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Costa MJ, Sousa I, Pinto Moura A, Teixeira JA, Cunha LM. Food Fraud Conceptualization: An Exploratory Study with Portuguese Consumers. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100301. [PMID: 38740141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Food fraud refers to deceptive practices conducted for economic gain, and incidents of such fraud are often reported in the media and scientific literature. However, little is known about how European consumers perceive food fraud. To address this gap, a study explored Portuguese consumers' knowledge and perceptions of food fraud using qualitative methods such as free word association and semi-structured interviews. For this research, 340 participants were recruited, providing 911 valid words, classified into categories, major categories, and dimensions. Differences between consumers' previous exposure to food fraud and sociodemographic characteristics were explored. Additionally, other thirty-six participants were selected and interviewed, following a semi-structured guide. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using a thematic analysis procedure. The results suggest that Portuguese consumers view food fraud as a morally reprehensible deception and are aware of its causes and impacts. However, not all consumers know the different forms of food fraud or the types of products vulnerable to fraud. Among the most repeated words were "deception", "expiration date", and "falsification". Despite this food fraud awareness, most consumers believed they were not exposed to food fraud and stated that they do not conduct daily practices to reduce exposure to it. Following the chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were identified between participants exposed and not exposed to food fraud. The study also found that consumers with higher education and self-reported exposure to food fraud had a better understanding of the issue. This study provides insights for quantitative research on consumer perceptions and beliefs about food fraud to explore further vulnerable food categories and types of food fraud in real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Costa
- GreenUPorto- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4Agro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sousa
- GreenUPorto- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4Agro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Pinto Moura
- GreenUPorto- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4Agro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; DCeT, Universidade Aberta, Porto, Portugal
| | - José A Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS -Associated Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luís Miguel Cunha
- GreenUPorto- Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4Agro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Velazco DM, Hess A, Edwards-Callaway LN, Nair MN. Benchmarking the United States bison meat industry: stakeholder perceptions, production parameters, and live animal factors affecting meat quality. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae033. [PMID: 38347826 PMCID: PMC10924537 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to understand stakeholder perceptions regarding the bison industry, 2) to benchmark live animal characteristics and production parameters of the bison industry, and 3) to identify live animal factors related to animal welfare and their effect on specific quality characteristics of bison meat. A survey was conducted both online and in-person at the National Bison Association Winter Conference (2022). Descriptive statistics were performed on a total of 110 surveys. Most stakeholders (94%, n = 104) agreed that the industry should continue to grow, and the majority (99%, 108) agreed that animal welfare impacts meat quality. Facility design (80%, n = 88), animal handling (78%, 86), employee training (56%, 62), and transportation duration (56%, 62) were selected as the factors that affect animal welfare. More than half of the stakeholders selected flavor (67%, n = 74) as the most important quality attribute of bison meat. For the in-plant antemortem and postmortem parameters data was collected from three plants in the United States over the course of a year. A total of 2,284 bison (bulls: n = 1,101; cows: n = 199; heifers: n = 984) were included in the study. Antemortem measurements such as distance traveled, vocalization, prod use, mobility, and head bumps were measured, followed by postmortem measurements that included bruise score, live weight, dressing percentage, ribeye area, and instrumental color. Approximately 97% of bison (n = 2,213) had at least one bruise. The average distance traveled from producer to slaughter plant was (mean ± SD; 823 ± 583 km) and the average dressing percentage was (mean ± SD; 60.5 ± 3.3%). Average (mean ± SD) fat thickness and ribeye area were 1.4 ± 1.1 cm and 62.6 ± 9.8 cm2, respectively. Approximately 30% (n = 676) of the bison in this study head bumped between 1 and 5 times in the restraining chute or the single-file gate before being stunned. Linear regression indicated that differences in lean a* were associated with plant, number of head bumps in the chute, ribeye area, fat thickness, live weight, and sex class (P < 0.05). Logistic regression indicated that season, sex class, live weight, plant, and season were associated with differences (P < 0.05) in bruising. These results can be used as a baseline for current production parameters and serve as the foundation for future research to monitor improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Velazco
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ann Hess
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Mahesh N Nair
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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File D, File B, Bőthe B, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Investigating mental representations of psychoactive substance use and other potentially addictive behaviors using a data driven network-based clustering method. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287564. [PMID: 37856517 PMCID: PMC10586681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of the present study was to examine the mental representations of the use of different substances and other potentially addictive behaviors in order to explore meaningful similarities and differences that may contribute to a better understanding of behavioral addictions' representations and diagnostic criteria. METHODS The authors mapped the mental and emotional representations of 661 participants (70.5% women; Mage = 35.2 years, SD = 11.7) to the concept "your most disturbing excessive activity" using free-word associations combined with a network-based clustering method. RESULTS The network analyses identified four distinct mental representations, three implicating dominantly negative (Guilt/Shame/Relief, Addiction/Health, and Procrastination/Boredom) and one dominantly positive emotion (Stress/Relaxation). The distribution of Addiction/Health and Procrastination/Boredom representations were different across substance use and problem behaviors, indicating meaningful differences in the underlying cognitive evaluation processes. The Addiction/Health representation was more frequent for substances, while for other addictive behaviors, the Procrastination/Boredom representation was more frequent, and its frequency increased with the self-reported intensity of the behavior. Guilt/Shame/Relief was equally common for both substances and behaviors, but importantly, for substances its' likelihood increased with the intensity of use. CONCLUSION The common part of representations for substance use and other potentially addictive behaviors supports the scientific viewpoint, that real addictions can exist even in the absence of psychoactive drugs. Based on the results, a novel proposition is posited, that a more appropriate indicator of tolerance for problem behaviors might be the perceived amount of time wasted on the activity rather than the actual time spent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonkos File
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint File
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
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Gero D, Müller V, File B, Bueter M, Widmer J, Thalheimer A. Attitudes of primary care physicians toward bariatric surgery: a free word association networks analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2023; 19:1177-1186. [PMID: 37393117 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary care physicians (PCPs) hold major responsibility in referring patients with obesity eligible for bariatric surgery (BS). OBJECTIVE The aim was to explore PCPs' mental representation of BS in order to identify barriers and catalysts of BS referral practices. SETTING Switzerland. METHODS A total of 3526 PCPs were invited to participate in an online survey. PCPs were asked to write the first 5 words that came to their mind about the term "bariatric surgery." Additionally, they had to pick 2 emotions that best described each provided association. Demographic data and obesity-related referral patterns were collected. Mental representation network was constructed based on co-occurrence of associations, using validated data-driven methodology. RESULTS In all, 216 PCPs completed the study (response rate: 6.13%). Respondents were aged 55 ± 9.8 years, had an equal sex distribution, and practiced mainly in urban settings. Three mental representations of BS emerged: indication-focused (most frequent associations: "obesity," "diabetes"), treatment-focused ("gastric bypass," "weight loss"), and outcome-focused ("complications," "challenging follow-up"). The emotional label "interested" was used significantly more frequently in the treatment-focused group. Comparison of PCPs among mental modules showed that those with a treatment-focused mindset referred patients for BS most frequently and were significantly more willing to follow up with postbariatric patients (χ2 = 17.8, P = .022). CONCLUSIONS PCPs think about BS along 3 mental representations, and the treatment-focused attitude was coupled with the highest willingness to refer eligible patients for BS. Confidence in performing postbariatric follow-up was identified as catalyst of BS referral. Access to optimal care for patients with obesity may be improved accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gero
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Männedorf Hospital, Männedorf, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Müller
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bálint File
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marco Bueter
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Männedorf Hospital, Männedorf, Switzerland.
| | - Jeannette Widmer
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thalheimer
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, Männedorf Hospital, Männedorf, Switzerland
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Sebbane M, Vial C, Lamy A. A horse on your plate? A cluster analysis of French consumers hippophagy acceptance. Meat Sci 2023; 203:109220. [PMID: 37209539 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hippophagy is a practice that is far from being consensual, even among meat eaters. Horse meat consumption remains limited or is even strongly declining in some countries such as France. However, the nutritional, organoleptic and environmental benefits of this meat invite us to consider horse meat products as a valuable alternative source of protein. This research therefore aims to identify and characterize different profiles of consumers and non-consumers of horse meat in terms of personal values, attitudes, motivations and behaviors. Based on data from a quantitative survey among 482 French meat consumers, we distinguish 4 categories of individuals: "Enthusiast", "Distant", "Aversive" and "Potential". While "Distant" and "Aversive" show a low level of acceptability towards horse meat, "Enthusiast" and "Potential" reveal characteristics that are favorable to horse meat consumption. Targeted strategies to support the horse meat market are proposed and discussed in light of these results that also provide insight into the future for meat in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Sebbane
- MoISA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM- IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse, Ecully, France.
| | - Céline Vial
- MoISA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM- IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France; Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, pôle Développement Innovation Recherche, Saumur, France
| | - Arnaud Lamy
- MoISA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM- IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse, Ecully, France
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Lamy A, Costa S, Vial C, Badji I, Carrère M, Rollet P, Amiot MJ. Horsemeat consumption in France: Determinants and sustainable market perspectives. Meat Sci 2023; 198:109083. [PMID: 36592491 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In France, the horsemeat market has been declining for about 50 years and has become a specialized market. Our study aims to understand this decline with regard to the drivers and practices of consumers and non-consumers of this meat, in order to estimate the potential for this market development. To study horsemeat consumption, we analyze two sets of data: two large-scale surveys carried out on the French general population, and one ad-hoc survey focusing more specifically on the representations of horses and horsemeat. Our results underline the potential for increasing horsemeat consumption from a sustainability perspective. The question of moral acceptance remains a determining factor in the consumption of this meat. Once this factor is taken into account, horsemeat appears relevant in the diversification of animal protein consumption because of its particular nutritional and environmental properties and similar culinary use to that of other red meats. Horsemeat can thus lay claim to becoming a sustainable alternative to beef consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lamy
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse, Ecully, France; MoISA, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Costa
- MoISA, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Vial
- MoISA, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France; Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation, pôle Développement Innovation Recherche, Saumur, France.
| | - Ikpidi Badji
- MoISA, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Carrère
- MoISA, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascaline Rollet
- MoISA, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Josephe Amiot
- MoISA, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
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da Silva Monteiro Wanderley BR, Dias de Mello Castanho Amboni R, Moura de Sena Aquino AC, Beddin Fritzen‐Freire C. Evaluation of the perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge of consumers in the south region of Brazil regarding vinegars: Potential application of regional fruits. J SENS STUD 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Carolina Moura de Sena Aquino
- Department of Food Processing, Science and Technology Federal Institute of Santa Catarina (IFSC), Campus Urupema Urupema Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Carlise Beddin Fritzen‐Freire
- Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) Department of Food Science and Technology Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
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Vieira TDC, Pinto VRA, Rocha F, Pires ACDS, Minim VPR, Vidigal MCTR. New insights into perceptions of technology claims in greek-style yogurt: A view in the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111822. [PMID: 36192891 PMCID: PMC9419437 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has strongly impacted people's lives and the food industry. In this sense, food products claiming nutritional and health-promoting benefits due to the presence of bioactive peptides and probiotics, such as Greek-style yogurt, have been in demand. The objective of this work was to investigate, through word association, the perception of the consumers regarding the seven concepts related to Greek-style yogurt (traditional, ultra-creamy, zero fat, high content proteins, zero lactose, light and with no added sugars), in the context of social isolation due to Covid-19. In this online survey, 346 participants completed a questionnaire. The participants were divided according to health concerns (increased, not changed, or decreased) and eating habits (improved, not changed, or worsened) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Chi-square and prototypical analysis were used as statistical tests. During the Covid-19 pandemic, based on self-report, around 66% of the participants had their eating habits and their concerns about health changed. The general associations were related to the categories pleasure, health, creamy, pleasant texture, food restriction, and loss of sensory quality. 'Health' and 'pleasure' were negatively associated with the conceptualization of Greek-style yogurt. For the zero-fat, light, and sugar-free Greek-style yogurts, the terms creamy and ultra-creamy are sensory appealing to the consumers. In general, the price and concerns about health are factors that strongly influence the purchase intention of Greek-style yogurts. The yogurts were associated with sensory and non-sensory characteristics, which can be useful for marketing strategies for of different product concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís do Carmo Vieira
- Food Science Department, Federal University of Vicosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, 36570- 900 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Rocha
- Food Science Department, Federal University of Vicosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, 36570- 900 Vicosa, MG, Brazil
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Rojas-Rivas E, Espinoza-Ortega A, Thomé-Ortiz H, Cuffia F. More than words! A narrative review of the use of the projective technique of word association in the studies of food consumer behavior: Methodological and theoretical implications. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Torres Neto L, Monteiro MLG, Viana FM, Conte‐Junior CA. COVID-19 contamination through food: A study with Brazilian consumers of different socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. J SENS STUD 2022; 37:e12748. [PMID: 35601745 PMCID: PMC9115115 DOI: 10.1111/joss.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate through free word association the perception of Brazilian consumers regarding the possibility of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus through food. One thousand individuals answered the questionnaire via an online platform. Most cited terms (hygiene-8%, fear-8%, caution-5%) and categories (negative attitudes and feeling-72% and sanitization-60%) were related to overall COVID-19 infection rather than their specific infection through the food. The perception of the possibility of risk of this type of cross-contamination was greater for male participants, within the food field, with high income (>10 minimum wages), and from the midwest region. Nonetheless, there are still doubts regarding this possibility, especially for participants with low income (≤10 minimum wages), females, higher education (≥secondary school), who exercise professional activity outside the food sector and from most regions of Brazil. Practical applications Although the SARS-CoV-2 virus was discovered 2 years ago, the emergence of new variants such as Omicron has increased infection and mortality rates worldwide. A possible way of COVID-19 infection is cross-contamination through food handling and contact surfaces if preventive measures are not applied. In this context, understanding the consumer perception from a continental-size country such as Brazil, with a wide variety of socioeconomic profiles, is crucial to minimize the severe impacts of the pandemic. Our study demonstrates the need to disseminate scientific information in different media to reduce misinformation, especially social media because most Brazilian consumers had doubts and uncertainties about the possibility of COVID-19 infection from cross-contamination through food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Torres Neto
- COVID‐19 Research Group, Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC)Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of BiochemistryFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL)Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Guerra Monteiro
- COVID‐19 Research Group, Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC)Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of BiochemistryFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL)Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFluminense Federal University (UFF)NiteróiBrazil
| | - Fernanda Medeiros Viana
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of BiochemistryFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte‐Junior
- COVID‐19 Research Group, Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC)Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of BiochemistryFederal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL)Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade UniversitáriaRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFluminense Federal University (UFF)NiteróiBrazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS)Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
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