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Li F, Deng J, Zhang Z, Wang C, Mao Y. FabV, the Unique Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase in Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis Associated with Walnut Bacterial Blight, Is Essential for the Growth and Confers Triclosan Resistance to the Strain. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:780-791. [PMID: 37913555 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0272-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Walnut bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) is one of the most prevalent diseases of walnut (Juglans spp.), causing significant reductions in nut yield and important losses in economy. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase (ENR) is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of bacterial fatty acids. In this study, we identified a single ENR-encoding gene, RS10040, in the genome of the XajDW3F3 strain. Sequence alignment analysis suggested RS10040 as a candidate fabV gene in Xaj. Expression of XajfabV restored the growth of the Escherichia coli fabI temperature-sensitive mutant under a nonpermissive growth condition. In vitro assays demonstrated that XajFabV catalyzed enoyl-ACPs of various chain lengths to acyl-ACPs, demonstrating its role in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, we confirmed that XajfabV is an essential gene for growth, as no XajfabV deletion mutant could be obtained, although XajfabV in the chromosome could be deleted after compensating with a functional ENR-encoding gene via an exogenous plasmid. The fabV replacement mutants showed similar growth characteristic and fatty acid compositions. Our data further identified that fabV conferred Xaj with tolerance to various environmental stresses. Although XajFabV conferred Xaj with triclosan resistance, the resistance of Xaj was weaker than that found for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, triclosan exhibited a control effect against infection of the ΔfabV/EcfabI to its host walnut. This study revealed the function of XajFabV and laid a theoretical foundation for the fatty acid synthesis mechanism of Xaj.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables/College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Jiangli Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables/College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Zhilin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables/College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables/College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Yahui Mao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables/College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
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Zhang Z, Cui T, Tai L, Mu K, Shi Y, Chen F, Liao X, Hu X, Dong L. Effect of High-Pressure Micro-Fluidization on the Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in Liquid Food. Foods 2023; 12:4306. [PMID: 38231783 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
High-pressure homogenization has been extensively studied for its excellent homogenization effect and the prospect of continuous liquid food production, but its sterilization ability still needs to be improved. In this study, we replaced the homogenization valve with two opposing diamond nozzles (0.05 mm inner diameter) so that the fluid collided at high velocity, corresponding to high-pressure micro-fluidization (HPM). Moreover, HPM treatment significantly inactivated Staphylococcus aureus ~7 log in the liquid with no detectable sub-lethal state at a pressure of 400 MPa and a discharge temperature of 50 °C. The sterilization effect of HPM on S. aureus subsp. aureus was attributed to a significantly disrupted cell structure and increased membrane permeability, which led to the leakage of intracellular proteins, resulting in bacterial death. At the same time, HPM treatment was able to significantly reduce the ability of S. aureus subsp. aureus to form biofilms, which, in turn, reduced its virulence. Finally, compared to the simulated system, more effective sterilization was observed in apple juice, with its color and pH remaining unchanged, which suggested that HPM can be used to process other liquid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zequn Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, No. 17, East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianlin Cui
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, No. 17, East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Luyang Tai
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, No. 17, East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kangyi Mu
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, No. 17, East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yicong Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, No. 17, East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, No. 17, East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, No. 17, East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, No. 17, East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
- Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, No. 17, East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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Li P, Mei J, Xie J. The regulation of carbon dioxide on food microorganisms: A review. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113170. [PMID: 37689923 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a survey of two extremely important technologies about CO2 with the effectiveness of controlling microorganisms - atmospheric pressure CO2-based modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and high pressure CO2 non-thermal pasteurization (HPCD). CO2-based MAP is effectively in delaying the lag and logarithmic phases of microorganisms by replacing the surrounding air, while HPCD achieved sterilization by subjecting food to either subcritical or supercritical CO2 for some time in a continuous, batch or semi-batch way. In addition to the advantages of healthy, eco-friendly, quality-preserving, effective characteristic, some challenges such as the high drip loss and packaging collapse associated with higher concentration of CO2, the fuzzy mechanisms of oxidative stress, the unproven specific metabolic pathways and biomarkers, etc., in CO2-based MAP, and the unavoidable extraction of bioactive compounds, the challenging application in solid foods with higher efficiency, the difficult balance between optimal sterilization and optimal food quality, etc., in HPCD still need more efforts to overcome. The action mechanism of CO2 on microorganisms, researches in recent years, problems and future perspectives are summarized. When dissolved in solution medium or cellular fluids, CO2 can form carbonic acid (H2CO3), and H2CO3 can further dissociate into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), carbonate (CO32-) and hydrogen cations (H+) ionic species following series equilibria. The action mode of CO2 on microorganisms may be relevant to changes in intracellular pH, alteration of proteins, enzyme structure and function, alteration of cell membrane function and fluidity, and so on. Nevertheless, the effects of CO2 on microbial biofilms, energy metabolism, protein and gene expression also need to be explored more extensively and deeply to further understand the action mechanism of CO2 on microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116034, China.
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Morata A, del Fresno JM, Gavahian M, Guamis B, Palomero F, López C. Effect of HHP and UHPH High-Pressure Techniques on the Extraction and Stability of Grape and Other Fruit Anthocyanins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1746. [PMID: 37760049 PMCID: PMC10526052 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of high-pressure technologies is a hot topic in food science because of the potential for a gentle process in which spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms can be eliminated; these technologies also have effects on the extraction, preservation, and modification of some constituents. Whole grapes or bunches can be processed by High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP), which causes poration of the skin cell walls and rapid diffusion of the anthocyanins into the pulp and seeds in a short treatment time (2-10 min), improving maceration. Grape juice with colloidal skin particles of less than 500 µm processed by Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH) is nano-fragmented with high anthocyanin release. Anthocyanins can be rapidly extracted from skins using HHP and cell fragments using UHPH, releasing them and facilitating their diffusion into the liquid quickly. HHP and UHPH techniques are gentle and protective of sensitive molecules such as phenols, terpenes, and vitamins. Both techniques are non-thermal technologies with mild temperatures and residence times. Moreover, UHPH produces an intense inactivation of oxidative enzymes (PPOs), thus preserving the antioxidant activity of grape juices. Both technologies can be applied to juices or concentrates; in addition, HHP can be applied to grapes or bunches. This review provides detailed information on the main features of these novel techniques, their current status in anthocyanin extraction, and their effects on stability and process sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Morata
- enotecUPM, Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.d.F.); (F.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Juan Manuel del Fresno
- enotecUPM, Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.d.F.); (F.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Mohsen Gavahian
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Buenaventura Guamis
- Centre d’Innovació, Recerca I Transferència en Tecnologia Dels Aliments (CIRTTA), TECNIO, XaRTA, Departament de Ciència Animal I Dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Felipe Palomero
- enotecUPM, Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.d.F.); (F.P.); (C.L.)
| | - Carmen López
- enotecUPM, Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.d.F.); (F.P.); (C.L.)
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