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Couture G, Cheang SE, Suarez C, Chen Y, Bacalzo NP, Jiang J, Weng CYC, Stacy A, Castillo JJ, Delannoy-Bruno O, Webber DM, Barratt MJ, Gordon JI, Mills DA, German JB, Fukagawa NK, Lebrilla CB. A multi-glycomic platform for the analysis of food carbohydrates. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-01017-8. [PMID: 39026121 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates comprise the largest fraction of most diets and exert a profound impact on health. Components such as simple sugars and starch supply energy, while indigestible components, deemed dietary fiber, reach the colon to provide food for the tens of trillions of microbes that make up the gut microbiota. The interactions between dietary carbohydrates, our gastrointestinal tracts, the gut microbiome and host health are dictated by their structures. However, current methods for analysis of food glycans lack the sensitivity, specificity and throughput needed to quantify and elucidate these myriad structures. This protocol describes a multi-glycomic approach to food carbohydrate analysis in which the analyte might be any food item or biological material such as fecal and cecal samples. The carbohydrates are extracted by ethanol precipitation, and the resulting samples are subjected to rapid-throughput liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Quantitative analyses of monosaccharides, glycosidic linkages, polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble carbohydrates are performed in 96-well plates at the milligram scale to reduce the biomass of sample required and enhance throughput. Detailed stepwise processes for sample preparation, LC-MS/MS and data analysis are provided. We illustrate the application of the protocol to a diverse set of foods as well as different apple cultivars and various fermented foods. Furthermore, we show the utility of these methods in elucidating glycan-microbe interactions in germ-free and colonized mice. These methods provide a framework for elucidating relationships between dietary fiber, the gut microbiome and human physiology. These structures will further guide nutritional and clinical feeding studies that enhance our understanding of the role of diet in nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret Couture
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Ehlers Cheang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nikita P Bacalzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jiani Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Charlie Weng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Stacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Juan J Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Omar Delannoy-Bruno
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel M Webber
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Barratt
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Naomi K Fukagawa
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Senila L, Scurtu DA, Kovacs E, Levei EA, Cadar O, Becze A, Varaticeanu C. High-Pressure Supercritical CO 2 Pretreatment of Apple Orchard Waste for Carbohydrates Production Using Response Surface Methodology and Method Uncertainty Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227783. [PMID: 36431882 PMCID: PMC9692898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study's objective was to separate cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin after high-pressure supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment for further valorization. The study investigated the supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment of apple orchard waste at temperatures of 160-200 °C, for 15-45 min, at a pressure of 10 MPa. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the supercritical process and to improve its efficiency. The change of functional groups during different pretreatment conditions was examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the structural changes in the biomass structure before and after pretreatment. A new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) method was developed and validated for the determination of carbohydrates in the liquid fraction that resulted after pretreatment. The estimated uncertainty of the method ranged from 16.9 to 20.8%. The pre-treatment of high-pressure supercritical CO2 appears to be an effective and promising technique for the recovery of sugars and secondary by-products without the use of toxic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacrimioara Senila
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-264-420-590
| | - Daniela Alexandra Scurtu
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eniko Kovacs
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Erika Andrea Levei
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Cadar
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Becze
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cerasel Varaticeanu
- Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation Subsidiary, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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