network pharmacology. Behavioral changes in the nitroglycerin rat migraine model were determined from von Frey withdrawal response. Untargeted serum metabolomics was used to identify the differentially expressed metabolites and metabolic pathways. The differentially expressed metabolites were analyzed to obtain the corresponding targets by a compound–reaction–enzyme–gene network. Network pharmacology was used to construct a compound–target–pathway network. The common targets of metabolomics and network pharmacology were further analyzed. Metabolomics analysis identified 96 differentially expressed metabolites and 77 corresponding targets. Network pharmacology analysis identified 201 potential targets for CRCR against migraine. By intersecting 77 targets with 201 targets, monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) were identified as the common targets, and MAO-A, MAO-B, and COMT were involved in the tyrosine metabolism pathway. Further experiments demonstrated that the contents of MAO-A and COMT were significantly increased in serum and brainstem tissue of the migraine rats. CRCR extract significantly decreased the contents of MAO-A and COMT, while no significant difference was found in MAO-B. Metabolomics analysis indicated that the contents of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate (DOPAC) and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate (HPP) were significantly increased in the migraine rats, and CRCR extract caused significant decreases in DOPAC and HPP. Interestingly, DOPAC and HPP were two differentially expressed metabolites involved in the tyrosine metabolism pathway. Correlation analysis showed that DOPAC and HPP were highly positively correlated with MAO-A and COMT. Taken together, two key differentially expressed metabolites (DOPAC and HPP), two key targets (MAO-A and COMT), and one relevant metabolic pathway (tyrosine metabolism) showed great importance in the treatment of migraine. This research could provide a new understanding of the potential mechanism of CRCR against migraine. More attentions should be paid into the tyrosine metabolism pathway in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Wu,
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Qin S, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Xu F, Zhang P. Subcellular metabolomics: Isolation, measurement, and applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 210:114557. [PMID: 34979492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, a technique that profiles global small molecules in biological samples, has been a pivotal tool for disease diagnosis and mechanism research. The sample type in metabolomics covers a wide range, including a variety of body fluids, tissues, and cells. However, little attention was paid to the smaller, relatively independent partition systems in cells, namely the organelles. The organelles are specific compartments/places where diverse metabolic activities are happening in an orderly manner. Metabolic disorders of organelles were found to occur in various pathological conditions such as inherited metabolic diseases, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, at the cellular level, the metabolic outcomes of organelles and cytoplasm are superimposed interactively, making it difficult to describe the changes in subcellular compartments. Therefore, characterizing the metabolic pool in the compartmentalized system is of great significance for understanding the role of organelles in physiological functions and diseases. So far, there are very few research articles or reviews related to subcellular metabolomics. In this review, subcellular fractionation and metabolite analysis methods, as well as the application of subcellular metabolomics in the physiological and pathological studies are systematically reviewed, as a practical reference to promote the continued advancement in subcellular metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Pei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Tong Y, Zhao X, Wang R, Li R, Zou W, Zhao Y. Therapeutic effect of berberine on chronic atrophic gastritis based on plasma and urine metabolisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174335. [PMID: 34265298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of berberine (BBR) on chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) and its potential mechanism. The effects of BBR on gastric histopathology, serum biochemical indexes and inflammatory factors in CAG rats were assessed. Moreover, plasma and urine metabolomics based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) were used to identify potential metabolic markers and possible pathways of BBR in the treatment of CAG. The results showed that BBR could significantly improve the pathological characteristics of gastric tissue, alleviate the serum biochemical indexes and reduce the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, Cyclooxygenase-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, Interleukin-17A and I interferon-γ. The results of metabolomic analysis show that the therapeutic effect of BBR on CAG may be related to the regulation of 15 metabolic markers and 12 metabolic pathways, which may be the potential mechanism for the treatment of CAG. This study provides new insights for elucidating the mechanism of BBR improving CAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Tong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Chinese, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yanling Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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