1
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Huhtala S, Nordgaard A, Ahrens B, Alberink I, Korpinsalo T, Bovens M. Chemometrics in Forensic Chemistry - Part III: Quality assessment and interpretation of chemometric output. Forensic Sci Int 2023:111612. [PMID: 36906436 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of samples sent to forensic laboratories as well as the complexity of the drug situation has increased tremendously during recent years. At the same time the amount of data gathered from chemical measurements has been mounting. This creates challenges for forensic chemists: how to handle the data, how to reliably answer the questions asked, and how to examine the data to find new properties or how to disclose connections with respect to source attribution of samples within a case or retrospective to past cases, stored in a database. Previously published articles Chemometrics in Forensic Chemistry - Part I and II discussed where in the forensic workflow of routine casework chemometrics is applied, and presented examples of chemometric methods used in cases of illicit drugs. This article explains through examples that the chemometric results must never stand-alone. Before such results are reported, quality assessment steps, which may consist of operational, chemical, and forensic assessments are required. In each case a forensic chemist needs to consider the suitability of chemometric methods, based on their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). This is because while chemometric methods are powerful tools managing complex data, they are to some extent chemically blind.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huhtala
- National Bureau of Investigation, Jokiniemenkuja 4, 01370 Vantaa, Finland.
| | - A Nordgaard
- National Forensic Centre, Swedish Police Authority, 58194 Linköping, Sweden
| | - B Ahrens
- Federal Criminal Police Office, KT45, 65173 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - I Alberink
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - T Korpinsalo
- National Bureau of Investigation, Jokiniemenkuja 4, 01370 Vantaa, Finland
| | - M Bovens
- Zurich Forensic Science Institute, P.O. Box 8021, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Le Daré B, Allard S, Couette A, Allard PM, Morel I, Gicquel T. Comparison of Illicit Drug Seizures Products of Natural Origin Using a Molecular Networking Approach. Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:108-114. [PMID: 35212556 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211065161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug powder composition analysis is of particular interest in forensic investigations to identify illicit substance content, cutting agents and impurities. Powder profiling is difficult to implement due to multiple analytical methods requirement and remains a challenge for forensic toxicology laboratories. Furthermore, visualization tools allowing seizure products identification appear to be under-used to date. The aim of this study is to present the utility of molecular networking for the composition establishment of natural origin drugs. A powder suspected to contain heroin and three powders suspected to contain cocaine obtained from law enforcement agency seizures were analyzed using untargeted screening by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Molecular networking and metabolite annotation applied to suspected heroin sample allowed rapid confirmation of its illicit content (heroin), the identification of structurally related major impurities (6-monoacetylmorphine, 6-monoacetylcodeine, noscapine, and papaverine), as well as cutting agents (acetaminophen and caffeine). The cocaine powder profiling allowed the comparison of its constituents in a semi-quantitative manner (cocaine, benzoylecgonine, trans/cis-cinnamoylcocaine, trimethoxycocaine, hexanoylecgonine methylester, caffeine, hydroxyzine, levamisole, and phenacetin), bringing additional information for their identification, including geographically sourcing of natural product and their putative place in the supply chain. Although this approach does not replace the profiling techniques used by forensic laboratories, the use of molecular networks provides a visual overview of structurally related constituents which aids the comparison and investigation of seizure powders. Molecular networks offers here an ideal way to depict structurally related and unrelated compounds in these often complex mixtures of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Le Daré
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, 36684Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.,INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), 36684University Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Allard
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, 36684Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélien Couette
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, 36684Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | | | - Isabelle Morel
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, 36684Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.,INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), 36684University Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, 36684Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.,INSERM, INRA, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), 36684University Rennes, Rennes, France
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3
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Laposchan S, Kranenburg RF, van Asten AC. Impurities, adulterants and cutting agents in cocaine as potential candidates for retrospective mining of GC-MS data. Sci Justice 2022; 62:60-75. [PMID: 35033329 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most widely used illicit drugs worldwide. Cocaine powders seized by the Police may contain numerous other substances besides the drug itself. These can be impurities originating from the coca plant or the production process, or be purposely added to the drug formulation as adulterants and cutting agents. In forensic laboratories, identification of cocaine is routinely done through GC-MS analysis, but other components are often ignored even if the method allows for their detection. Yet, they can provide valuable insight into the history of a seizure and its potential connection to other samples. To explore this idea, an extensive review of common impurities and adulterants encountered in cocaine is presented. Based on their incidence, concentration in the end product and compatibility with GC-MS methods, their overall usefulness as candidates for the statistical investigation of existing forensic data is evaluated. The impurities cis- and trans-cinnamoylcocaine, tropacocaine, norcocaine and N-benzoylnormethylecgonine as well as the adulterants lidocaine, procaine, tetracaine, benzocaine, caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid, phenacetin, ibuprofen, levamisole, hydroxyzine and diltiazem are promising candidates to provide additional forensic intelligence. Future research on optimized routine GC-MS methods, signal reproducibility, comparison, statistics and databases is suggested to facilitate this concept. Ultimately, such an approach may significantly advance the amount of information that is extracted from routine casework data, elucidate developments in the cocaine markets in the past and facilitate Police work in the future. Preliminary assessment of existing data from the forensic laboratory of the Amsterdam Police has been included to show that the detection of the identified target impurities is feasible, and that small adjustments to the analysis method could significantly increase the detectability of these analytes in prospective drug screenings. Forensic intelligence based on retrospective data mining of cocaine containing casework samples may thus be realized with minimal additional laboratory efforts by using already available instrumentation, samples and data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Laposchan
- Dutch National Police, Unit Amsterdam, Forensic Laboratory, Kabelweg 25, Amsterdam 1014 BA, The Netherlands; Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben F Kranenburg
- Dutch National Police, Unit Amsterdam, Forensic Laboratory, Kabelweg 25, Amsterdam 1014 BA, The Netherlands; Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands.
| | - Arian C van Asten
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands
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4
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Carby-Robinson D, Dalsgaard PW, Mollerup CB, Linnet K, Rasmussen BS. Cocaine profiling method retrospectively developed with nontargeted discovery of markers using liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:462-473. [PMID: 34265168 PMCID: PMC9291609 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drug profiling performed by forensic laboratories assists law enforcement agencies through providing information about chemical and/or physical characteristics of seized specimens. In this article, a model was developed for the comparison of seized cocaine based on retrospective analysis of data generated from ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐TOF‐MS) comprehensive drug screening. A nontargeted approach to discover target compounds was employed, which generated 53 potential markers using data from cocaine positive samples. Twelve marker compounds were selected for the development of the final profiling model. The selection included a mixture of commonly used cocaine profiling targets and other cocaine‐related compounds. Combinations of pretreatments and comparison metrics were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves to determine the combination with the best discrimination between linked and unlinked populations. Using data from 382 linked and 34,519 unlinked distances, a classification model was developed using a combination of the standardization and normalization transformations with Canberra distance, resulting in a linked cut‐off with a 0.5% false positive rate. The present study demonstrates the applicability of retrospectively developing a cocaine profiling model using data generated from UHPLC‐TOF‐MS nontargeted drug screening without pre‐existing information about cocaine impurities. The developed workflow was not specific to cocaine and thus could potentially be applied to any seized drug in which there are both sufficient data and impurities present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carby-Robinson
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch Mollerup
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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de Bruin-Hoegée M, Kleiweg D, Noort D, van Asten AC. Chemical attribution of fentanyl: The effect of human metabolism. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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6
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Meola S, Huhtala S, Broséus J, Jendly M, Jalava K, Aalberg L, Esseiva P. Illicit drug profiling practices in Finland: An exploratory study about end users' perceptions. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 324:110848. [PMID: 34111809 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Illicit drug profiling (i.e. chemical and/or physical profiling) to compare and relate illicit drugs samples has been actively used in routine case work at the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) in Finland. This preliminary and exploratory work reviews NBI's illicit drug profiling practices. Particular emphasis is put on communication of forensic results and how the NBI has promoted the use of forensic data in an intelligence perspective by establishing a case coordination service. Moreover, our study evaluates the comprehension, integration and usefulness of illicit drug profiling from end users' point of view by means of an online survey and face-to-face interviews. Findings are compared with theoretical aspects as described in literature. Results show that in the Finnish context illicit drug profiling is used and useful in the investigation and in court. From end users' perspective, real practical relevance relies in its use as intelligence during the investigation. However, to be truly useful, illicit drug profiling results must be communicated promptly during the investigation, with sufficient clarity and interpreted correctly by end users. Factors influencing the integration of illicit drug profiling in the forensic process are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Meola
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland; Forensic Laboratory, National Bureau of Investigation, 01301 Vantaa, Finland.
| | - Sami Huhtala
- Forensic Laboratory, National Bureau of Investigation, 01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Julian Broséus
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Manon Jendly
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Kaisa Jalava
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland; Forensic Laboratory, National Bureau of Investigation, 01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Laura Aalberg
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland; Forensic Laboratory, National Bureau of Investigation, 01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
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7
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Evaluation of data preprocessings for the comparison of GC–MS chemical profiles of seized cannabis samples. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 310:110228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Joubert V, Trébuchet M, Mikic M, Silvestre V, Schiphorst A, Loquet D, Stemmelen A, Ladroue V, Besacier F, Akoka S, Remaud GS. Isotopomics by isotope ratio monitoring by
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C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry on cutting agents in heroin: A new approach for illicit drugs trafficking route elucidation. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:449-457. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Joubert
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAMUniversity of Nantes‐CNRS UMR6230 Nantes France
| | - Matéo Trébuchet
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAMUniversity of Nantes‐CNRS UMR6230 Nantes France
| | - Mariana Mikic
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAMUniversity of Nantes‐CNRS UMR6230 Nantes France
| | - Virginie Silvestre
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAMUniversity of Nantes‐CNRS UMR6230 Nantes France
| | - Anne‐Marie Schiphorst
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAMUniversity of Nantes‐CNRS UMR6230 Nantes France
| | - Denis Loquet
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAMUniversity of Nantes‐CNRS UMR6230 Nantes France
| | - Anaïs Stemmelen
- Institut National de Police Scientifique (INPS)Laboratoire de Lyon (LPS69) Ecully Cedex France
| | - Virginie Ladroue
- Institut National de Police Scientifique (INPS)Laboratoire de Lyon (LPS69) Ecully Cedex France
| | - Fabrice Besacier
- Institut National de Police Scientifique (INPS)Laboratoire de Lyon (LPS69) Ecully Cedex France
| | - Serge Akoka
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAMUniversity of Nantes‐CNRS UMR6230 Nantes France
| | - Gérald S. Remaud
- Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAMUniversity of Nantes‐CNRS UMR6230 Nantes France
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9
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Popovic A, Morelato M, Roux C, Beavis A. Review of the most common chemometric techniques in illicit drug profiling. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Morphologically directed Raman spectroscopy (MDRS) is a novel tool for the forensic analysis of illicit and counterfeit drug samples. MDRS combines Raman microspectroscopy with automated particle imaging so that physical and chemical information about the components of a mixture sample can be obtained. Results of automated particle imaging are used to determine samples for Raman analysis. The use of MDRS for these types of samples can be employed for both forensic investigations and adjudications of cases. The method provides insight about the physical and chemical composition of the sample, as well as about manufacturing and sample history. Here, MDRS was used in four different illicit and counterfeit drug analyses: (1) examination of a multicomponent drug mixture where the results could be used for comparative source attribution, (2) the detection of low (or trace) concentration particles in a drug sample, (3) the analysis of synthetic cathinone samples (i.e., bath salts), and (4) a study of counterfeit pharmaceutical products.
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Stride Nielsen L, Villesen P, Lindholst C. Variation in chemical profiles within large seizures of cocaine bricks. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 280:194-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Villesen P, Stride Nielsen L. Profiling of cocaine using ratios of GC-MS peaks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11646. [PMID: 28912606 PMCID: PMC5599637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit cocaine seizures are often compared to each other by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data from cocaine alkaloid compounds to determine whether two specimens originate from the same production batch or not. This can provide intelligence or investigative information at the early stages of an investigation or evidence in court. Traditional classification methods assume high stability of all alkaloids, use all of them to calculate the correlation between two profiles and use a threshold to classify samples. Unstable alkaloids will have a strong influence on the performance. We show that comparing each alkaloid target compound individually improves the classification. Unfortunately, it requires normalization and is also sensitive to the stability. Instead we suggest to use ratios of all possible pairwise combinations of the GC-MS peaks. These ratios are scale free and directly comparable between samples. The peaks can be given different weights in the comparison of profiles using appropriate classification methods and we show that randomForest classification using these ratios have a high and reproducible performance in comparison with other methods. The performance of this method is not affected by noise, transformation or normalization and should be considered for future comparison of chromatographic profiles in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palle Villesen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Louise Stride Nielsen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
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13
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Liu C, Hua Z, Meng X. Profiling of illicit cocaine seized in China by ICP-MS analysis of inorganic elements. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 276:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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De Alcaraz-Fossoul J, Roberts KA. Forensic intelligence applied to questioned document analysis: A model and its application against organized crime. Sci Justice 2017; 57:314-320. [PMID: 28606338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The capability of forensic sciences to fight crime, especially against organized criminal groups, becomes relevant in the recent economic downturn and the war on terrorism. In view of these societal challenges, the methods of combating crime should experience critical changes in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the current resources available. It is obvious that authorities have serious difficulties combating criminal groups of transnational nature. These are characterized as well structured organizations with international connections, abundant financial resources and comprised of members with significant and diverse expertise. One common practice among organized criminal groups is the use of forged documents that allow for the commission of illegal cross-border activities. Law enforcement can target these movements to identify counterfeits and establish links between these groups. Information on document falsification can become relevant to generate forensic intelligence and to design new strategies against criminal activities of this nature and magnitude. This article discusses a methodology for improving the development of forensic intelligence in the discipline of questioned document analysis. More specifically, it focuses on document forgeries and falsification types used by criminal groups. It also describes the structure of international criminal organizations that use document counterfeits as means to conduct unlawful activities. The model presented is partially based on practical applications of the system that have resulted in satisfactory outcomes in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep De Alcaraz-Fossoul
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University-West Campus, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd., Glendale, AZ 85306, United States.
| | - Katherine A Roberts
- School of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics, California State University, Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
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Materazzi S, Gregori A, Ripani L, Apriceno A, Risoluti R. Cocaine profiling: Implementation of a predictive model by ATR-FTIR coupled with chemometrics in forensic chemistry. Talanta 2017; 166:328-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Liu C, Hua Z, Meng X. Applicability of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry for cocaine profiling. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1152-1161. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuimei Liu
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; Beijing China
| | - Zhendong Hua
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; Beijing China
| | - Xin Meng
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; Beijing China
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17
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Broséus J, Baechler S, Gentile N, Esseiva P. Chemical profiling: A tool to decipher the structure and organisation of illicit drug markets. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Nielsen LS, Villesen P, Lindholst C. Stability of cocaine impurity profiles during 12 months of storage. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 264:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pereira AG, D’Avila FB, Ferreira PCL, Holler MG, Limberguer RP, Froehlich PE. Method Development and Validation for Determination of Cocaine, its Main Metabolites and Pyrolytic Products by HPLC–UV–CAD. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-3011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Monfreda M, Varani F, Cattaruzza F, Ciambrone S, Proposito A. Fast profiling of cocaine seizures by FTIR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis of minor alkaloids and residual solvents. Sci Justice 2015; 55:456-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Broséus J, Huhtala S, Esseiva P. First systematic chemical profiling of cocaine police seizures in Finland in the framework of an intelligence-led approach. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 251:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Marcelo M, Mariotti K, Ferrão M, Ortiz R. Profiling cocaine by ATR–FTIR. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 246:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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24
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Stojanovska N, Tahtouh M, Kelly T, Beavis A, Fu S. Qualitative analysis of seized cocaine samples using desorption electrospray ionization- mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:393-400. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Stojanovska
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology, Sydney (UTS); PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Mark Tahtouh
- Australian Federal Police; 110 Goulburn St Sydney NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Tamsin Kelly
- National Centre for Forensic Studies, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics (ESTeM); University of Canberra; ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Alison Beavis
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology, Sydney (UTS); PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology, Sydney (UTS); PO Box 123, Broadway NSW 2000 Australia
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Morelato M, Baechler S, Ribaux O, Beavis A, Tahtouh M, Kirkbride P, Roux C, Margot P. Forensic intelligence framework—Part I: Induction of a transversal model by comparing illicit drugs and false identity documents monitoring. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 236:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Broséus J, Debrus B, Delémont O, Rudaz S, Esseiva P. Study of common database feeding with results coming from different analytical methods in the framework of illicit drugs chemical profiling. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 230:16-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography applied to illicit drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2361-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Mitrevski B, Veleska B, Engel E, Wynne P, Song SM, Marriott PJ. Chemical signature of ecstasy volatiles by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 209:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Tropane alkaloid analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1391-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Marquis R, Weyermann C, Delaporte C, Esseiva P, Aalberg L, Besacier F, Bozenko JS, Dahlenburg R, Kopper C, Zrcek F. Drug intelligence based on MDMA tablets data. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 178:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Lociciro S, Esseiva P, Hayoz P, Dujourdy L, Besacier F, Margot P. Cocaine profiling for strategic intelligence, a cross-border project between France and Switzerland. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 177:199-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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