1
|
Allard S, Le Daré B, Allard PM, Morel I, Gicquel T. Comparative molecular networking analysis of a Rauwolfia plant powder and biological matrices in a fatal ingestion case. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
2
|
Corkery JM. Ibogaine as a treatment for substance misuse: Potential benefits and practical dangers. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 242:217-257. [PMID: 30471681 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid found in the root bark of the Iboga shrub native to west Africa possessing hallucinogenic properties. For centuries it has been used in religious ceremonies and to gain spiritual enlightenment. However, since the early 1960s, its apparent ability to reduce craving for psychoactive substances including alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates, and nicotine has led to its use in detoxification treatments. In many instances, clients receive treatment in non-medical settings, with little by way of robust scientific clinical trials. This chapter provides an overview of the potential benefits that could arise from such research. This is balanced against the serious adverse effects that can occur due to undiagnosed health conditions and/or concomitant use of other drugs. A detailed update is provided of the 33 deaths known to have occurred, including 5 in the UK. Looking forward, there is a need to develop better opiate detoxification treatment against a background of increasing opioid-related fatalities. A congener of ibogaine, 18-MC, appears to be safer and is to undergo clinical trials. In the meantime, would-be consumers and treatment providers must make more careful, detailed risk-assessments before using ibogaine. Treatment outcomes, including deaths, need to be accurately recorded and published.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Martin Corkery
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mogollón NGS, Quiroz-Moreno CD, Prata PS, de Almeida JR, Cevallos AS, Torres-Guiérrez R, Augusto F. New Advances in Toxicological Forensic Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry Techniques. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:4142527. [PMID: 30228926 PMCID: PMC6136463 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4142527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews mass spectrometry methods in forensic toxicology for the identification and quantification of drugs of abuse in biological fluids, tissues, and synthetic samples, focusing on the methodologies most commonly used; it also discusses new methodologies in screening and target forensic analyses, as well as the evolution of instrumentation in mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noroska Gabriela Salazar Mogollón
- Ikiam-Universidad Regional Amazónica, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paloma Santana Prata
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Augusto
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lavaud C, Massiot G. The Iboga Alkaloids. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 105:89-136. [PMID: 28194562 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49712-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Iboga alkaloids are a particular class of indolomonoterpenes most often characterized by an isoquinuclidine nucleus. Their first occurrence was detected in the roots of Tabernanthe iboga, a sacred plant to the people of Gabon, which made it cult object. Ibogaine is the main representative of this class of alkaloids and its psychoactive properties are well documented. It has been proposed as a drug cessation treatment and has a wide range of activities in targeting opioids, cocaine, and alcohol. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a background on this molecule and related compounds and to update knowledge on the most recent advances made. Difficulties linked to the status of ibogaine as a drug in several countries have hampered its development, but 18-methoxycoronaridine is currently under evaluation for the same purposes and for the treatment of leishmaniasis. The chapter is divided into six parts: an introduction aiming at defining what is called an iboga alkaloid, and this is followed by current knowledge on their biosynthesis, which unfortunately remains a "black box" as far as the key construction step is concerned. Many of these alkaloids are still being discovered and the third and fourth parts of the chapter discuss the analytical tools in use for this purpose and give lists of new monomeric and dimeric alkaloids belonging to this class. When necessary, the structures are discussed especially with regard to absolute configuration determinations, which remain a point of weakness in their assignments. Part V gives an account of progress made in the synthesis, partial and total, which the authors believe is key to providing solid solutions to the industrial development of the most promising molecules. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the biological properties of iboga alkaloids, with particular emphasis on ibogaine and 18-methoxycoronaridine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lavaud
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, Case postale 44, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039, 51687, Reims, Cedex 2, France.
| | - Georges Massiot
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, Case postale 44, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039, 51687, Reims, Cedex 2, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Liang C, Ye H, Wang R, Ni C, Rao Y, Zhang Y. Identification and quantification of 34 drugs and toxic compounds in blood, urine, and gastric content using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1680-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Haiying Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chunfang Ni
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yulan Rao
- Department of Forensic Medicine; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vlaanderen L, Martial LC, Franssen EJF, van der Voort PHJ, Oosterwerff E, Somsen GA. Cardiac arrest after ibogaine ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:642-3. [PMID: 24940646 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.927477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Vlaanderen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Role of LC-MS/MS in hair testing for the determination of common drugs of abuse and other psychoactive drugs. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1919-38. [PMID: 23905865 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair testing has been used in toxicological investigations for the last two decades, but only recently a remarkable extension of hair analysis to a variety of application fields was observed, besides drug abuse recognition. The dramatic improvements of LC-MS/MS instrumentation make the detection of tiny amounts of almost whatever drug in hair possible, even after single-dose intake. The progresses observed during the last 5 years in the detection of psychoactive substances in hair are reviewed herein. The literature is partitioned according to the target compounds, namely traditional drugs of abuse, new psychoactive substances and pharmaceutical psychoactive substances. The LC-MS/MS methods presented are addressed to determine a single class of drugs, with the primary aim of accurate quantitation, or to perform multiclass analysis, for rapid and effective screening protocols.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mazoyer C, Carlier J, Boucher A, Péoc'h M, Lemeur C, Gaillard Y. Fatal case of a 27-year-old male after taking iboga in withdrawal treatment: GC-MS/MS determination of ibogaine and ibogamine in iboga roots and postmortem biological material. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:1666-72. [PMID: 23919354 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a man who died twelve hours after ingesting powdered iboga root, commonly taken for its stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Ibogaine and ibogamine were quantified in the powder ingested and the victim's body fluids by GC-MS/MS after liquid-liquid extraction (Toxi-tubes A(®)). The concentrations of ibogaine measured in the blood samples taken at the scene and in the peripheral blood, urine, and gastric fluid samples taken during the autopsy were 0.65, 1.27, 1.7, and 53.5 μg/mL, while the iboga content in the powder was 7.2%. Moreover, systematic toxicological analyses of biological samples showed the presence of diazepam and methadone in therapeutic concentrations. Death was attributed to the ingestion of a substantial quantity of iboga in the context of simultaneous methadone and diazepam consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mazoyer
- Laboratoire LAT LUMTOX, 800 av. Marie Curie, Z.I. Jean Jaurès, 07800, La Voulte-sur-Rhône, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kulp M, Bragina O. Capillary electrophoretic study of the synergistic biological effects of alkaloids from Chelidonium majus L. in normal and cancer cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3391-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Mazoyer C, Carlier J, Peoc’h M, Lemeur C, Boucher A, Bévalot F, Guitton J, Gaillard Y. Intoxication mortelle à l’iboga: quantification de l’ibogaïne et de l’ibogamine dans des racines d’ibogaet dans des prélèvementspost-mortempar CPG-SM/SM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1051/ata/2012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
12
|
Alper KR, Stajić M, Gill JR. Fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57:398-412. [PMID: 22268458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive plant alkaloid that is used globally in medical and nonmedical settings for opioid detoxification and other substance use indications. All available autopsy, toxicological, and investigative reports were systematically reviewed for the consecutive series of all known fatalities outside of West Central Africa temporally related to the use of ibogaine from 1990 through 2008. Nineteen individuals (15 men, four women between 24 and 54 years old) are known to have died within 1.5-76 h of taking ibogaine. The clinical and postmortem evidence did not suggest a characteristic syndrome of neurotoxicity. Advanced preexisting medical comorbidities, which were mainly cardiovascular, and/or one or more commonly abused substances explained or contributed to the death in 12 of the 14 cases for which adequate postmortem data were available. Other apparent risk factors include seizures associated with withdrawal from alcohol and benzodiazepines and the uninformed use of ethnopharmacological forms of ibogaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Alper
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Björnstad K, Hultén P, Beck O, Helander A. Bioanalytical and clinical evaluation of 103 suspected cases of intoxications with psychoactive plant materials. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:566-72. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650903037181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
14
|
Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Beyer J, Drummer OH, Maurer HH. Analysis of toxic alkaloids in body samples. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 185:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Gallardo E, Queiroz JA. The role of alternative specimens in toxicological analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:795-821. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|