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Bae S, Won S, Kim H. Selection and evaluation of bi-allelic autosomal SNP markers for paternity testing in Koreans. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1369-1374. [PMID: 33907870 PMCID: PMC8205914 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to the advantages of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in forensic science, many forensic SNP panels have been developed. However, the existing SNP panels have a problem that they do not reflect allele frequencies in Koreans or the number of markers is not sufficient to perform paternity testing. Here, we filtered candidate SNPs from the Ansan-Ansung cohort data and selected 200 SNPs with high allele frequencies. To reduce the risk of false inclusion and false exclusion, we calculated likelihood ratios of alleged father-child pairs from simulated families when the alleged father is the true father, the close relative of the true father, and the random man. As a result, we estimated that 160 SNPs were needed to perform paternity testing. Furthermore, we performed validation using Twin-Family cohort data. When 160 selected SNPs were used to calculate the likelihood ratio, paternity and non-paternity were accurately distinguished. Our set of 160 SNPs could be useful for paternity testing in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Bae
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyoung Won
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,eGnome, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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A content analysis of direct-to-consumer DNA testing on TikTok. J Community Genet 2021; 12:489-492. [PMID: 33860464 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-021-00526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the internet is a popular source of health information, limited research has been conducted on the ways in which direct-to-consumer (DTC) DNA testing has been discussed by consumers on the internet, and on social media platforms specifically. The purpose of this study was to describe the content of 100 videos that addressed DTC DNA testing on TikTok, a video-sharing social network. The 100 videos included had a combined 77,498 comments and 9,680,309 likes.The majority (> 50%) of videos reviewed mentioned using DTC DNA testing kits to find family roots (94%), included information on commercial DNA testing kits (67%), and featured a person taking or talking about taking a DNA test (92%). These videos also received a majority of the total comments/likes. Neither the use of music (p = .06 and p = .07) nor the mention of using DNA testing to locate family (p = .08 and p = .09) had a significant effect on a video's comments or likes, respectively. Genetic counselors, health care providers, and public health professionals should be aware that there is a need to present both benefits and disadvantages of DTC DNA testing on social media platforms. A greater presence of comprehensive information on social media platforms can increase the likelihood that one makes erudite decisions.
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Vigeland MD, Marsico FL, Herrera Piñero M, Egeland T. Prioritising family members for genotyping in missing person cases: A general approach combining the statistical power of exclusion and inclusion. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 49:102376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Kling D, Tillmar A. Forensic genealogy—A comparison of methods to infer distant relationships based on dense SNP data. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 42:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Rasool N. Erroneous calculations of weight of DNA evidence may lead to miscarriage of justice in Pakistan. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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6
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DNA Testing for Family Reunification in Canada: Points to Consider. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-016-0496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Tillmar AO, Mostad P. Choosing supplementary markers in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 13:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Paternity exclusion power: comparative behaviour of autosomal and X-chromosomal markers in standard and deficient cases with inbreeding. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 7:290-5. [PMID: 23312390 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In paternity testing the informativeness of genetic markers is traditionally measured through the probability of finding, in randomly chosen individuals, inconsistencies with parent to child Mendelian rules of transmission. This statistic, called power of exclusion (PE), paternal exclusion chance or probability, can be defined for duos (mother not typed) or trios (random false fathers are matched against mother/child pairs) and performed both for autosomal and X-chromosomal markers (restricted to paternity testing involving daughters). PE is an a priori statistic, in the sense of not depending on the individual's genetic data of a case, being dependent however on the estimates of genetic markers allele (or haplotype) frequencies. We have studied the behaviour of this statistic in situations where the randomness assumption is not met, because either (a) the alleged - and false - father is related to the true one, or (b) there is a non-negligible level of background relatedness in the population. For the first case, we derived general (autosomal and X-chromosomal) PE formulas for duos and trios for any genealogy linking alleged father and child, highlighting that the PE of each marker only depends on a single kinship parameter associated with their pedigree. In this case we also estimate a lower bound for the number of extra markers needed to be analysed to achieve the same global power as for unrelated individuals. In the second situation, we demonstrate that for realistic values of the coancestry coefficient the decrease in PE due to population inbreeding is very moderate even when duos are analysed. In this work, beyond the aforementioned issues, we also discuss the suitability of assuming the pedigree father-daughter for calculating the X-PE, since X-markers are not the tool of choice in laboratorial routine when the alleged father is available for testing. Indeed, X-markers are particularly useful in situations where the alleged father is not available for testing but experts are able to type the mother or a daughter of his. Such increase of power is due to the paternal genealogies: half- and full-sisters, and grandmother-granddaughter, having a non-null X-PE even when only duos are analysed in contrast to what happens for autosomes. Algebraic expressions for these cases are also presented.
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Toscanini U, Garcia-Magariños M, Berardi G, Egeland T, Raimondi E, Salas A. Evaluating methods to correct for population stratification when estimating paternity indexes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49832. [PMID: 23226224 PMCID: PMC3511507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The statistical interpretation of the forensic genetic evidence requires the use of allelic frequency estimates in the reference population for the studied markers. Differences in the genetic make up of the populations can be reflected in statistically different allelic frequency distributions. One can easily figure out that collecting such information for any given population is not always possible. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed in these cases in order to compensate for the lack of information. A number of statistics have been proposed to control for population stratification in paternity testing and forensic casework, Fst correction being the only one recommended by the forensic community. In this study we aimed to evaluate the performance of Fst to correct for population stratification in forensics. By way of simulations, we first tested the dependence of Fst on the relative sizes of the sub-populations, and second, we measured the effect of the Fst corrections on the Paternity Index (PI) values compared to the ones obtained when using the local reference database. The results provide clear-cut evidence that (i) Fst values are strongly dependent on the sampling scheme, and therefore, for most situations it would be almost impossible to estimate real values of Fst; and (ii) Fst corrections might unfairly correct PI values for stratification, suggesting the use of local databases whenever possible to estimate the frequencies of genetic profiles and PI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Toscanini
- Pricai-Fundación Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel Garcia-Magariños
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Gabriela Berardi
- Pricai-Fundación Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Thore Egeland
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, IKBM, Aas, Norway
| | - Eduardo Raimondi
- Pricai-Fundación Favaloro, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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FamLink – A user friendly software for linkage calculations in family genetics. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2012; 6:616-20. [PMID: 22390853 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Pinto N, Magalhães M, Conde-Sousa E, Gomes C, Pereira R, Alves C, Gusmão L, Amorim A. Assessing paternities with inconclusive STR results: The suitability of bi-allelic markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2012; 7:16-21. [PMID: 22658886 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In paternity testing the genetic profiles of the individuals are used to compare the relative likelihoods of the alleged father and the child being related as father/offspring against, usually, being unrelated. In the great majority of the cases, analyses with the widely used sets of short tandem repeat markers (STRs) provide powerful statistical evidence favouring one of the alternative hypotheses. Nevertheless, there are situations where the final statistical result is ambiguous, mostly because the alleged father shows incompatible genotypes at a few loci along with a very high paternity index in the remaining systems. In these cases, the possibility that the alleged father is actually a close relative of the real one (son, father or brother) can reasonably be raised. In such cases, when the statistical evidence obtained is considered as insufficient, the common practice is to extend the set of analysed markers. In this context, many authors have suggested that bi-allelic markers, such as single nucleotide (SNP) or insertion/deletion (Indel) polymorphisms, are markers of choice, as they are incomparably less prone to mutation than STRs. In this work we address the soundness of this claim and the consequences of this strategy, analyzing the a priori odds both for (a) expected number of Mendelian incompatibilities, and (b) expected values for the final likelihood ratios. Moreover, one hundred real pairs of second degree relatives, typed for two sets of markers: 15 STRs plus 38 Indels, were used to simulate paternity testing. Our data show that, for the number of markers commonly considered, the results from an extended battery of SNPs or Indels should be interpreted with caution when relatives are possibly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Pinto
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Kinship index variations among populations and thresholds for familial searching. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37474. [PMID: 22616014 PMCID: PMC3353921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current familial searching strategies are developed primarily based on autosomal STR loci, since most of the offender profiles in the forensic DNA databases do not contain Y-STR or mitochondrial DNA data. There are generally two familial searching methods, Identity-by-State (IBS) based methods or kinship index (KI) based methods. The KI based method is an analytically superior method because the allele frequency information is considered as opposed to solely allele counting. However, multiple KIs should be calculated if the unknown forensic profile may be attributed to multiple possible relevant populations. An important practical issue is the KI threshold to select for limiting the list of candidates from a search. There are generally three strategies of setting the KI threshold for familial searching: (1) SWGDAM recommendation 6; (2) minimum KI≥KI threshold; and (3) maximum KI≥KI threshold. These strategies were evaluated and compared by using both simulation data and empirical data. The minimum KI will tend to be closer to the KI appropriate for the population of which the forensic profile belongs. The minimum KI≥KI threshold performs better than the maximum KI≥KI threshold. The SWGDAM strategy may be too stringent for familial searching with large databases (e.g., 1 million or more profiles), because its KI thresholds depend on the database size and the KI thresholds of large databases have a higher probability to exclude true relatives than smaller databases. Minimum KI≥KI threshold strategy is a better option, as it provides the flexibility to adjust the KI threshold according to a pre-determined number of candidates or false positive/negative rates. Joint use of both IBS and KI does not significantly reduce the chance of including true relatives in a candidate list, but does provide a higher efficiency of familial searching.
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Børsting C, Mikkelsen M, Morling N. Kinship Analysis with Diallelic SNPs - Experiences with the SNPforID Multiplex in an ISO17025 Accreditated Laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:195-201. [PMID: 22851935 DOI: 10.1159/000338957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The mutation rate of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is estimated to be 100,000 times lower than that of short tandem repeats (STRs), which makes SNPs very suitable for relationship testing. The SNPforID multiplex assay was the first SNP typing assay that was a real alternative to the commonly used STR kits in kinship and crime case work and the first SNP assay to be validated in a forensic laboratory accredited according to the ISO17025 standard. METHODS: A total of 54 crime case samples were typed with the SNPforID multiplex assay. 30 samples from relationship cases were sequenced in selected SNP loci. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that mixtures were easily detected with the SNPforID assay by analyzing the signal strengths of the detected alleles. Unusual imbalances in signal strengths that were observed in a few individuals could be explained by unexpected SNPs in one of the primer binding sites. A complicated relationship case with four closely related individuals is presented. CONCLUSION: Mixtures can be detected with bi-allelic SNPs. The SNPforID assay is a very useful supplement to the STR kits in relationship testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Børsting
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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DNA microarray as a tool in establishing genetic relatedness—Current status and future prospects. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2012; 6:322-9. [PMID: 21813350 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Inturri S, Robino C, Carboni I, Ricci U, Gino S. An Italian Jean Jacques Rousseau: A complex kinship case. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Myers SP, Timken MD, Piucci ML, Sims GA, Greenwald MA, Weigand JJ, Konzak KC, Buoncristiani MR. Searching for first-degree familial relationships in California's offender DNA database: Validation of a likelihood ratio-based approach. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2011; 5:493-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Børsting C, Morling N. Reinvestigations of six unusual paternity cases by typing of autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Transfusion 2011; 52:425-30. [PMID: 21790631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some relationship cases, the initial investigations of autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) lead to an ambiguous conclusion and supplementary investigations become necessary. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Six unusual paternity cases were previously investigated by other researchers and published as case work examples in forensic journals. Here, the cases were reinvestigated by typing the samples for 49 autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using the SNPforID multiplex assay. RESULTS Three cases were solved by the SNP investigation without the need for any additional testing. In two cases, the SNP results supported the conclusions based on STRs. In the last case, the SNP results spoke in favor of paternity, and the combined paternity index based on autosomal STRs and SNPs was 12.3 billion. Nevertheless, the alleged father was excluded by X-chromosome typing. CONCLUSION The case work examples underline the importance of performing supplementary investigations, and they advocate for the implementation of several panels that may be used in the highly unusual cases. Panels with SNPs or other markers with low mutation probabilities are preferable as supplementary markers, because the risk of detecting (additional) mutations is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Børsting
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Allele and haplotype diversity of X-chromosomal STRs in Ivory Coast. Int J Legal Med 2011; 125:749-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-011-0591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Børsting C, Morling N. Mutations and/or close relatives? Six case work examples where 49 autosomal SNPs were used as supplementary markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2011; 5:236-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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The new Powerplex® ESX17 and ESI17 kits in paternity and maternity analyses involving people from Africa—including allele frequencies for three African populations. Int J Legal Med 2010; 125:149-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Population stratification in Argentina strongly influences likelihood ratio estimates in paternity testing as revealed by a simulation-based approach. Int J Legal Med 2009; 124:63-9. [PMID: 19543905 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-009-0359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A simulation-based analysis was carried out to investigate the potential effects of population substructure in paternity testing in Argentina. The study was performed by evaluating paternity indexes (PI) calculated from different simulated pedigree scenarios and using 15 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) from eight Argentinean databases. The results show important statistically significant differences between PI values depending on the dataset employed. These differences are more dramatic when considering Native American versus urban populations. This study also indicates that the use of Fst to correct for the effect of population stratification on PI might be inappropriate because it cannot account for the particularities of single paternity cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196
| | - J. M. Butler
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312
| | - J. R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199
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Amorim A. A cautionary note on the evaluation of genetic evidence from uniparentally transmitted markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2008; 2:376-8. [PMID: 19083851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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STR-profiling for the differentiation between related and unrelated individuals in cases of citizen rights. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Montelius K, Karlsson AO, Holmlund G. STR data for the AmpFℓSTR Identifiler loci from Swedish population in comparison to European, as well as with non-European population. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2008; 2:e49-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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