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Rolbiecki L, Izdebska JN. Modern Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment of Parasitic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6373. [PMID: 38928081 PMCID: PMC11204150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasites are very widely distributed in the environment and form complex relationships with their hosts, forming host-parasite systems [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rolbiecki
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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2
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Anderson SR, Blanco-Bercial L, Carlson CA, Harvey EL. Role of Syndiniales parasites in depth-specific networks and carbon flux in the oligotrophic ocean. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycae014. [PMID: 38419659 PMCID: PMC10900894 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Microbial associations that result in phytoplankton mortality are important for carbon transport in the ocean. This includes parasitism, which in microbial food webs is dominated by the marine alveolate group, Syndiniales. Parasites are expected to contribute to carbon recycling via host lysis; however, knowledge on host dynamics and correlation to carbon export remain unclear and limit the inclusion of parasitism in biogeochemical models. We analyzed a 4-year 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding dataset (2016-19), performing network analysis for 12 discrete depths (1-1000 m) to determine Syndiniales-host associations in the seasonally oligotrophic Sargasso Sea. Analogous water column and sediment trap data were included to define environmental drivers of Syndiniales and their correlation with particulate carbon flux (150 m). Syndiniales accounted for 48-74% of network edges, most often associated with Dinophyceae and Arthropoda (mainly copepods) at the surface and Rhizaria (Polycystinea, Acantharea, and RAD-B) in the aphotic zone. Syndiniales were the only eukaryote group to be significantly (and negatively) correlated with particulate carbon flux, indicating their contribution to flux attenuation via remineralization. Examination of Syndiniales amplicons revealed a range of depth patterns, including specific ecological niches and vertical connection among a subset (19%) of the community, the latter implying sinking of parasites (infected hosts or spores) on particles. Our findings elevate the critical role of Syndiniales in marine microbial systems and reveal their potential use as biomarkers for carbon export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, United States
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA 02543, United States
| | | | - Craig A Carlson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology and the Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Elizabeth L Harvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, United States
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3
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Juarez-Estrada MA, Graham D, Hernandez-Velasco X, Tellez-Isaias G. Editorial: Parasitism: the good, the bad and the ugly. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1304206. [PMID: 37915945 PMCID: PMC10616899 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1304206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Juarez-Estrada
- Department of Medicine and Zootechnics of Birds, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Danielle Graham
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Department of Medicine and Zootechnics of Birds, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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4
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Liu X, Li W, Sun Z, Zhong Z, Sun T. Phylogenomics of the Liquorilactobacillus Genus. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:274. [PMID: 37420021 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Liquorilactobacillus is a new genus commonly found in wine and plants. Despite its significance, previous studies on Liquorilactobacillus are primarily focused on phenotypic experiments, with limited genome-level studies. This study used comparative genomics to analyze 24 genomes from the genus Liquorilactobacillus, including two novel sequenced strains (IMAU80559 and IMAU80777). A phylogenetic tree of 24 strains was constructed based on 122 core genes and divided into two clades, A and B. Significant differences in GC content were observed between the two clades (P = 10e-4). Additionally, change revealed to suggests that clade B has more exposure to prophage infection having an upgraded immune system. Further analysis of functional annotation and selective pressure suggests that clade A was subjected to greater selection pressure than B clade (P = 3.9e-6) and had higher number of functional types annotated than clade B (P = 2.7e-3), while clade B had a lower number of pseudogenes than clade A (P = 1.9e-2). The findings suggest that differently prophages and environmental stress may have influenced the common ancestor of clades A and B during evolution, leading to the development of two distinct clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Weicheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Zhi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Tiansong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
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5
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Zafari S, Mohtasebi S, Sazmand A, Bahari A, Sargison ND, Verocai GG. The Prevalence and Control of Lungworms of Pastoral Ruminants in Iran. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121392. [PMID: 36558726 PMCID: PMC9787811 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lungworms of the genera Dictyocaulus, Muellerius, Protostrongylus, and Cystocaulus are common helminths of domestic and wild ruminants with substantial veterinary and economic importance. Several studies have assessed the presence and prevalence of lungworm infections in ruminants in Iran. This report compiles the available scientific information about the occurrence of lungworms in domestic and wild ruminants in Iran between 1931 and June 2022 to give an insight into their epidemiology, and where possible to describe drug treatment efficacy. For this purpose, national and international scientific databases were searched. Overall, 54 publications comprising 33 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 8 conference papers, and 13 dissertations were evaluated regarding prevalence data; and an additional 4 peer-reviewed articles were evaluated regarding drug efficacy. Seven species of lungworms, namely Dictyocaulus filaria, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Dictyocaulus eckerti, Protostrongylus rufescens, Protostrongylus raillietti, Muellerius capillaris, and Cystocaulus ocreatus have been recorded from different ruminant hosts in Iran. Thirty-three studies conducted on small ruminant (sheep and goat) lungworms reported prevalences of lungworm infection of 11.6%, 45.81% and 66.29% using abattoir meat inspection, Baermann technique and fecal flotation, respectively. Eight studies conducted on large ruminants (cattle and water buffalo) reported prevalences of infection of 14.83%, 13.98% and 5% using abattoir meat inspection, the Baermann technique and fecal flotation, respectively. The prevalence of infection in wild ruminants was variable across examined species; 38% in urial, 37% in wild goats, 5% in goitered gazelles and 67% in red deer, in addition to a single case report in roe deer. There are few contemporary studies assessing the efficacy of currently available broad-spectrum anthelmintic compounds against lungworms in Iran. The high prevalence of multiple lungworm species in Iran, combined with a lack of information about drug efficacy, supports the need to improve the understanding of these important nematode parasites and inform the development of sustainable control strategies. The aim of this review and meta-analysis is to provide a baseline for future conventional parasitology and next generation molecular epidemiological studies of lungworm infection in pastoral ruminants in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Zafari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838736, Iran
| | - Sina Mohtasebi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517658978, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (G.G.V.); Tel.: +98-81-34227350 (A.S.); +1-979-862-4999 (G.G.V.)
| | - Aliasghar Bahari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517658978, Iran
| | - Neil D. Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Guilherme G. Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (G.G.V.); Tel.: +98-81-34227350 (A.S.); +1-979-862-4999 (G.G.V.)
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Abstract
Parasites are widespread in nature. Nevertheless, they have only recently been incorporated into food web studies and community ecology. Earlier studies revealed the large effects of parasites on food web network structures, suggesting that parasites affect food web dynamics and their stability. However, our understanding of the role of parasites in food web dynamics is limited to a few theoretical studies, which only assume parasite-induced mortality or virulence as a typical characteristic of parasites, without any large difference in terms of predation effects. Here, I present a food web model with parasites in which parasites change the mortality and interaction strengths of hosts by affecting host activity. The infected food web shows that virulence and infection rate have virtually no effect on food web stability without any difference in interaction strengths between susceptible and infected individuals. However, if predation rates are weakened through a restriction of the activity of infected individuals, virulence and infection rate can greatly influence stability: diseases with lower virulence and higher transmission rate tend to increase stability. The stabilization is stronger in cascade than random food webs. The present results suggest that parasites can greatly influence food web stability if parasite-induced diseases prevent host foraging activity. Parasite-induced infectious disease, by weaking species interactions, may play a key role in maintaining food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Mougi
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan.
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7
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Castledine M, Sierocinski P, Inglis M, Kay S, Hayward A, Buckling A, Padfield D. Greater Phage Genotypic Diversity Constrains Arms-Race Coevolution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:834406. [PMID: 35310856 PMCID: PMC8931298 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonistic coevolution between hosts and parasites, the reciprocal evolution of host resistance and parasite infectivity, has important implications in ecology and evolution. The dynamics of coevolution—notably whether host or parasite has an evolutionary advantage—is greatly affected by the relative amount of genetic variation in host resistance and parasite infectivity traits. While studies have manipulated genetic diversity during coevolution, such as by increasing mutation rates, it is unclear how starting genetic diversity affects host–parasite coevolution. Here, we (co)evolved the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and two bacteriophage genotypes of its lytic phage SBW25ɸ2 in isolation (one phage genotype) and together (two phage genotypes). Bacterial populations rapidly evolved phage resistance, and phage reciprocally increased their infectivity in response. When phage populations were evolved with bacteria in isolation, bacterial resistance and phage infectivity increased through time, indicative of arms-race coevolution. In contrast, when both phage genotypes were together, bacteria did not increase their resistance in response to increasing phage infectivity. This was likely due to bacteria being unable to evolve resistance to both phage via the same mutations. These results suggest that increasing initial parasite genotypic diversity can give parasites an evolutionary advantage that arrests long-term coevolution. This study has important implications for the applied use of phage in phage therapy and in understanding host–parasite dynamics in broader ecological and evolutionary theory.
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Padrón PS, Hidalgo A, Ormaza N, Kohn S, Narvaez F, Vargas FH. Ectoparasitism of the feather chewing louse Colpocephalum trichosum on the Andean Condor Vultur gryphus. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1987770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Félix Hernán Vargas
- Fundación Cóndor Andino (FCA), Quito, Ecuador
- The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID, USA
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Santa MA, Musiani M, Ruckstuhl KE, Massolo A. A review on invasions by parasites with complex life cycles: the European strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America as a model. Parasitology 2021; 148:1532-1544. [PMID: 35060461 PMCID: PMC8564803 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In a fast-changing and globalized world, parasites are moved across continents at an increasing pace. Co-invasion of parasites and their hosts is leading to the emergence of infectious diseases at a global scale, underlining the need for integration of biological invasions and disease ecology research. In this review, the ecological and evolutionary factors influencing the invasion process of parasites with complex life cycles were analysed, using the invasion of the European strain of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America as a model. The aim was to propose an ecological framework for investigating the invasion of parasites that are trophically transmitted through predator–prey interactions, showing how despite the complexity of the cycles and the interactions among multiple hosts, such parasites can overcome multiple barriers and become invasive. Identifying the key ecological processes affecting the success of parasite invasions is an important step for risk assessment and development of management strategies, particularly for parasites with the potential to infect people (i.e. zoonotic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Santa
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biology, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Alessandro Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AlbertaT2N 4Z6, Canada
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56126, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, 25030, France
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10
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Dudczak AC, DE LA Torre GM, Euclydes L, Campião KM. The roles of anurans in antagonistic networks are explained by life-habit and body-size. Integr Zool 2021; 17:530-542. [PMID: 34498374 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interactions among living beings are the structuring basis of ecosystems, and studies of networks allow us to identify the patterns and consistency of such interactions. Antagonistic networks reflect the energy flow of communities, and identifying network structure and the biological aspects that influence its stability is crucial to understanding ecosystem functioning. We used antagonistic anuran interactions-predator-prey and host-parasite-to assess structural patterns and to identify the key anuran species structuring these networks. We tested whether anuran body-size and life-habit are related to their roles in these networks. We collected individuals of 9 species of anurans from an area of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil and identified their prey and helminth parasites. We used network (modularity, specialization, and nestedness) and centrality metrics (degree, closeness, and betweenness) to identify the role of anuran species in both networks. We then evaluated whether anuran body-size or life-habit were related to anuran centrality using generalized linear mixed models. The networks formed specialized interactions in compartments composed by key species from different habits. In our networks, anurans with rheophilic and cryptozoic habit are central in predator-prey networks, and those with larger body size and arboreal and cryptozoic habit in the host-parasite network. This study represents a step towards a better understanding of the influential factors that affect the structure of anuran antagonist networks, as well as to recognize the functioning roles of anuran species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Caroline Dudczak
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Massaccesi DE LA Torre
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lorena Euclydes
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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11
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Healthy herds in the phytoplankton: the benefit of selective parasitism. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2163-2166. [PMID: 33664434 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of selective predation of weaker individuals on the general health of prey populations is well-established in animal ecology. Analogous processes have not been considered at microbial scales despite the ubiquity of microbe-microbe interactions, such as parasitism. Here we present insights into the biotic interactions between a widespread marine thraustochytrid and a diatom from the ecologically important genus Chaetoceros. Physiological experiments show the thraustochytrid targets senescent diatom cells in a similar way to selective animal predation on weaker prey individuals. This physiology-selective targeting of 'unhealthy' cells appears to improve the overall health (i.e., increased photosynthetic quantum yield) of the diatom population without impacting density, providing support for 'healthy herd' dynamics in a protist-protist interaction, a phenomenon typically associated with animal predators and their prey. Thus, our study suggests caution against the assumption that protist-protist parasitism is always detrimental to the host population and highlights the complexity of microbial interactions.
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12
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Born-Torrijos A, Paterson RA, van Beest GS, Vyhlídalová T, Henriksen EH, Knudsen R, Kristoffersen R, Amundsen PA, Soldánová M. Cercarial behaviour alters the consumer functional response of three-spined sticklebacks. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:978-988. [PMID: 33481253 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Free-living parasite life stages may contribute substantially to ecosystem biomass and thus represent a significant source of energy flow when consumed by non-host organisms. However, ambient temperature and the predator's own infection status may modulate consumption rates towards parasite prey. We investigated the combined effects of temperature and predator infection status on the consumer functional response of three-spined sticklebacks towards the free-living cercariae stages of two common freshwater trematode parasites (Plagiorchis spp., Trichobilharzia franki). Our results revealed genera-specific functional responses and consumption rates towards each parasite prey: Type II for Plagiorchis spp. and Type III for T. franki, with an overall higher consumption rate on T. franki. Elevated temperature (13°C) increased the consumption rate on Plagiorchis spp. prey for sticklebacks with mild cestode infections (<5% fish body weight) only. High consumption of cercarial prey by sticklebacks may impact parasite population dynamics by severely reducing or even functionally eliminating free-living parasite life stages from the environment. This supports the potential role of fish as biocontrol agents for cercariae with similar dispersion strategies, in instances where functional response relationships have been established. Our study demonstrates how parasite consumption by non-host organisms may be shaped by traits inherent to parasite transmission and dispersal, and emphasises the need to consider free-living parasite life stages as integral energy resources in aquatic food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Rachel A Paterson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gabrielle S van Beest
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tereza Vyhlídalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eirik H Henriksen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roar Kristoffersen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Miroslava Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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13
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Guterres Moreira ACR, Marques CC. Helminth Fauna of Tadarida brasiliensis (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: A Comparative Approach. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2020.22.1.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. R. Guterres Moreira
- Instituto de Biociências,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, CEP 91501970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Cláudia C. Marques
- Instituto de Biociências,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, CEP 91501970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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14
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Simmons BI, Wauchope HS, Amano T, Dicks LV, Sutherland WJ, Dakos V. Estimating the risk of species interaction loss in mutualistic communities. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000843. [PMID: 32866143 PMCID: PMC7485972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between species generate the functions on which ecosystems and humans depend. However, we lack an understanding of the risk that interaction loss poses to ecological communities. Here, we quantify the risk of interaction loss for 4,330 species interactions from 41 empirical pollination and seed dispersal networks across 6 continents. We estimate risk as a function of interaction vulnerability to extinction (likelihood of loss) and contribution to network feasibility, a measure of how much an interaction helps a community tolerate environmental perturbations. Remarkably, we find that more vulnerable interactions have higher contributions to network feasibility. Furthermore, interactions tend to have more similar vulnerability and contribution to feasibility across networks than expected by chance, suggesting that vulnerability and feasibility contribution may be intrinsic properties of interactions, rather than only a function of ecological context. These results may provide a starting point for prioritising interactions for conservation in species interaction networks in the future. A study of 4,330 species interactions from 41 empirical pollination and seed dispersal networks across six continents reveals that species interactions which are most vulnerable to extinction are also the most important for ecological community stability; moreover, vulnerable interactions that are important for stability tend to be important and vulnerable wherever they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno I Simmons
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah S Wauchope
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsuya Amano
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lynn V Dicks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Agroecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William J Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM), CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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15
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French RK, Holmes EC. An Ecosystems Perspective on Virus Evolution and Emergence. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:165-175. [PMID: 31744665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the emergence of pathogenic viruses has dominated studies of virus evolution. However, new metagenomic studies imply that relatively few of an immense number of viruses may lead to overt disease. This suggests a change in emphasis, from viruses as habitual pathogens to integral components of ecosystems. Here we show how viruses alter interactions between host individuals, populations, and ecosystems, impacting ecosystem health, resilience, and function, and how host ecology in turn impacts viral abundance and diversity. Moving to an ecosystems perspective will put virus evolution and disease emergence in its true context, and enhance our understanding of ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K French
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Fulton EA, Blanchard JL, Melbourne-Thomas J, Plagányi ÉE, Tulloch VJD. Where the Ecological Gaps Remain, a Modelers' Perspective. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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van Beest GS, Villar-Torres M, Raga JA, Montero FE, Born-Torrijos A. In vivo fluorescent cercariae reveal the entry portals of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1982 (Strigeidae) into the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:92. [PMID: 30867029 PMCID: PMC6417200 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their complex life-cycles involving various types of hosts and free-living stages, digenean trematodes are becoming recurrent model systems. The infection and penetration strategy of the larval stages, i.e. cercariae, into the fish host is poorly understood and information regarding their entry portals is not well-known for most species. Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1982 (Digenea, Strigeidae) uses the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), an important marine fish in Mediterranean aquaculture, as a second intermediate host, where they encyst in the brain as metacercariae. Labelling the cercariae with in vivo fluorescent dyes helped us to track their entry into the fish, revealing the penetration pattern that C. longicollis uses to infect S. aurata. Methods Two different fluorescent dyes were used: carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and Hoechst 33342 (NB). Three ascending concentrations of each dye were tested to detect any effect on labelled cercarial performance, by recording their survival for the first 5 h post-labelling (hpl) and 24 hpl, as well as their activity for 5 hpl. Labelled cercariae were used to track the penetration points into fish, and cercarial infectivity and later encystment were analysed by recording brain-encysted metacercariae in fish infected with labelled and control cercariae after 20 days of infection. Results Although the different dye concentrations showed diverse effects on both survival and activity, intermediate doses of CFSE did not show any short-term effect on survival, permitting a brighter and longer recognition of cercariae on the host body surface. Therefore, CFSE helped to determine the penetration points of C. longicollis into the fish, denoting their aggregation on the head, eye and gills region, as well as on the dorsal fin and the lower side. Only CFSE-labelled cercariae showed a decreased number of encysted metacercariae when compared to control. Conclusions Our study suggests that CFSE is an adequate labelling method for short-term in vivo studies, whereas NB would better suit in vivo studies on long-term performance. Cardiocephaloides longicollis cercariae seem to be attracted to areas near to the brain or those that are likely to be connected to migration routes to neuronal canals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3351-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle S van Beest
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain. .,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Mar Villar-Torres
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esteban Montero
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Lange L, Pilgaard B, Herbst FA, Busk PK, Gleason F, Pedersen AG. Origin of fungal biomass degrading enzymes: Evolution, diversity and function of enzymes of early lineage fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jenkins WG, Demopoulos AW, Sikkel PC. Host feeding ecology and trophic position significantly influence isotopic discrimination between a generalist ectoparasite and its hosts: Implications for parasite-host trophic studies. FOOD WEBS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gleason FH, Marano AV, Lilje O, Lange L. What has happened to the “aquatic phycomycetes” (sensu Sparrow)? Part I: A brief historical perspective. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
The diversity and abundance of zoosporic true fungi have been analyzed recently using fungal sequence libraries and advances in molecular methods, such as high-throughput sequencing. This review focuses on four evolutionary primitive true fungal phyla: the Aphelidea, Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, and Rosellida (Cryptomycota), most species of which are not polycentric or mycelial (filamentous), rather they tend to be primarily monocentric (unicellular). Zoosporic fungi appear to be both abundant and diverse in many aquatic habitats around the world, with abundance often exceeding other fungal phyla in these habitats, and numerous novel genetic sequences identified. Zoosporic fungi are able to survive extreme conditions, such as high and extremely low pH; however, more work remains to be done. They appear to have important ecological roles as saprobes in decomposition of particulate organic substrates, pollen, plant litter, and dead animals; as parasites of zooplankton and algae; as parasites of vertebrate animals (such as frogs); and as symbionts in the digestive tracts of mammals. Some chytrids cause economically important diseases of plants and animals. They regulate sizes of phytoplankton populations. Further metagenomics surveys of aquatic ecosystems are expected to enlarge our knowledge of the diversity of true zoosporic fungi. Coupled with studies on their functional ecology, we are moving closer to unraveling the role of zoosporic fungi in carbon cycling and the impact of climate change on zoosporic fungal populations.
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Médoc V, Firmat C, Sheath D, Pegg J, Andreou D, Britton J. Parasites and Biological Invasions. ADV ECOL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nagler C, Haug JT. Functional morphology of parasitic isopods: understanding morphological adaptations of attachment and feeding structures in Nerocila as a pre-requisite for reconstructing the evolution of Cymothoidae. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2188. [PMID: 27441121 PMCID: PMC4941765 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites significantly influence food webs and ecosystems and occur all over the world in almost every animal group. Within crustaceans there are numerous examples of ectoparasites; for example, representatives of the isopod group Cymothoidae. These obligatory parasitic isopods are relatively poorly studied regarding their functional morphology. Here we present new details of the morphological adaptations to parasitism of the cymothoiid ingroup Nerocila with up-to-date imaging methods (macro photography, stereo imaging, fluorescence photography, micro CT, and histology). Central aspects of the study were (1) the morphology of the mouthparts and (2) the attachment on the host, hence the morphology of the thoracopods. The mouthparts (labrum, mandibles, paragnaths, maxillulae, maxillae, maxillipeds) form a distinct mouth cone and are most likely used for true sucking. The mouthparts are tightly “folded” around each other and provide functional rails for the only two moving mouthparts, mandible and maxillula. Both are not moving in an ancestral-type median-lateral movement, but are strongly tilted to move more in a proximal-distal axis. New details concerning the attachment demonstrate that the angular arrangement of the thoracopods is differentiated to impede removal by the host. The increased understanding of morphological adaptation to parasitism of modern forms will be useful in identifying disarticulated (not attached to the host) fossil parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nagler
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Planegg-Martinsried , Germany
| | - Joachim T Haug
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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