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Ghosh S, Jain R, Rao R, Mishra AK, Jhanjee S. Does ethyl glucuronide in hair correlate with alcohol consumption? A comparative study with other traditional biomarkers among individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome. Alcohol 2023; 106:55-60. [PMID: 36395967 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair is a direct biomarker proven to be useful for the detection of chronic excessive alcohol use. This study investigated the association of self-reported alcohol consumption with traditional biomarkers: GGT, AST, ALT, CDT, and MCV in blood and a direct biomarker, hair EtG, in a total of 122 patients with alcohol dependence syndrome. The diagnostic accuracy of the biomarkers to differentiate heavy from non-heavy drinkers was also evaluated. METHOD GGT, AST, and ALT in serum were measured by Automated Chemistry Analyzer, MCV in blood was measured by Haematology Analyzer, serum CDT was analyzed by ELISA, and EtG in hair was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The association between the biomarkers and the amount of alcohol consumed (self-reported) was determined using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS All participants showed EtG level above the cut-off (0.03 ng/mg). Hair EtG showed a statistically significant linear and positive correlation with the amounts (in grams) of alcohol consumed (r = 0.60; p < 0.001). No correlation was observed among the traditional biomarkers and the quantity of alcohol consumed. Also, EtG showed an excellent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (98%) with good sensitivity (85%) and specificity (60%) to classify heavy drinkers among individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome. CONCLUSION Hair EtG can be helpful to estimate retrospective alcohol consumption in long-term chronic alcohol consumption cases. Hair EtG also provides a reliable diagnostic test to detect heavy drinkers among individuals with alcohol dependence syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayani Ghosh
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India
| | - Raka Jain
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India.
| | - Ravindra Rao
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Mishra
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India
| | - Sonali Jhanjee
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-11002, India
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Triolo V, Spanò M, Buscemi R, Gioè S, Malta G, Čaplinskiene M, Vaiano F, Bertol E, Zerbo S, Albano GD, Argo A. EtG Quantification in Hair and Different Reference Cut-Offs in Relation to Various Pathologies: A Scoping Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10110682. [PMID: 36422890 PMCID: PMC9696213 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a non-volatile, non-oxidative, hydrophilic, and stable ethanol phase II metabolite. EtG is produced through ethanol glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), a phase II enzyme. EtG can be extracted from different biological matrices, including keratin ones, such as hair or nails. The purpose of this scoping review is to describe the relationship between EtG levels in hair and some of the most common and frequent pathological conditions and verify whether different reference cut-offs in relation to various pathologies have been identified in the scientific literature. In fact, in-depth knowledge of the influence of pathologies, such as diabetes mellitus, hepatic and renal dysfunction, on EtG production and its storage in keratin matrices would allow a more appropriate interpretation of obtained data and rule out false positives or false negatives. This scoping review is based on bibliographic research carried out on PubMed regarding the quantification of EtG in hair of subjects affected by different pathological conditions. According to the scientific literature, the main and most common pathologies that can affect the concentration of EtG in hair are liver and kidney diseases and diabetes. The EtG quantification analytical data should be interpreted carefully as they may have a great impact in both forensic and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Triolo
- Policlinic Hospital, AOUP “P. Giaccone”, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Spanò
- Policlinic Hospital, AOUP “P. Giaccone”, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Buscemi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Gioè
- Policlinic Hospital, AOUP “P. Giaccone”, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ginevra Malta
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marija Čaplinskiene
- State Forensic Medicine Service, Mykolas Romeris University, Ateities St. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Fabio Vaiano
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bertol
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefania Zerbo
- Policlinic Hospital, AOUP “P. Giaccone”, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Davide Albano
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Argo
- Policlinic Hospital, AOUP “P. Giaccone”, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90129 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Mattia A, Moschella C, David MC, Fiore M, Gariglio S, Salomone A, Vincenti M. Development and Validation of a GC-EI-MS/MS Method for Ethyl Glucuronide Quantification in Human Hair. Front Chem 2022; 10:858205. [PMID: 35444998 PMCID: PMC9013907 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.858205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor, non-oxidative ethanol metabolite detectable in several matrices for specific periods of time. In recent years, quantification of EtG in hair has been established as the most reliable biomarker for long-term alcohol consumption, with the Society of Hair Testing offering cut-off values for assessment of both abstinence and heavy drinking. Instrumental constrains and wide inter- and intra-laboratory variability represent the ultimate barriers to widespread acceptance of hair EtG determination in the forensic context. In this study, a new analytical method for hair EtG based on gas chromatographic (GC) separation, electron impact (EI) ionization, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection was developed and validated. At the same time, several parameters for sample pretreatment and instrumental analysis were optimized using real hair samples obtained from different drinking subjects. A full-factorial design-of-experiment approach included procedures for hair washing, pulverization, and extraction. Rigorous multi-step washing proved not to reduce the EtG content extracted in the subsequent sample incubation. Hair pulverization with a ball mill significantly improved the EtG extraction from the keratin matrix and allowed us to reduce the time needed for the subsequent extraction step, without affecting the extraction recovery. The hair extract was derivatized with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide. Upon electron impact ionization of the EtG-TMS derivative, triple quadrupole mass analyzers were operated in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode using the fragment m/z 405 as the precursor ion (m/z 410 for the EtG-D5 internal standard), the transitions m/z 405 → 359 and m/z 410 → 359 for quantitation, and m/z 405 → 331 and m/z 405 → 287 for qualification/confirmation, all at 10 V collision energy. The final method was fully validated and then applied to 25 real hair samples. The calibration curve proved linear between 6 and 60 pg/mg. The limit of detection (LOD) was 4 pg/mg. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy tests showed a variability and bias close to 15% or lower over the entire calibration range. The new method is routinely applied in the Italian State Police’s toxicology laboratory for hair analyses addressed to exclude excessive alcohol drinking and verify the psycho-physical requirements of the personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mattia
- Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza, Direzione Centrale di Sanità, Centro di Ricerche e Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Ministero dell’Interno, Roma, Italy
| | - Clementina Moschella
- Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza, Direzione Centrale di Sanità, Centro di Ricerche e Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Ministero dell’Interno, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara David
- Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza, Direzione Centrale di Sanità, Centro di Ricerche e Laboratorio di Tossicologia Forense, Ministero dell’Interno, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC—CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Gariglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alberto Salomone,
| | - Marco Vincenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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4
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Adeola HA, Khumalo NP, Arowolo AT, Mehlala N. No difference in the proteome of racially and geometrically classified scalp hair sample from a South African cohort: Preliminary findings. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Müller A, Iwersen-Bergmann S. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair samples: Decontamination vs extraction. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:948-956. [PMID: 32171047 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Decontamination of samples prior to analysis is common practice and recommended for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) hair testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applied decontamination procedure during routine hair EtG analysis by monitoring the ethyl glucuronide concentrations in the washing solutions from a representative cohort of individual hair samples. Hair samples from 150 individuals were tested for hair EtG by a validated routine procedure (liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry). A four-step decontamination procedure (ethanol, water, acetone, dichloromethane) was applied to all samples prior to analysis. Hair samples from 20 individuals were analyzed along with the complete set of individual washing solutions. Hair samples from an additional 130 individuals were analyzed along with the corresponding aqueous wash fraction only. No EtG was detected in the washing solutions from hair samples that tested negative for EtG (n = 42). Hair samples positive for ethyl glucuronide (n = 108) were found to liberate different amounts of EtG during decontamination: whereas no, or low portions of, EtG (< 10% of extracted hair EtG) were found in the corresponding washing solutions of the majority (n = 91) of individual samples, there was a minority of samples (n = 6) with more than half of the extracted hair EtG present in the decontamination solvent. No correlation of the decontaminated amount of EtG and the extracted hair EtG was observed. Further experimental studies are necessary to investigate if the observed easily removable fraction of EtG is associated with external contamination and if analysis of wash solutions could be helpful for identifying external contamination in hair testing for ethyl glucuronide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Müller
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Iwersen-Bergmann
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Bastiani MF, Lizot LLF, Da Silva ACC, Hahn RZ, Dries SS, Perassolo MS, Antunes MV, Linden R. An Optimized Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Determination of Ethyl Palmitate in Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:402-409. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The use of hair as a matrix for the evaluation of chronic ethanol drinking behavior presents the advantage of a longer window of detection and higher specificity when compared to classical biochemical markers. The most recent recommendations the Society of Hair Testing (SOHT) indicate that ethyl palmitate (EtP) hair levels can be used to estimate the ethanol drinking behavior, alternatively to the combined measurement of four main fatty acid ethyl esters. In this study, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) conditions for the extraction of EtP from hair were optimized using response surface analysis, after a Box–Behnken experiment. Analyses were performed by GC-MS. The optimized HS-SPME conditions, using a PDMS-DVB (65 μm) fiber, were pre-adsorption time of 6 min, extraction time of 60 min and incubation temperature of 94°C. The linear range was 0.05 to 3 ng mg−1, with accuracy within 95.15–109.91%. Between-assay and within-assay precision were 8.58–12.53 and 6.12–6.82%, respectively. The extraction yield was 61.3–71.9%. The assay was applied to hair specimens obtained from 46 volunteers, all presenting EtP levels within the linear range of the assay. Using a statistically designed experiment, a sensitive SPME-GC-MS assay for the measurement of EtP in hair was developed and validated, requiring only 20 mg of hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bastiani
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - L L F Lizot
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - A C C Da Silva
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - R Z Hahn
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - S S Dries
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - M S Perassolo
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - M V Antunes
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - R Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
- National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
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7
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Biondi A, Freni F, Carelli C, Moretti M, Morini L. Ethyl glucuronide hair testing: A review. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 300:106-119. [PMID: 31096163 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor, non-oxidative ethanol metabolite that can be detected in several matrices (e.g. blood, urine, hair, meconium) for variable periods of time. Quantification of EtG in hair (hEtG) has established itself, over recent years, as one of the most reliable biomarkers of long-term alcohol consumption habits, with the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) offering cut-off values for assessment of both abstinence and heavy drinking (>60 g/day). Despite its high diagnostic performance, however, issues concerning inter- and intra-laboratory variability as well as data interpretation are still being investigated and represent the ultimate barrier to widespread acceptance of hEtG in the forensic context. The aim of this review is to summarize currently available analytical methods of hEtG testing, provide a framework to understand current hEtG cut-offs and their possible upcoming changes (in particular, a lower abstinence cut-off has been proposed for the 2019 revision of the SoHT consensus), and offer a schematic but exhaustive overview of the pitfalls in result reproducibility and interpretation that may limit applications of hEtG testing in the forensic context. Ultimately, the purpose of the authors is not to undermine the reliability of hEtG as an alcohol use marker, but rather to enhance it by promoting familiarization with all aspects related to it, from ethanol pharmacokinetics and EtG incorporation into hair, to sample preparation and analytical methods, to specific cases warranting close attention and additional tests for correct interpretation of hEtG results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biondi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Freni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Carelli
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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8
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Mueller A, Jungen H, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Raduenz L, Lezius S, Andresen-Streichert H. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair samples: A multivariate analysis of the impact of extraction conditions on quantitative results. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 271:43-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Boumba VA, Ziavrou KS, Vougiouklakis T. Hair as a Biological Indicator of Drug Use, Drug Abuse or Chronic Exposure to Environmental Toxicants. Int J Toxicol 2016; 25:143-63. [PMID: 16717031 DOI: 10.1080/10915810600683028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years hair has become a fundamental biological specimen, alternative to the usual samples blood and urine, for drug testing in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology and clinical chemistry. Moreover, hair-testing is now extensively used in workplace testing, as well as, on legal cases, historical research etc. This article reviews methodological and practical issues related to the application of hair as a biological indicator of drug use/abuse or of chronic exposure to environmental toxicants. Hair structure and the mechanisms of drug incorporation into it are commented. The usual preparation and extraction methods as well as the analytical techniques of hair samples are presented and commented on. The outcomes of hair analysis have been reviewed for the following categories: drugs of abuse (opiates, cocaine and related, amphetamines, cannabinoids), benzodiazepines, prescribed drugs, pesticides and organic pollutants, doping agents and other drugs or substances. Finally, the specific purpose of the hair testing is discussed along with the interpretation of hair analysis results regarding the limitations of the applied procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boumba
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
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10
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Bioanalytical procedures and developments in the determination of alcohol biomarkers in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:229-51. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is a global problem, and consequently its evaluation is of great clinical and forensic interest. Alcohol biomarkers have been the focus of several research works in the past decades, with new compounds being studied in more recent years. The main objective of this review is to discuss topics for an analyst to consider when evaluating alcohol consumption through the analysis of alcohol biomarkers in biological specimens. For this, existing alcohol biomarkers will be reviewed, including carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, 5-hydroxytryptophol, ethanol, hemoglobin-associated acetaldehyde, fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate and phosphatidylethanol. Additionally, their potential will be discussed, as well as analytical considerations, main challenges, limitations, data interpretation and existing methodologies for their determination in biological specimens.
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Cabarcos P, Álvarez I, Tabernero MJ, Bermejo AM. Determination of direct alcohol markers: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4907-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Anilanmert B, Özdemir AA, Aydin M, Akgül M, Cengiz S. A rapid LC-MS/MS method for determination of urinary EtG and application to a cut-off limit study. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/chempap-2015-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEthyl glucuronide (EtG) is a metabolite and a specific marker of alcohol consumption that can be detected days after the complete elimination of alcohol after drinking. A rapid, simple, and sensitive LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of urinary ethyl glucuronide was developed and fully validated in accordance with analytical standards, using the C
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Kummer N, Wille SMR, Di Fazio V, Ramírez Fernández MDM, Yegles M, Lambert WEE, Samyn N. Impact of the Grinding Process on the Quantification of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair Using a Validated UPLC–ESI–MS-MS Method. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 39:17-23. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Bossers L, Paul R, Berry A, Kingston R, Middendorp C, Guwy A. An evaluation of washing and extraction techniques in the analysis of ethyl glucuronide and fatty acid ethyl esters from hair samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 953-954:115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Alcohol misuse is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although clinical history, examination, and the use of self-report questionnaires may identify subjects with harmful patterns of alcohol use, denial or under-reporting of alcohol intake is common. Existing biomarkers for detecting alcohol misuse include measurement of blood or urine ethanol for acute alcohol consumption, and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyl transferase for chronic alcohol misuse. There is a need for a biomarker that can detect excessive alcohol consumption in the timeframe between 1 day and several weeks. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a direct metabolite of ethanol detectable in urine for up to 90 h and longer in hair. Because EtG has high specificity for excess alcohol intake, it has great potential for use in detecting "binge" drinking. Using urine or hair, this noninvasive marker has a role in a variety of clinical and forensic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Walsham
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Lewisham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roy A Sherwood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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Crunelle CL, Yegles M, Nuijs ALNV, Covaci A, De Doncker M, Maudens KE, Sabbe B, Dom G, Lambert WE, Michielsen P, Neels H. Hair ethyl glucuronide levels as a marker for alcohol use and abuse: a review of the current state of the art. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 134:1-11. [PMID: 24239414 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a minor alcohol metabolite that has been proposed as a stable marker in hair to detect and quantify alcohol consumption over long time periods. METHODS We provide an outline of currently available techniques for EtG hair sample analysis and highlight the pitfalls related to data interpretation. The literature of EtG analysis has been reviewed from January 1980 up to August 2013. In addition, we present an overview of the clinical and forensic studies which have used EtG quantification in hair as a marker for alcohol consumption/abstinence and we provide suggestions for future research. RESULTS EtG is a stable marker in hair that can be used to detect and quantify alcohol consumption over long time periods. This alcohol metabolite remains in hair after complete elimination of alcohol. Currently, there are three main analytical techniques used to quantify EtG in hair: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). No standardized protocols are yet available for the analysis of EtG levels in hair samples, and the current protocols vary in sample preparation and extraction procedures. Variables such as hair length, cosmetic treatment, gender, and pathophysiological conditions influence the final results and should be taken into account. CONCLUSIONS EtG quantification in hair is a useful tool for the objective detection of alcohol consumption over extended time periods, but care should be taken when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo L Crunelle
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Michel Yegles
- Laboratoire National de Santé - Toxicologie, Université du Luxembourg, 162a, av. Faiencerie, L1511, Luxembourg
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mireille De Doncker
- Toxicology Laboratory, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekenstraat 267, B2060 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristof E Maudens
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Psychiatric Hospital Sint-Norbertus, Stationstraat 22, B2570 Duffel, Belgium
| | - Geert Dom
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Psychiatric Centre Alexian Brothers, Provinciesteenweg 408, B2530 Boechout, Belgium
| | - Willy E Lambert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Michielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, B2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; Toxicology Laboratory, ZNA Stuivenberg, Lange Beeldekenstraat 267, B2060 Antwerp, Belgium
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Turfus SC, Beyer J, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. A comparison of the performance of quality controls prepared from spiked, fortified and authentic hair for ethyl glucuronide analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 232:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Mönch B, Becker R, Nehls I. Quantification of Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair: Effect of Milling on Extraction Efficiency. Alcohol Alcohol 2013; 48:558-63. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Mönch B, Becker R, Jung C, Nehls I. The homogeneity testing of EtG in hair reference materials: A high-throughput procedure using GC–NCI–MS. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 226:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Joya X, Friguls B, Ortigosa S, Papaseit E, Martínez S, Manich A, Garcia-Algar O, Pacifici R, Vall O, Pichini S. Determination of maternal-fetal biomarkers of prenatal exposure to ethanol: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:209-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Małkowska A, Szutowski M, Dyr W. Deposition of ethyl glucuronide in WHP rat hair after chronic ethanol intake. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:586-93. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Jones J, Jones M, Plate C, Lewis D, Fendrich M, Berger L, Fuhrmann D. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay to Detect Ethyl Glucuronide in Human Fingernail: Comparison to Hair and Gender Differences. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012; 3:83-91. [PMID: 27134762 PMCID: PMC4847958 DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2012.31012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of hair specimens for the long-term detection of the alcohol biomarker ethyl glucuronide has been increasing in popularity and usage. We evaluated the usefulness of fingernail clippings as a suitable alternative to hair for ethyl glucuronide detection. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of ethyl glucuronide in fingernail clippings was fully validated and used to analyze the hair and/or fingernail specimens of 606 college-aged study participants. The limit of detection was 2 pg/mg, the limit of quantitation was 8 pg/mg and the method was linear from 8 to 2000 pg/mg. Intra- and inter-assay imprecision studies at three different concentrations (20, 40, 200 pg/mg) were all within 7.8% and all intra- and inter-assay bias studies at these levels were within 115.1% of target concentration. Ethyl glucuronide levels in fingernail (mean = 29.1 ± 55.6 pg/mg) were higher than ethyl glucuronide levels in hair (mean = 9.48 ± 22.3 pg/mg) and a correlation of the matched pairs was observed (r = 0.552, P < 0.01, n = 529). Evaluating each gender separately revealed that the correlation of male fingernail to male hair was large and significant (r = 0.782, P < 0.01, n = 195) while female hair to female fingernail was small yet significant (r = 0.249, P < 0.01, n = 334). The study results demonstrated that fingernail may be a suitable alternative to hair for ethyl glucuronide detection and may be the preferred sample type due to the lack of a gender bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jones
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc., Des Plaines, USA
| | - Mary Jones
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc., Des Plaines, USA
| | - Charles Plate
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc., Des Plaines, USA
| | - Douglas Lewis
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc., Des Plaines, USA
| | - Michael Fendrich
- Center for Addiction and Behavioral Health Research, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Lisa Berger
- Center for Addiction and Behavioral Health Research, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Daniel Fuhrmann
- Center for Addiction and Behavioral Health Research, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
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23
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AlSaabi A, Tournel G, Hennart B, Notebaert D, Allorge D. Development and validation of a GC-MS/MS method for the determination of ethylglucuronide in human urine and serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1051/ata/2011129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Alcohol is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Subjects abusing alcohol can be identified through clinical history, examination or self-report questionnaires. A range of biomarkers is available for detecting alcohol misuse, but there is still a need for a marker that can detect alcohol consumption in the time window between one day (ethanol) and one week (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin). Ethyl glucuronide is a direct metabolite that can be detected in urine for up to 90 h and has the potential to become a useful marker of 'binge' drinking. As a non-invasive marker, it could have a role in a variety of clinical and forensic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Walsham
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Lewisham, High Street, Lewisham, London SE13 6LH
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25
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Postmortem chemistry update part II. Int J Legal Med 2011; 126:199-215. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-011-0614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Diagnostic performance of ethyl glucuronide in hair for the investigation of alcohol drinking behavior: a comparison with traditional biomarkers. Int J Legal Med 2011; 126:243-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-011-0619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Puiggròs F, Solà R, Bladé C, Salvadó MJ, Arola L. Nutritional biomarkers and foodomic methodologies for qualitative and quantitative analysis of bioactive ingredients in dietary intervention studies. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7399-414. [PMID: 21917262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional dietary assessment methods, such as 24-h recalls, weighted food diaries and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are highly subjective and impair the assessment of successfully accomplished dietary interventions. Foodomic technologies offer promising methodologies for gathering scientific evidence from clinical trials with sensitive methods (e.g., GC-MS, LC-MS, CE, NMR) to detect and quantify markers of nutrient exposure or subtle changes in dietary patterns. This review provides a summary of recently developed foodomic methodologies for the detection of suggested biomarkers, including the food specificity for each suggested biomarker and a brief description of the key aspects of 24-h recalls that may affect marker detection and stability, such as mixed nutrients and cooking processes. The primary aim of this review is to contribute to the assessment of the metabolic effects of active ingredients and foods using cutting-edge methods to improve approaches to future nutritional programs tailored for health maintenance and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Puiggròs
- Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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28
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A study of distribution of ethyl glucuronide in different keratin matrices. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 210:271-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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[Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human urine by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2011; 29:172-5. [PMID: 21598520 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2011.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) method for determination of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in human urine was established. One mL urine sample was deproteinated by 100 microL 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid and cleaned up through a solid phase extraction column. The target analytes were eluted from an NH2-column with 4% ammonia solution and then treated with bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) + trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) (99:1) for derivatization. The derivatized samples were analyzed by GC-MS. Data were acquired in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode and the quantitation of EtG was done through internal standard method. Good linearity was obtained at the mass concentration range of 0.1 - 3.2 mg/L with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9921. The limit of detection (LOD) was 28.4 microg/L. The range of recoveries was 92.5% - 108.7%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra-day and inter-day were all less than 5%. This method is sensitive, specific, accurate and can be applied to the determination of EtG for medicolegal identification and clinical laboratory.
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30
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Hair: a complementary source of bioanalytical information in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:67-79. [PMID: 21175368 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair has been used for years in the assessment and documentation of human exposure to drugs, as it presents characteristics that make it extremely valuable for this purpose, namely the fact that sample collection is performed in a noninvasive manner, under close supervision, the possibility of collecting a specimen reflecting a similar timeline in the case of claims or suspicion of a leak in the chain of custody, and the increased window of detection for the drugs. For these reasons, testing for drugs in hair provides unique and useful information in several fields of toxicology, from which the most prominent is the possibility of studying individual drug use histories by means of segmental analysis. This paper will review the unique role of hair as a complementary sample in documenting human exposure to drugs in the fields of clinical and forensic toxicology and workplace drug testing.
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31
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Smith-Baker C, Saleh MA. Hair as a marker for pesticides exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2011; 46:648-653. [PMID: 21790305 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.597701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rats were orally treated with mixtures of chlorinated pesticides. Hair was collected and analyzed for pesticide residues over a period of up to four weeks. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the recovered pesticides in hair were determined using gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Results suggest that hair can be used as a biomarker for the monitoring of organochlorinated pesticide residues at low parts per billion levels. Chlorinated pesticides were also detected in human hair of environmentally exposed and occupationally exposed individuals, which indicates that hair can be used for monitoring pesticides exposure.
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32
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Albermann ME, Musshoff F, Madea B. Comparison of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) concentrations in hair for testing abstinence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 400:175-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Shi Y, Shen B, Xiang P, Yan H, Shen M. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair samples of Chinese people by protein precipitation (PPT) and large volume injection–gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LVI–GC/MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:3161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Paul R, Tsanaclis L, Kingston R, Berry A, Guwy A. Simultaneous determination of GHB and EtG in hair using GCMS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:201-5. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Agreement Between the Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Hair Test for Alcohol and Social Workers' Reports. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32:294-9. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181dcab72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Determination of dialkyl phosphates in human hair for the biomonitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1246-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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37
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Validation of a headspace solid-phase microextraction–GC–MS/MS for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair according to forensic guidelines. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 196:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Pragst F, Rothe M, Moench B, Hastedt M, Herre S, Simmert D. Combined use of fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide in hair for diagnosis of alcohol abuse: Interpretation and advantages. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 196:101-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Ethyl glucuronide determination in meconium and hair by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 196:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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A fully validated high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair for the proof of strict alcohol abstinence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2441-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Kharbouche H, Sporkert F, Troxler S, Augsburger M, Mangin P, Staub C. Development and validation of a gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair and its application to forensic toxicology. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2337-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Determination of ethyl-glucuronide in hair for heavy drinking detection using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry following solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1895-901. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Kulaga V, Pragst F, Koren G. The fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) hair test: emerging technology for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1051/ata/2009035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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44
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Høiseth G, Morini L, Polettini A, Christophersen A, Mørland J. Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair Compared With Traditional Alcohol Biomarkers-A Pilot Study of Heavy Drinkers Referred to an Alcohol Detoxification Unit. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:812-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Palmer RB. A review of the use of ethyl glucuronide as a marker for ethanol consumption in forensic and clinical medicine. Semin Diagn Pathol 2009; 26:18-27. [PMID: 19292025 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a direct phase-II metabolite of ethanol formed through the UDP-glucuronosyl transferase catalyzed conjugation of ethanol with glucuronic acid. It has been detected in many antemortem and postmortem biological matrices using a variety of analytical methods. Due to its long urinary elimination time, detectability in hair, specificity for ethanol exposure, and low detection limits of assays, the use of EtG has been proposed as a marker of recent ethanol intake in a variety of clinical and legal settings, including medical monitoring for relapse, emergency department patient evaluation, postmortem assessments, and transportation accident investigation. However, challenges associated with factors such as establishing appropriate cut-off levels capable of distinguishing between drinking and nonbeverage sources of ethanol exposure, nonuniform laboratory reporting limits, sample stability, and microbial activity substantially complicate accurate interpretation of results. The following review briefly explores the history, utility, and limitations of EtG in contemporary medical and forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Palmer
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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46
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Hair Analysis of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in the Detection of Excessive Drinking in the Context of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Ther Drug Monit 2009; 31:261-6. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31819c33b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Curtis J, Greenberg M. Screening for drugs of abuse: Hair as an alternative matrix: a review for the medical toxicologist. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 46:22-34. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650701261462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Freire IÁ, Barrera AMB, Silva PC, Duque MJT, Gómez PF, Eijo PL. Microwave assisted extraction for the determination of ethyl glucuronide in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:773-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Nováková M, Křivánková L. Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human serum by hyphenation of capillary isotachophoresis and zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1694-700. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Determination of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) and Ethyl Glucuronide (EtG) in Hair: A Promising Way for Retrospective Detection of Alcohol Abuse During Pregnancy? Ther Drug Monit 2008; 30:255-63. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318167d602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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