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Tiruneh C, Teshome D, Geberemeskel T, Derso M, Necho M, Teshome Y, Molla A. Prediction of Body Height Using Hand Length and Hand Breadth in Pharmacy and Nursing Students at Misrake Ghion College, Northeast Ethiopia: An Anthropometry Study. Acad Forensic Pathol 2024; 14:10-20. [PMID: 38505639 PMCID: PMC10947709 DOI: 10.1177/19253621231225259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Objectives To predict body height using hand length and hand breadth in pharmacy and nursing students at Misrake Ghion College, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted from October 15 to January 20, 2021. The study was carried out on 316 students (160 males and 156 females). The study participants were from the Amhara ethnic groups, with the age range of 18 to 25 years. Body height, hand length, and hand breath were measured and analyzed using SPSS version 23. The strength of association was evaluated using correlation analysis. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. A paired sample t test was performed. Regression equations were derived using simple and multiple linear regression analysis. Results Hand length and hand breadth had a positive significant correlation with body height in both male and females. In both males and females, left hand length had a strong significant correlation (males r = 0.768, females r = 0.670), followed by right hand length (males r = 0.711, females r = 0.626). Regarding hand length, right hand breadth (males r = 0.671, female r = 0.438) and left hand length (males r = 0.504, females r = 0.525). There was a significant bilateral difference in hand length and hand breadth on its right and left sides (p < 0.05). Simple and multiple regression equations were formulated for each sex. Conclusion In both males and females, body height can be estimated from hand length and breadth using simple or multiple regression equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalachew Tiruneh
- Chalachew Tiruneh, MSc, Assistant professor, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia,
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Kaur P, Mittal P, Kaur H, Kiran J, Singh S, Medhi R. Gender Determination Using Index and Ring Finger Linear Measurements in North Indian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e54459. [PMID: 38510912 PMCID: PMC10953610 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the fields of medico-legal matters and bio-archaeological settings, gender evaluation plays a pivotal role in the initial stages of human identification. Approximately half of the population at risk is excluded when gender is determined, making it the most essential factor for identification. When it comes to medico-legal matters and bio-archaeological settings, gender evaluation is a crucial initial step in human identification. Traditional gender determination procedures, such as skull and pelvic analysis, may be hindered by fragmentary human remains that have been degraded by various forms of inhumation or physical assaults. AIM To investigate sexual dimorphism, this study examined the ratio of index finger length to ring finger length. MATERIALS AND METHOD The lengths of the index and ring fingers were measured and the ratios between them were calculated for both hands separately. Applications of IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0 (Released 2007; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) included Student's t-test and Levene's test. RESULTS According to the study, women's index finger-to-ring finger length ratios were much longer than men's. The ratio of index finger to ring finger length was significantly different between the sexes on both sides of the hand (p<0.001). In terms of the right hand, the threshold value was 0.9666 for men and 0.9952 for females, while in terms of the left hand, the values were 0.9638 and 0.9920, respectively. CONCLUSION With an advancing front in this arena on gender determination, the use of digits has become an additional source of support to physical anthropologists for bio-archaeological surveys and to forensic experts for use in medico-legal investigations for fragmentary remains received during investigatory trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhpreet Kaur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Firozpur, IND
| | - Pratham Mittal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Firozpur, IND
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Firozpur, IND
| | - Jyoti Kiran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dantya Clinic Dental & Cosmetic, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Simarjeev Singh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital, Patiala, IND
| | - Reeturaj Medhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, IND
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Abdelaal GMM, Abdallah EAA, Alshamy AA, Megahed EE. Adult Sex Discrimination Using Metric Measurements of Hand Digital Radiographs in Egyptian Population. FORENSIC MEDICINE AND ANATOMY RESEARCH 2022; 10:27-43. [DOI: 10.4236/fmar.2022.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
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Asadujjaman M, Hossain MG, Rana MS, Islam MZ. Stature estimation from handprint measurements: an application to the medicolegal investigation. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021; 11:1. [PMID: 33432273 PMCID: PMC7788280 DOI: 10.1186/s41935-020-00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The estimation of the stature of human beings is a major part of medicolegal investigation when only body parts are found. The study aimed to estimate the stature from different handprint measurements in a Bangladeshi population using statistical considerations. A sample of 200 young Bangladeshi adults (100 men and 100 women) with no physical disabilities participated in this study. Stature and seven anthropometric measurements were measured using standard anthropometric measurements. The bilateral asymmetry was tested using the independent t test. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) between the stature and different handprint measurements was calculated. Consequently, the simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to estimate the stature from the handprint measurements. Results The bilateral asymmetry was statistically not significant (p > 0.05) in right and left handprints. Sex difference significantly (p < 0.05) influences the relationship between stature and handprint measurements. A positive and strong coefficient of correlation (R) value presents between stature and the handprint measurements. The right 2nd digit length in men (R = + 0.709, R2 = 0.502, SEE = ± 44.141 mm) and the right handprint length in women (R = + 0.552, R2 = 0.305, SEE = ± 49.074 mm) were the most reliable estimator of stature. However, when data were combined for both sexes, the right handprint length was identified as the most reliable estimator of stature with higher values of R (+ 0.777) and R2 (0.603), and a lower value of SEE (± 55.520). Multiple regression equation showed greater reliability than linear regression equations in stature estimation from handprint measurements in Bangladeshi population. Conclusions It was concluded that the estimation of stature from handprint measurements is possible and reliable. The findings of this study are very useful from the forensic and medicolegal point of view and can use to estimate the stature in Bangladeshi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asadujjaman
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.,School of Engineering & Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia
| | - Md Golzer Hossain
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sohel Rana
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zahidul Islam
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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Mohamed I, Saleem M, Zulkifly NR, Ismail D, Mohamed Huri MA, Hisham S, Mahat NA. Estimation of stature from hand and handprint measurements in a monoethnic Maldivian population. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2020.1759685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Mohamed
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Forensic Services, Maldives Police Service, Male, Republic of Maldives
| | - Mohamed Saleem
- Forensic Services, Maldives Police Service, Male, Republic of Maldives
| | | | - Dzulkiflee Ismail
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Salina Hisham
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Serdang, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Naji A. Mahat
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Centre of Research for Fiqh Forensics and Judiciary, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
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Sorrentino R, Belcastro MG, Figus C, Stephens NB, Turley K, Harcourt-Smith W, Ryan TM, Benazzi S. Exploring sexual dimorphism of the modern human talus through geometric morphometric methods. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229255. [PMID: 32059040 PMCID: PMC7021319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is a pivotal step in forensic and bioarchaeological fields. Generally, scholars focus on metric or qualitative morphological features, but in the last few years several contributions have applied geometric-morphometric (GM) techniques to overcome limitations of traditional approaches. In this study, we explore sexual dimorphism in modern human tali from three early 20th century populations (Sassari and Bologna, Italy; New York, USA) at intra- and interspecific population levels using geometric morphometric (GM) methods. Statistical analyses were performed using shape, form, and size variables. Our results do not show significant differences in shape between males and females, either considering the pooled sample or the individual populations. Differences in talar morphology due to sexual dimorphism are mainly related to allometry, i.e. size-related changes of morphological traits. Discriminant function analysis using form space Principal Components and centroid size correctly classify between 87.7% and 97.2% of the individuals. The result is similar using the pooled sample or the individual population, except for a diminished outcome for the New York group (from 73.9% to 78.2%). Finally, a talus from the Bologna sample (not included in the previous analysis) with known sex was selected to run a virtual resection, followed by two digital reconstructions based on the mean shape of both the pooled sample and the Bologna sample, respectively. The reconstructed talus was correctly classified with a Ppost between 99.9% and 100%, demonstrating that GM is a valuable tool to cope with fragmentary tali, which is a common occurrence in forensic and bioarchaeological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- ADES, UMR 7268 CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université/EFS, Aix-Marseille Université, Bd Pierre Dramard, France
| | - Carla Figus
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Nicholas B. Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Turley
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - William Harcourt-Smith
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, New York, NY, United States of America
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States of America
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Wang Q, Xu LY, Lei FZ, Lin JX, Song L, Li XY. Stature estimation from body dimensions in Han population of Southern China. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_39_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Fedato A, Silva-Gago M, Terradillos-Bernal M, Alonso-Alcalde R, Martín-Guerra E, Bruner E. Hand morphometrics, electrodermal activity, and stone tools haptic perception. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23370. [PMID: 31837092 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tool use requires integration among sensorial, biomechanical, and cognitive factors. Taking into account the importance of tool use in human evolution, changes associated with the genus Homo are to be expected in all these three aspects. Haptics is based on both tactile and proprioceptive feedbacks, and it is associated with emotional reactions. Previous analyses have suggested a difference between males and females, and during haptic exploration of different typologies of stone tools. Here, we analyze the correlation between electrodermal reactions during stone tool handling and hand morphology to provide evidence of possible allometric factors shared by males and females. METHODS Electrodermal analysis was used to investigate some specific parameters involved in these reactions, such as changes in the level of attention and arousal. We analyzed the responses of 46 right-handed adults to 20 distinct stone tools while blindfolded. RESULTS Females have smaller hands and a wider range of electrodermal reactions. Within males and females, hand diameters and general hand size do not correlate with the degree of electrodermal level and response. CONCLUSIONS Sex differences in electrodemal reaction during stone tool handling are apparently not due to the effect of hand size or proportions. Differences between males and females are better interpreted as real sex differences, either due to a biological or cultural influences. Hand size does not influence the degree of arousal or attention during tool exploration, suggesting that other factors trigger individual reactions. These results add to a general cognitive approach on hand-tool evolution and tool sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapaola Fedato
- Programa de paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - María Silva-Gago
- Programa de paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Emiliano Bruner
- Programa de paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
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Nayak SB, Nair D, Ravi V, Aithal AP. A comparative study on digit ratio and hand patterns of three ethnic races of Malaysia. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-018-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Zulkifly NR, Wahab RA, Layang E, Ismail D, Desa WNSM, Hisham S, Mahat NA. Estimation of stature from hand and handprint measurements in Iban population in Sarawak, Malaysia and its applications in forensic investigation. J Forensic Leg Med 2017; 53:35-45. [PMID: 29149652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Handprints and dismembered hands are commonly found during crime scene investigations and disaster victim identifications, respectively. It has been indicated that the accuracy of handprint and hand measurements for estimating stature maybe population specific. Since Iban is the largest ethnic population in Sarawak, Malaysia and because the application of anthropometry of hand and handprint within this population as well as other populations within the Southeast Asian countries remain unreported, this present study that investigated the reliability and accuracy of these two anthropometric aspects acquires forensic significance. Upon measuring the height, 21 measurements were recorded on each hand and the corresponding handprint of 50 male and 52 female consented adult Iban subjects. Using univariate statistics as well as simple and multiple regression analyses, interpretation of the measurements examined here was attempted. Results revealed that lengths of hand and handprint are the more reliable traits for estimating stature in both the male and female Iban subjects (p < 0.05) with correlation strength ranging from 0.60 to 0.76. Comparable to the established skeletal standards for hand, the stature prediction accuracy using hand and handprint measurements investigated in this research ranged between 4.29 and 5.78 cm. Hence, this research provided the first forensic standard for estimation of stature among the Iban population in Sarawak that may prove useful for crime scene investigations and disaster victim identifications in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roswanira Abd Wahab
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Elizabeth Layang
- Tudan Dental Clinic, Jalan Tudan Utama, 98100, Lutong, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Dzulkiflee Ismail
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nur Syuhaila Mat Desa
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Salina Hisham
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Persiaran Abu Bakar Sultan, 80100 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Naji A Mahat
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
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Zhang X, Wei Y, Zheng L, Yu K, Zhao D, Bao J, Li Y, Lu S, Xi H, Xu G, Wen Y. Estimation of stature by using the dimensions of the right hand and right foot in Han Chinese adults. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 60:81-90. [PMID: 28008554 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Han Chinese people are the main ethnic group in China and the largest ethnic group in the world. The dimensions of the hands and feet have been successfully used for the estimation of stature. A total of 26,927 healthy adult subjects, comprising 13,221 men and 13,706 women, were recruited. The survey samples were chosen through random cluster sampling. The mean values were significantly higher in men than those in women for all measurements (P<0.001). All the measurements showed a statistically significant correlation with stature (P<0.01). The combination of the right hand length and the right foot length was the best predictor of stature because it had the lowest standard error of estimate. The use of multiple regression equations yielded better results than did the use of linear regression equations. The accuracy of stature prediction ranged from ±4.81 to ±6.39 cm. The present study was of great importance with regards to improving the physical anthropology database of ethnic groups in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Lianbin Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Keli Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Dapeng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jinping Bao
- Institute of Sports Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yonglan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Shunhua Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Huanjiu Xi
- Institute of Biological Anthropology in Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Guochang Xu
- Institute of Anthropology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, China
| | - Youfeng Wen
- Institute of Biological Anthropology in Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
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Miguel-Hurtado O, Guest R, Stevenage SV, Neil GJ, Black S. Comparing Machine Learning Classifiers and Linear/Logistic Regression to Explore the Relationship between Hand Dimensions and Demographic Characteristics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165521. [PMID: 27806075 PMCID: PMC5091918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between physiological measurements from human subjects and their demographic data is important within both the biometric and forensic domains. In this paper we explore the relationship between measurements of the human hand and a range of demographic features. We assess the ability of linear regression and machine learning classifiers to predict demographics from hand features, thereby providing evidence on both the strength of relationship and the key features underpinning this relationship. Our results show that we are able to predict sex, height, weight and foot size accurately within various data-range bin sizes, with machine learning classification algorithms out-performing linear regression in most situations. In addition, we identify the features used to provide these relationships applicable across multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Miguel-Hurtado
- School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard Guest
- School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah V. Stevenage
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J. Neil
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Black
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Ahmed AA. Anthropometric correlations between parts of the upper and lower limb: models for personal identification in a Sudanese population. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 12:257-66. [PMID: 27379609 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of a deceased individual is an essential component of medicolegal practice. However, personal identification based on commingled limbs or parts of limbs, necessary in investigations of mass disasters or some crimes, is a difficult task. Limb measurements have been utilized in the development of biological parameters for personal identification, but the possibility to estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs other than hands and feet has not been assessed. The present study proposes an approach to estimate the dimensions of various parts of limbs based on other limb measurements. METHODS The study included 320 Sudanese adults, with equal representation of men and women. Nine limb dimensions were measured (five based on the upper limb, four based on the lower limb), and extensive statistical analysis of the distribution of values was performed. RESULTS The results showed that all of the measured dimensions were sexually dimorphic and that there was a significant positive correlation between the dimensions of various parts of limbs. Regression models (direct and stepwise) were developed to estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs based on measurements pertaining to one or more other parts of limbs. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that the dimensions of parts of the upper and lower limb can be estimated from one another. These findings can be used in medicolegal practice and extended to constructive surgery, orthopedics, and prosthesis design for lost limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Mail Code: 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh, 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Pal A, De S, Sengupta P, Maity P, Dhara PC. Estimation of stature from hand dimensions in Bengalee population, West Bengal, India. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Sex identification and reconstruction of length of humerus from its fragments: An Egyptian study. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sen J, Kanchan T, Ghosh A, Mondal N, Krishan K. Estimation of Sex From Index and Ring Finger Lengths in An Indigenous Population of Eastern India. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:HC01-5. [PMID: 26673873 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/14940.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Forensic anthropology involves the identification of human remains for medico-legal purposes. Estimation of sex is an essential element of medico-legal investigations when identification of unknown dismembered remains is involved. AIM The present study was conducted with an aim to estimate sex from index and ring finger lengths of adult individuals belonging to an indigenous population of eastern India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 500 unrelated adult individuals (18-60 years) from the Rajbanshi population (males: 250, females: 250) took part in the study. A total of 400 (males: 200, 200 female) participants were randomly used to develop sex estimation models using Binary Logistic Regression Analysis (BLR). A separate group of 200 adults (18-60 years) from the Karbi tribal population (males 100, females 100) were included to validate the results obtained on the Rajbanshi population. The univarate and bivariate models derived on the study group (n=400) were tested on hold-out sample of Rajbanshi participants (n=100) and the other test population of the Karbi (n=200) participants. RESULTS The results indicate that Index Finger Length (IFL) and Ring Finger Length (RFL) of both hands were significantly longer in males as compared to females. The ring finger was longer than the index finger in both sexes. The study successfully highlights the existence of sex differences in IFL and RFL (p<0.05). No sex differences were however, observed for the index and ring finger ratio. The predictive accuracy of IFL and RFL in sex estimation ranged between 70%-75% (in the hold out sample from the Rajbanshi population) and 60-66% (in the test sample from the Karbi population). A Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis was performed to test the predictive accuracy after predicting the probability of IFL and RFL in sex estimation. The predicted probabilities using ROC analysis were observed to be higher on the left side and in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The study concludes that sex estimation from index and ring finger lengths could be of utility when more reliable means of sex estimation are not available during medico-legal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydip Sen
- Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of North Bengal , Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College , Mangalore India
| | - Ahana Ghosh
- Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, University of North Bengal , Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Nitish Mondal
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Assam University Diphu Campus, Karbi Anglong, Assam, India
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University , Chandigarh, India
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Jee SC, Bahn S, Yun MH. Determination of sex from various hand dimensions of Koreans. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:521.e1-521.e10. [PMID: 26597170 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the case of disasters or crime scenes, forensic anthropometric methods have been utilized as a reliable way to quickly confirm the identification of victims using only a few parts of the body. A total of 321 measurement data (from 167 males and 154 females) were analyzed to investigate the suitability of detailed hand dimensions as discriminators of sex. A total of 29 variables including length, breadth, thickness, and circumference of fingers, palm, and wrist were measured. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test. The accuracy of sex indication from the hand dimensions data was found using discriminant analysis. The age effect and interaction effect according to age and sex on hand dimensions were analyzed by ANOVA. The prediction accuracy on a wide age range was also compared. According to the results, the maximum hand circumference showed the highest accuracy of 88.6% for predicting sex for males and 89.6% for females. Although the breadth, circumference, and thickness of hand parts generally showed higher accuracy than the lengths of hand parts in predicting the sex of the participant, the breadth and circumference of some finger joints showed a significant difference according to age and gender. Thus, the dimensions of hand parts which are not affected by age or gender, such as hand length, palm length, hand breadth, and maximum hand thickness, are recommended to be used first in sex determination for a wide age range group. The results suggest that the detailed hand dimensions can also be used to identify sex for better accuracy; however, the aging effects need to be considered in estimating aged suspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Chan Jee
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Sangwoo Bahn
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Korea.
| | - Myung Hwan Yun
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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18
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Krishan K, Kanchan T, DiMaggio JA. Emergence of forensic podiatry—A novel sub-discipline of forensic sciences. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 255:16-27. [PMID: 26163192 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College (A Constituent Institute of Manipal University), Mangalore, India
| | - John A DiMaggio
- Forensic Podiatry Consulting Services, PLLC, 1450 Polaris Ln. SW, Bandon, OR 97411, USA
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19
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Saharan RA, Arun M. Stature Estimation from Foot Anthropometry in Individuals Above 18 Years Belonging to Indian Demography. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.46347/jmsh.2015.v01i02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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20
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Uhrová P, Beňuš R, Masnicová S, Obertová Z, Kramárová D, Kyselicová K, Dörnhöferová M, Bodoriková S, Neščáková E. Estimation of stature using hand and foot dimensions in Slovak adults. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2015; 17:92-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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A study of correlations within the dimensions of lower limb parts for personal identification in a Sudanese population. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:541408. [PMID: 25386606 PMCID: PMC4216709 DOI: 10.1155/2014/541408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of an isolated limb or limb parts from different individuals presents a major challenge for medicolegal investigators in establishing identification in cases of wars, mass disasters, and criminal assaults because different populations have different sizes and proportions. The measurement of lower limb dimensions showed a high success rate in establishing individual identity in terms of sex and stature in various populations. However, there is a paucity of data concerning the correlation within the lower limb parts. This study aims to assess the existence of relationships within lower limb parts and to develop regression formulae to reconstruct limb parts from one another. The tibial length, bimalleolar breadth, foot length, and foot breadth of 376 right-handed Sudanese adults were measured. The results showed that all variables were significantly larger in males than in females. A significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) was found within the lower limb parts. Sex-specific linear equations and multiple regression equations were developed to reconstruct the lower limb parts in the presence of single dimension or multiple dimensions from the same limb. The use of multiple regression equations provided a better reconstruction than simple regression equations. These results are significant in forensics and orthopedic reconstructive surgery.
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Ahmed AA. A study of the anthropometric correlations between upper limb measurements for personal identification in Sudanese population. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2014; 65:489-98. [PMID: 25277498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of multiple isolated commingled fleshed limbs or limb parts generates a significant challenge for forensic investigators in wars, mass disasters, and criminal assaults in the process of identification. Although upper limb measurements have been used to establish individual identity in terms of sex and stature with high success, there is a scarcity of data concerning the correlations within upper limb parts. Hence, this study aims to assess the relationships within upper limb parts and develop regression formulae to reconstruct the parts from one another. The study participants were 376 Sudanese adults (187 males and 189 females). The results of this study indicated significant sexual dimorphism for all variables. The results indicated a significant correlation within the upper limb parts. Linear and multiple regression equations were developed to reconstruct the upper limb parts in the presence of a single or multiple dimension(s) from the identical limb. Multiple regression equations generated better reconstructions than simple equations. These results are significant in forensics and orthopedic reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code: 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan.
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23
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Kanchan T, Krishan K, Prusty D, Machado M. Heel–Ball index: An analysis of footprint dimensions for determination of sex. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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24
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Ahmed AA. Estimation of sex from the lower limb measurements of Sudanese adults. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:169.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Krishan K, Kanchan T, Asha N, Kaur S, Chatterjee PM, Singh B. Estimation of sex from index and ring finger in a North Indian population. J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20:471-9. [PMID: 23756517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of sex is an important parameter in the examination of unknown dismembered and commingled remains. The present study explores the possibility of estimation of sex from length of index and ring finger and the index and ring finger ratio in 140 individuals (70 boys and 70 girls) from North India. Index finger length (IFL) and ring finger length (RFL) of the participants were measured following standard procedures and landmarks. Sex differentiation in the present study was based on sectioning point analysis. The 'sectioning point' for the IFL, RFL and the index and the ring finger ratio was estimated from the average of the mean of male and female values. Binary logistic regression (BLR) analysis was employed to derive a predicting equation for estimation of sex. The results of the present study indicate that significant sex differences exist in the IFL and RFL and index and ring finger ratio. Among finger lengths, RFL is a better predictor of sex than IFL. It is further concluded that the index and ring finger length is of limited utility in estimation of sex in forensic casework and should be employed only in cases when no other means of sexing are available. The study suggests that the index and ring finger ratio should not be employed in estimation of sex in forensic casework due to considerable overlap in male and female values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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26
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Estimation of stature from the upper limb measurements of Sudanese adults. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 228:178.e1-7. [PMID: 23528834 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The estimation of stature using different parts of the body is crucial for formulating a biological profile during the process of personal identification, especially when mutilated and amputated limbs or body parts are found. Hand anthropometry has been reported in the literature including limited range of populations to be promising for stature prediction, but few studies have attempted to link upper limb anthropometry to stature. No previous research on this topic has been reported for modern Sudanese adults. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the upper limb dimensions and stature in Sudanese adults and to develop regression formulae to estimate stature from these dimensions. The stature, upper arm length, ulnar length, wrist breadth, hand length, and hand breadth of 200 right-handed subjects, comprising 100 males and 100 females (aged 25-30 years), were measured. Initially, the data were analyzed using basic univariate analysis and independent t-tests; then sex-specific simple and multiple linear regression models were used to estimate stature. The results indicated significant sexual dimorphism for all measurements. There was a positive correlation between upper limb measurements and stature (p<0.01), which was highest for ulnar length. The accuracy of stature prediction ranged from ±3.54 to 5.85 cm. The use of multiple regression equations gave better results than simple regression equations. This study provides new forensic standards for stature estimation from the upper limb measurements of Sudanese adults.
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Siddiqi N. Comparison of osteometric femoral bone dimensions among the South Africans of different ethnic groups and South African whites. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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El Morsi DA, Al Hawary AA. Sex determination by the length of metacarpals and phalanges: X-ray study on Egyptian population. J Forensic Leg Med 2012; 20:6-13. [PMID: 23217370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of hand bones length have been shown to be sexually dimorphic in many nationalities. The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of sex determination from the length of all metacarpals and phalanges of right and left hands using X-ray radiographs and to develop a discriminant formula that can be used in the Egyptians. One hundred Egyptians are included in the study (50 adult males and 50 adult females) in the period from December 2009 to January 2011 with mean age 31.60 ± 9.44. Each is subjected to X-ray radiographs on both hands. The results reveal that males have significantly greater mean values than females for all metacarpals and phalanges of both hands and the Egyptian population has greater measurements in comparison to the other ones (e.g. Turkish and European Americans). In addition there is no significant difference between the right and the left hands in either males or females. The correct classification reached an accuracy of 88%-94% by using both hands, while that for right hand only is 88% and 88%-90% for the left hand only. Regarding the accuracy of each bone, the present results revealed that 1st DP & PP and 3rd and 4th MC in the right and left hands are the best bones that can be used in correct sex determination. It is concluded that the length of metacarpals and phalanges (especially the 1st DP & PP and 3rd and 4th MC) could be used for sex determination. The right hand could be used as the left hand in determination of sex. Also the X-ray radiographs are good non invasive and simple tool in the determination of sex from the hand bones. Furthermore the regression equation for both hands and each hand separately is specific to Egyptian population and should be used after validation of the results in other ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A El Morsi
- Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, AlGomhoreya street, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Multiplication factor versus regression analysis in stature estimation from hand and foot dimensions. J Forensic Leg Med 2012; 19:211-4. [PMID: 22520373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of stature is an important parameter in identification of human remains in forensic examinations. The present study is aimed to compare the reliability and accuracy of stature estimation and to demonstrate the variability in estimated stature and actual stature using multiplication factor and regression analysis methods. The study is based on a sample of 246 subjects (123 males and 123 females) from North India aged between 17 and 20 years. Four anthropometric measurements; hand length, hand breadth, foot length and foot breadth taken on the left side in each subject were included in the study. Stature was measured using standard anthropometric techniques. Multiplication factors were calculated and linear regression models were derived for estimation of stature from hand and foot dimensions. Derived multiplication factors and regression formula were applied to the hand and foot measurements in the study sample. The estimated stature from the multiplication factors and regression analysis was compared with the actual stature to find the error in estimated stature. The results indicate that the range of error in estimation of stature from regression analysis method is less than that of multiplication factor method thus, confirming that the regression analysis method is better than multiplication factor analysis in stature estimation.
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30
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Krishan K, Kanchan T, Passi N. Estimation of stature from the foot and its segments in a sub-adult female population of North India. J Foot Ankle Res 2011; 4:24. [PMID: 22104433 PMCID: PMC3227567 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1146-4-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing personal identity is one of the main concerns in forensic investigations. Estimation of stature forms a basic domain of the investigation process in unknown and co-mingled human remains in forensic anthropology case work. The objective of the present study was to set up standards for estimation of stature from the foot and its segments in a sub-adult female population. METHODS The sample for the study constituted 149 young females from the Northern part of India. The participants were aged between 13 and 18 years. Besides stature, seven anthropometric measurements that included length of the foot from each toe (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively), foot breadth at ball (BBAL) and foot breadth at heel (BHEL) were measured on both feet in each participant using standard methods and techniques. RESULTS The results indicated that statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between left and right feet occur in both the foot breadth measurements (BBAL and BHEL). Foot length measurements (T1 to T5 lengths) did not show any statistically significant bilateral asymmetry. The correlation between stature and all the foot measurements was found to be positive and statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). Linear regression models and multiple regression models were derived for estimation of stature from the measurements of the foot. The present study indicates that anthropometric measurements of foot and its segments are valuable in the estimation of stature. Foot length measurements estimate stature with greater accuracy when compared to foot breadth measurements. CONCLUSIONS The present study concluded that foot measurements have a strong relationship with stature in the sub-adult female population of North India. Hence, the stature of an individual can be successfully estimated from the foot and its segments using different regression models derived in the study. The regression models derived in the study may be applied successfully for the estimation of stature in sub-adult females, whenever foot remains are brought for forensic examination. Stepwise multiple regression models tend to estimate stature more accurately than linear regression models in female sub-adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160 014, India.
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31
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Krishan K, Kanchan T, Passi N, DiMaggio JA. Heel-ball (HB) index: sexual dimorphism of a new index from foot dimensions. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:172-5. [PMID: 22074354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present research is aimed to introduce Heel-ball (HB) index from foot dimensions and determine whether this index exhibits sexual dimorphism. The study was conducted on a sample of 303 North Indian individuals (154 men, and 149 women) aged between 13 and 18 years. The stature, body weight, foot breadth at the ball (BBAL), and foot breadth at heel (BHEL) were measured. The HB index was derived by the formula BHEL × 100/BBAL. Although the mean HB index was larger in women in both feet it showed statistically significant sex differences in the right foot only. The study shows that while the foot dimensions show a positive correlation with stature and weight, the HB index is independent of the stature and weight of an individual. This novel index (HB index) may be utilized in sex determination when a part of the foot is brought for medico-legal investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Determination of sex from hand dimensions and index/ring finger length ratio in Upper Egyptians. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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