1
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Large scale consumption monitoring of benzodiazepines and z-drugs by hair analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 183:113151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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2
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Qin S, Xin G, Wang Y, Qiao J, Zhang W, Xu D, Xu Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Lu J. Characterization and tentative identification of new flunitrazepam metabolites in authentic human urine specimens using liquid chromatography-Q exactive-HF hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-QE-HF-MS). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:704-715. [PMID: 31233253 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flunitrazepam (FNZ) is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat severe insomnia. In our recent study, FNZ metabolic profiles were investigated carefully. Six authentic human urine samples were purified using solid phase extraction (SPE) without enzymatic hydrolysis, and urine extracts were then analyzed by liquid chromatography-Q exactive-HF hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-QE-HF-MS), using the full scan positive ion mode and targeted MS/MS (ddms2) technique to make accurate mass measurements. There were 25 metabolites, including 13 phase I and 12 phase II metabolites, which were detected and tentatively identified by LC-QE-HF-MS. In addition, nine previously unreported phase II glucuronide conjugates and four phase I metabolites are reported here for the first time. Eight metabolic pathways, including N-reduction and O-reduction, N-glucuronidation, O-glucuronidation, mono-hydroxylation and di-hydroxylation, demethylation, acetylation, and combinations, were implicated in this work, and 2-O-reduction together with dihydroxylation were two novel metabolic pathways for FNZ that were identified tentatively. Although 7-amino FNZ is widely considered to be the primary metabolite, a previously unreported metabolites (M12) can also serve as a potential biomarker for FNZ misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guobin Xin
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, 100025, Beijing, China
- China Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, 100025, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Duoqi Xu
- China University of Political Science and Law, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Zizhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- Drug and Food Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029, Beijing, China
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3
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Hu W, Jia M, He S, Xie H, Jiang X, Wang L. Simultaneous determination of tandospirone and its active metabolite, 1-[2-pyrimidyl]-piperazine in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4525. [PMID: 30822365 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of tandospirone (TDS) and its active metabolite 1-[2-pyrimidyl]-piperazine (1-PP) in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma is described. It was employed in a pharmacokinetic study. These analytes and the internal standards were extracted from plasma using protein precipitation with acetonitrile, then separated on a CAPCELL PAK ADME C18 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 5 mm ammonium formate acidified with formic acid (0.1%, v/v) at a total flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The detection was performed with a tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. The method was validated to quantify the concentration ranges of 1.000-500.0 ng/mL for TDS and 10.00-500.0 ng/mL for 1-PP. Total time for each chromatograph was 3.0 min. The intra-day precision was between 1.42 and 6.69% and the accuracy ranged from 95.74 to 110.18% for all analytes. Inter-day precision and accuracy ranged from 2.47 to 6.02% and from 98.37 to 105.62%, respectively. The lower limits of quantification were 1.000 ng/mL for TDS and 10.00 ng/mL for 1-PP. This method provided a fast, sensitive and selective analytical tool for quantification of tandospirone and its metabolite 1-PP in plasma necessary for the pharmacokinetic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mi Jia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyan He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huiru Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuehua Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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4
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Development and validation of a GC–MS method for the determination of hydroxyzine and its active metabolite, cetirizine, in whole blood. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 145:765-772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Liu Y, Uboh CE, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Maylin GA, Zhu F, Soma LR. Validated LC–MS-MS Method for Simultaneous Analysis of 17 Barbiturates in Horse Plasma for Doping Control. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:431-440. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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6
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Simultaneous Determination of Eight Tranquilizers in Pork by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Katselou M, Papoutsis I, Nikolaou P, Spiliopoulou C, Athanaselis S. Bioanalysis of antihistamines for clinical or forensic purposes. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katselou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Ioannis Papoutsis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Panagiota Nikolaou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Chara Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Sotiris Athanaselis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
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8
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Briône W, Brekelmans M, Eijndhoven FV, Schenkel E, Noij T. Development and validation of a method for the analysis of hydroxyzine hydrochloride in extracellular solution used in in vitro preclinical safety studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:69-73. [PMID: 26163869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the process of drug development, preclinical safety studies are to be performed that require the analysis of the compound at very low concentrations with high demands on the performance of the analytical methods. In the current study, a UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantify hydroxyzine hydrochloride in an extracellular solution used in a hERG assay in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10μM (4.5ng/ml-4.5μg/ml). Chromatographic separation was achieved isocratically on an Acquity BEH C18 analytical column. The assay was validated at concentrations of 0.11-1.1ng/ml in end solution for hydroxyzine hydrochloride. Linearity was demonstrated over the range of concentrations of 0.06-0.17ng/ml and over the range of concentrations of 0.6-1.7ng/ml in end solution with the coefficient of correlation r>0.99. Accuracy of the achieved concentration, intra-run, and inter-run precision of the method were well within the acceptance criteria (being mean recovery of 80-120% and relative standard deviation ≤10.0%). The limit of quantification in extracellular solution was 0.09ng/ml. Hydroxyzine hydrochloride in extracellular solution proved to be stable when stored in the fridge at 4-8°C for at least 37 days, at room temperature for at least 16 days and at +35°C for at least 16 days. The analytical method was successfully applied in hERG assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Briône
- UCB Pharma S.A., Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Mari Brekelmans
- WIL Research Europe B.V., Hambakenwetering 7, 5231 DD 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Freek van Eijndhoven
- WIL Research Europe B.V., Hambakenwetering 7, 5231 DD 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Schenkel
- UCB Pharma S.A., Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Theo Noij
- WIL Research Europe B.V., Hambakenwetering 7, 5231 DD 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
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9
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Cheng L, Shen J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Simultaneous Determination of Three Tranquillizers in Lamb Liver by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Abstract
AbstractBenzodiazepines (BDZs) are generally commonly used as anxiolytic and/or hypnotic drugs as a ligand of the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor. Moreover, some of benzodiazepines are widely used as an anti-depressive and sedative drugs, and also as anti-epileptic drugs and in some cases can be useful as an adjunct treatment in refractory epilepsies or anti-alcoholic therapy. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods, gas chromatography (GC) methods, capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods and some of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods were developed and have been extensively applied to the analysis of number of benzodiazepine derivative drugs (BDZs) providing reliable and accurate results. The available chemical methods for the determination of BDZs in biological materials and pharmaceutical formulations are reviewed in this work.
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11
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Gao BL, Liu J, Dong LX, Zhang L, Qin JH, Wang JP. Broad specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of residual phenothiazine drugs in swine tissues. Anal Biochem 2014; 454:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Galaon T, Vacaresteanu C, Anghel DF, David V. Simultaneous ESI-APCI(+) ionization and fragmentation pathways for nine benzodiazepines and zolpidem using single quadrupole LC-MS. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:439-50. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catalina Vacaresteanu
- Laboratory of Colloids, “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry; Romanian Academy; Spl. Independenţei, No. 202; 060021; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Dan-Florin Anghel
- Laboratory of Colloids, “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry; Romanian Academy; Spl. Independenţei, No. 202; 060021; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Victor David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest; Sos. Panduri, no. 90; Bucharest; 050663; Romania
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13
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Wilczewska K, Kot-Wasik A, Namieśnik J. LC-MS and LC-NMR as Complementary Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Dosage Formulations. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.810459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Rapid detection and quantification of 35 benzodiazepines in urine by GC-TOF-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:755-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Methods for the analysis of nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:291-304. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon (Z-drugs) are nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs that are used for the treatment of insomnia. These drugs were developed with the intent to overcome some disadvantages of benzodiazepines, such as dependence and next day sedation. In general, the nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs are administered in oral doses daily and are widely biotransformed in the body. A large number of analytical methods based on chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques for the quantification of Z-drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices have been reported. In this review, the bioanalytical methods for Z-drugs were reviewed with the focus placed on sample preparation procedures and the separation techniques used. Furthermore, as these drugs are also reported as drugs of abuse or in drug-facilitated crime, screening methods that simultaneously cover these drugs and also other drugs of abuse were included in this review.
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16
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Borges NC, Rezende VM, Santana JM, Moreira RP, Moreira RF, Moreno P, Borges DC, Donato JL, Moreno RA. Chlorpromazine quantification in human plasma by UPLC–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3728-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Determination of midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam from plasma by gas chromatography coupled to methane negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry after sublingual administration of midazolam. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1668-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Jin F. Determination of tandospirone in human plasma by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2881-7. [PMID: 21533639 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of tandospirone in human plasma is described. It was employed in a pharmacokinetic study. The analyte and internal standard diphenhydramine were extracted from plasma using liquid-liquid extraction, then separated on a Zorbax XDB C(18) column using a mobile phase of methanol-water-formic acid (80:20:0.5, v/v/v). The detection was performed with a tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. Linearity was established in the concentration range of 10.0-5,000 pg/ml. The lower limit of quantification was 10.0 pg/ml. The intraday and interday relative standard deviation across three validation runs over the entire concentration range was less than 13%. Accuracy determined at three concentrations (25.0, 200, and 4,000 pg/ml for tandospirone) ranged from 94.4 to 102.1%. Each plasma sample was chromatographed within 3.4 min. The method proved to be highly selective and suitable for bioequivalence evaluation of different formulations containing tandospirone and clinical pharmacokinetic investigation of tandospirone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdan Jin
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering Institute, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
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19
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Full validation and application of an ultra high performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric procedure for target screening and quantification of 34 antidepressants in human blood plasma as part of a comprehensive multi-analyte approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2093-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Nakamura M. Analyses of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in various biological matrices by LC-MS(/MS). Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1283-307. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Drug Informatics; Gifu Pharmaceutical University; 1-25-4, daigaku-nishi; Gifu; 501-1196; Japan
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21
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Wang B, He J, Shamsi SA. A high-throughput multivariate optimization for the simultaneous enantioseparation and detection of barbiturates in micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2010; 48:572-83. [PMID: 20819283 PMCID: PMC3098000 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/48.7.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The R- and S-configurations of barbiturates display differences in potency and biological activity. In this study, multivariate micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry (MEKC-MS) approach for the simultaneous analysis of three chiral barbiturates (mephobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital) is developed using a polymeric chiral surfactant. After screening 11 amino acid polymeric surfactants, polysodium N-undecenoxycarbonyl-L-isoleucinate (poly-L-SUCIL) was found to be the best chiral selector. The multivariate central composite design (CCD) is used to optimize the chiral resolution, decrease the total analysis time, and improve the ESI-MS signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. In the preliminary set of experiments, the ranges of the factors investigated in the multivariate approaches are determined. Next, the CCD design is conducted to determine the best overall chiral resolution with shortest possible run times. This optimization resulted in simultaneous enantioseparation in less than 32 min of all three barbiturates with 3-5 fold higher sensitivity by MS compared to UV detection. The adequacy of the multivariate model is validated by three replicate experimental runs at the predicted optimum conditions. The predicted results of MEKC-MS are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data for migration times, resolution, and S/N ratio. The optimized method provided good results in terms of linearity and recovery values of chiral barbiturates spiked in human serum after solid-phase extraction procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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22
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Remane D, Meyer MR, Peters FT, Wissenbach DK, Maurer HH. Fast and simple procedure for liquid–liquid extraction of 136 analytes from different drug classes for development of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric quantification method in human blood plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2303-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Fernández P, Vázquez C, Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Bermejo AM. Development of a Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Six Benzodiazepines in Human Plasma After Solid-Phase Extraction. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903492490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Fernández P, Vázquez C, Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Álvarez I, Cabarcos P. Experimental design for optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of benzodiazepines in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:677-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Cheng L, Zhang Y, Shen J, Wu C, Zhang S. GC–MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Four Sedative Hypnotic Residues in Swine Tissues. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Ishida T, Kudo K, Hayashida M, Ikeda N. Rapid and quantitative screening method for 43 benzodiazepines and their metabolites, zolpidem and zopiclone in human plasma by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with a small particle column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2652-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization–mass spectrometry method for the quantification of alprazolam, flunitrazepam, and their main metabolites in haemolysed blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Saito T, Yamagiwa T, Kishiyama I, Miyazaki S, Nakamoto A, Nishida M, Namera A, Inokuchi S. Monolithic Spin Column Extraction and GC-MS for Simultaneously Detecting Nine Cold Medication Compounds and the Drug Bromoisovaleryl Urea in Human Serum. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Oliveira-Silva D, Oliveira CH, Mendes GD, Galvinas PAR, Barrientos-Astigarraga RE, De Nucci G. Quantification of chlordesmethyldiazepam by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a cloxazolam bioequivalence study. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:1266-75. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mass spectrometric approaches in impaired driving toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:97-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gergov M. Chapter 14 Forensic screening with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Zhou N, Liang YZ, Chen BM, Wang P, Chen X, Liu FP. Development and Validation of LC–MS Method for the Determination of Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride in Human Plasma and Subsequent Application in a Bioequivalence Study. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bechtel LK, Holstege CP. Criminal poisoning: drug-facilitated sexual assault. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2007; 25:499-525; abstract x. [PMID: 17482030 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a complex and ever-prevalent problem presenting to emergency departments. Emergency personnel should consider DFSA in patients who are amnestic to the specific details of the event following a reported sexual assault. The presence of ethanol or a positive routine drug screen in a sexual assault victim does not exclude the potential of a surreptitious drug being present. In addition, a negative routine drug screen does not exclude all potential agents that are used in DFSA. This article discusses agents reported in DFSA. It is imperative for emergency personnel to clearly document the history and the presenting signs and symptoms to assist laboratory personnel to hone in and detect the correct agent used in a DFSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Bechtel
- Blue Ridge Poison Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0774, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196, USA
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Maurer HH. Current role of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1315-25. [PMID: 17377775 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews multi-analyte single-stage and tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) procedures using different mass analyzers (quadrupole, ion trap, time-of-flight) for screening, identification, and/or quantification of drugs, poisons, and/or their metabolites in blood, plasma, serum, or urine published after 2004. Basic information about the biosample assayed, work-up, LC column, mobile phase, ionization type, mass spectral detection mode, and validation data of each procedure is summarized in tables. The following analytes are covered: drugs of abuse, analgesics, opioids, sedative-hypnotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants including selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), herbal phenalkylamines (ephedrines), oral antidiabetics, antiarrhythmics and other cardiovascular drugs, antiretroviral drugs, toxic alkaloids, quaternary ammonium drugs and herbicides, and dialkylphosphate pesticides. The pros and cons of the reviewed procedures are critically discussed, particularly, the need for studies on matrix effects, selectivity, analyte stability, and the use of stable-isotope labeled internal standards instead of unlabeled therapeutic drugs. In conclusion, LC-MS will probably become a gold standard for detection of very low concentrations particularly in alternative matrices and for quantification in clinical and forensic toxicology. However, some drawbacks still need to be addressed and finally overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1654-1665. [PMID: 17136768 DOI: 10.1002/jms.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Akutsu T, Kobayashi K, Sakurada K, Ikegaya H, Furihata T, Chiba K. Identification of Human Cytochrome P450 Isozymes Involved in Diphenhydramine N-Demethylation. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 35:72-8. [PMID: 17020955 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.012088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphenhydramine is widely used as an over-the-counter antihistamine. However, the specific human cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes that mediate the metabolism of diphenhydramine in the range of clinically relevant concentrations (0.14-0.77 microM) remain unclear. Therefore, P450 isozymes involved in N-demethylation, a main metabolic pathway of diphenhydramine, were identified by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method developed in our laboratory. Among 14 recombinant P450 isozymes, CYP2D6 showed the highest activity of diphenhydramine N-demethylation (0.69 pmol/min/pmol P450) at 0.5 microM. CYP2D6 catalyzed diphenhydramine N-demethylation as a high-affinity P450 isozyme, the K(m) value of which was 1.12 +/- 0.21 microM. In addition, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 were identified as low-affinity components. In human liver microsomes, involvement of CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 in diphenhydramine N-demethylation was confirmed by using P450 isozyme-specific inhibitors. In addition, contributions of these P450 isozymes estimated by the relative activity factor were in good agreement with the results of inhibition studies. Although an inhibitory effect of diphenhydramine on the metabolic activity of CYP2D6 has been reported previously, the results of the present study suggest that it is not only a potent inhibitor but also a high-affinity substrate of CYP2D6. Therefore, it is worth mentioning that the sedative effect of diphenhydramine might be caused by coadministration of CYP2D6 substrate(s)/inhibitor(s). In addition, large differences in the metabolic activities of CYP2D6 and those of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 could cause the individual differences in anti-allergic efficacy and the sedative effect of diphenhydramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Akutsu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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