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Król-Kulikowska M, Urbanowicz I, Kepinska M. The Concentrations of Interleukin-6, Insulin, and Glucagon in the Context of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL6 and INS Genes. J Obes 2024; 2024:7529779. [PMID: 38250713 PMCID: PMC10798838 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7529779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are a problem of modern medicine. Although the environmental factors contributing to the development of these diseases are widely known, research into genetic factors is still ongoing. At the same time, the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes is increasingly emphasized. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of two selected polymorphisms (rs1800795 and rs3842729) on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study, 118 participants were examined, including a control group (nonobese and nondiabetic group), an obese group, and a diabetic group. Genotype analysis was performed using the PCR-RFLP method. It has been shown that in patients with the G/G genotype within the rs1800795 polymorphism (IL6), the chance of developing type 2 diabetes is several times lower compared to patients with the G/C and C/C genotypes. However, the rs3842729 polymorphism (INS) does not directly affect the risk of obesity or type 2 diabetes (T2D), although elevated insulin concentrations have been observed in obese and diabetic patients. These results confirm the impact of the rs1800795 polymorphism on the development of diabetes; however, this relationship is more complex and requires further research on other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Król-Kulikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
| | - Iwona Urbanowicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
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Del Cuore A, Pipitone RM, Casuccio A, Mazzola MM, Puleo MG, Pacinella G, Riolo R, Maida C, Di Chiara T, Di Raimondo D, Zito R, Lupo G, Agnello L, Di Maria G, Ciaccio M, Grimaudo S, Tuttolomondo A. Metabolic memory in diabetic foot syndrome (DFS): MICRO-RNAS, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) frequency and their relationship with indices of endothelial function and adipo-inflammatory dysfunction. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:148. [PMID: 37365645 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic foot is a significant cause of morbidity in diabetic patients, with a rate that is approximately twice that of patients without foot ulcers. "Metabolic memory" represents the epigenetic changes induced by chronic hyperglycaemia, despite the correction of the glucose levels themselves. These epigenetic modifications appear to perpetuate the damage caused by persistently elevated glucose levels even in their absence, acting at various levels, mostly affecting the molecular processes of diabetic ulcer healing. METHODS The aim of our cross-sectional study was to analyse a cohort of patients with diabetes with and without lower limb ulcers. We examined the effects of epigenetic changes on miRNA 126, 305, and 217 expression and the frequency of the SNPs of genes encoding inflammatory molecules (e.g., IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and their correlations with serum levels of proangiogenic molecules (e.g., ENOS, VEGF and HIF-1alpha) and several adipokines as well as with endothelial dysfunction, assessed noninvasively by reactive hyperaemia peripheral artery tonometry. Between March 2021 and June 2022, 110 patients were enrolled into the study: 50 diabetic patients with diabetic foot injuries, 40 diabetic patients without ulcerative complications and 20 nondiabetic patients as the control group. RESULTS Diabetic subjects with lower limb ulcerative lesions exhibited higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as VEGF (191.40 ± 200 pg/mL vs. 98.27 ± 56.92 pg/mL vs. 71.01 ± 52.96 pg/mL; p = 0.22), HIF-1alpha (40.18 ± 10.80 ng/mL vs. 33.50 ± 6.16 ng/mL vs. 33.85 ± 6.84 ng/mL; p = 0.10), and Gremlin-1 (1.72 ± 0.512 ng/mL vs. 1.31 ± 0.21 ng/mL vs. 1.11 ± 0.19 ng/mL; p < 0.0005), than those without lower limb ulcers and healthy controls. Furthermore, we observed that miR-217-5p and miR-503-5p were 2.19-fold (p < 0.05) and 6.21-fold (p = 0.001) more highly expressed in diabetic foot patients than in healthy controls, respectively. Additionally, diabetic patients without lower limb ulcerative complications showed 2.41-fold (p = 0) and 2.24-fold (p = 0.029) higher expression of miR-217-5p and miR-503-5p, respectively, than healthy controls. Finally, diabetic patients with and without ulcerative complications of the lower limbs showed higher expression of the VEGFC2578A CC polymorphism (p = 0.001) and lower expression of the VEGFC2578A AC polymorphism (p < 0.005) than the healthy control population. We observed a significant increase in Gremlin-1 levels in patients with diabetic foot, suggesting that this inflammatory adipokine may serve as a predictive marker for the diagnosis of diabetic foot. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlighted that patients with diabetic foot showed predominant expression of the VEGF C2578A CC polymorphism and reduced expression of the AC allele. Additionally, we found an overexpression of miR-217-5p and miR-503-5p in diabetic patients with and without diabetic foot syndrome compared with healthy controls. These results align with those reported in the literature, in which the overexpression of miR-217-5p and miR-503-5p in the context of diabetic foot is reported. The identification of these epigenetic modifications could therefore be helpful in the early diagnosis of diabetic foot and the treatment of risk factors. However, further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Del Cuore
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Maria Pipitone
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Casuccio
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Maria Mazzola
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Puleo
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pacinella
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Renata Riolo
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo Maida
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Di Chiara
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Di Raimondo
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Rossella Zito
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Lupo
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Agnello
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Maria
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Grimaudo
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (PROMISE) G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Piazza Delle Cliniche N.2, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy.
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Hu YJ, Song CS, Jiang N. Single nucleotide variations in the development of diabetic foot ulcer: A narrative review. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:1140-1153. [PMID: 36578869 PMCID: PMC9791576 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has become a global health problem, and the number of patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) is rapidly increasing. Currently, DFU still poses great challenges to physicians, as the treatment is complex, with high risks of infection, recurrence, limb amputation, and even death. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of DFU pathogenesis is of great importance. In this review, we summarized recent findings regarding the DFU development from the perspective of single-nucleotide variations (SNVs). Studies have shown that SNVs located in the genes encoding C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, stromal cell-derived factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, sirtuin 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, heat shock protein 70, hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha, lysyl oxidase, intelectin 1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, toll-like receptors, osteoprotegerin, vitamin D receptor, and fibrinogen may be associated with the development of DFU. However, considering the limitations of the present investigations, future multi-center studies with larger sample sizes, as well as in-depth mechanistic research are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Hu
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chen-Sheng Song
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Division of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
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Cheng Z, Zhang C, Mi Y. IL-6 gene rs1800795 polymorphism and diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive analysis involving 42,150 participants from a meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:95. [PMID: 35840989 PMCID: PMC9283852 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, several studies have focused on the association between a common polymorphism (rs1800795) from interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) risk. However, the results remain ambiguous and indefinite. METHODS A comprehensive analysis was performed to explore this relationship. A search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Chinese (CNKI and Wanfang), and GWAS Catalog databases, covering all publications until February 10, 2022. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the strength of the association. Publication bias was assessed using both Begg and Egger tests. RESULTS Overall, 34 case-control studies with 7257 T2DM patients and 15,598 controls, and 12 case-control studies (10,264 T1DM patients and 9031 health controls) were included in the analysis. A significantly lower association was observed between the rs1800795 polymorphism and T2DM risk in Asians, mixed population, and hospital-based (HB) subgroups (C-allele vs. G-allele: OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.58-0.99, P = 0.039 for Asians; CG vs. GG: OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.94, P = 0.014 for mixed population; CC vs. GG: OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.41-0.90, P = 0.014 for HB). However, increased associations were found from total, mixed population, and HB subgroups between rs1800795 polymorphism and T1DM susceptibility (CG vs. GG: OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.74, P = 0.043 for total population, CC vs. GG: OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.18-5.07, P = 0.016 for mixed individuals; C-allele vs. G-allele: OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.07-1.56, P = 0.0009 for HB subgroup). CONCLUSIONS In summary, there is definite evidence to confirm that IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to decreased T2DM and increased T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Cheng
- General Practice, DeltaHealth Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmin Zhang
- Xinqiao Town Community Health Service Center, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Mi
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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Zhao J, Zhang LX, Wang YT, Li Y, Chen Md HL. Genetic Polymorphisms and the Risk of Diabetic Foot: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2020; 21:574-587. [PMID: 33327826 DOI: 10.1177/1534734620977599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic foot (DF) is a dangerous complication of diabetes. The aim of the study was to synthesize all the published single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DF to objectively evaluate the relationship of SNPs and DF risks. METHODS The HuGE database and CNKI were searched for eligible publications on genetic polymorphisms and the risk of DF systematically. The quality of literatures was evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Pooled odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval for SNPs were evaluated through 3 genetic models. RESULTS Citing 29 different polymorphisms from 24 articles and the study met our selection criteria. There were 24 polymorphisms summarized systematically, and 5 merged polymorphisms for a meta-analysis: 9 positively associated with DF: HIF-1α rs11549465, TNF-α rs1800629, TLR-9 rs5743836, FIB rs6056, HSP70-2437C/T, VDR rs2228570, LOX rs1800449, ITLN1 rs2274907, and OPG rs2073617, but OPG rs3134069 was not a risk factor in DF; 6 negatively associated with DF: VEGF rs833061 and rs2010963, MCP-1 rs1024611, SDF-1 rs1801157, SIRT1 rs12778366, and OPG rs2073617. In addition, 13 polymorphisms were not associated with DF: MMP-9 rs3918242, eNOS rs1799983, VEGF rs3025039, -7C/T, rs1570360, rs13207351, and rs699947, IL-6 rs1800795, HIF-1α rs11549467, TNF-α rs361525, TLR-2 rs3804100, SIRT1 rs3758391, and TIMP-1 rs2070584. CONCLUSIONS The study provided some evidence for SNPs to the development of diabetic foot. The meta-analysis showed that rs1024611 of MCP-1 may be regarded as a protective factor, especially in Asian populations. Other loci indicated inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Nantong University, Nantong City, People's Republic of China
| | - Le-Xuan Zhang
- Nantong University, Nantong City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Nantong University, Nantong City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Nantong University, Nantong City, People's Republic of China
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The association of interieukin-6 polymorphism (rs1800795) with microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:226582. [PMID: 33016995 PMCID: PMC7569201 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800795 in interieukin-6 (IL-6) gene on diabetic microvascular complications of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), using statistical meta-analysis. Methods: Literature pertaining to the relationship between the SNP rs1800795 and microvascular complications of T2DM including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy and foot disease was retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science Knowledge and SinoMed databases. Original information was analyzed using Stata 12.0, including meta-analysis statistics, test for heterogeneity, evaluation of publication bias and sensitivity. Subgroup analysis was conducted to assess the effect of specific factors on the corresponding results. Results: In total, 14 eligible articles were obtained. The SNP rs1800795 in IL-6 gene is not correlated with risk of microvascular complications in T2DM. Among the original literature, a genetic model (OR = 1.071, 95% CI: 0.681–1.685, P=0.767), an allelic genetic model (OR = 1.010, 95% CI: 0.959–1.063, P=0.703), a heterozygote genetic model (OR = 1.107, 95% CI: 0.916–1.339, P=0.292), a dominant genetic model (OR = 1.108, 95% CI: 0.885–1.387, P=0.372), and a recessive genetic model (OR = 0.978, 95% CI: 0.646–1.478, P=0.917) were included respectively. In the subgroup analysis by types of diabetic microvascular complications, we found no correlation between the SNP rs1000795 polymorphism and complications of T2DM in either the homozygote genetic model or the allelic genetic model (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that rs1800795 polymorphism in IL-6 gene is not correlated with the susceptibility of microvascular complications of T2DM.
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