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Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1161-1194. [PMID: 32757855 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007-2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).
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2
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Basilicata P, Pieri M, Simonelli A, Faillace D, Niola M, Graziano V. Application of a chemiluminescence immunoassay system and GC/MS for toxicological investigations on skeletonized human remains. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 300:120-124. [PMID: 31102900 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hair, larvae and cardiac muscle, the only biological samples present on a skeletonized human body found in a rural area, were used for forensic toxicological analyses in order to determine possible causes of death. Since no information about the victim or the circumstances of death was available (except for the place where the corpse was found, known to be a gathering place for drug addicts), the first approach for the analysis of non-conventional matrices involved the screening of different classes of active principles, using a chemiluminescence-based screening assay designed for whole blood. The immunoassay test results showed positivity to amphetamines, cocaine and opiates on water/methanol extract from cardiac tissue, larvae and hair samples. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses confirmed the immunoassay results, except for amphetamines. The minimal sample preparation (hydration and extraction in an ultrasonic bath), the reduced sample volume required for the analyses, together with the correctness of results as confirmed by GC/MS, showed the suitability of the screening test for forensic applications on non-conventional matrices. Quantitative analyses in GC/MS allowed the cause of death to be ascertained on the basis of the ratio between parent drugs and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Basilicata
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - M Pieri
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - A Simonelli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - D Faillace
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - M Niola
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - V Graziano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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Usman M, Naseer A, Baig Y, Jamshaid T, Shahwar M, Khurshuid S. Forensic toxicological analysis of hair: a review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Rapid and easy determination of morphine in chafing dish condiments with colloidal gold labeling based lateral flow strips. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Price HR, Collier AC, Wright TE. Screening Pregnant Women and Their Neonates for Illicit Drug Use: Consideration of the Integrated Technical, Medical, Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:961. [PMID: 30210343 PMCID: PMC6120972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
North America is currently suffering from one of the worst epidemics of illicit drug use in recent history: the opioid crisis. Pregnant women are not immune to the ravages of substance misuse which affects themselves, their pregnancies, and the wider community. The prevalence of drug misuse in pregnancy is not well quantified due to the lack of good validated tests, cooperation between clinicians and scientists developing tests, and consensus as to who should be tested and how results should be used. A wide range of tissues can be tested for drug use, including maternal blood, urine, and hair; neonatal meconium, urine, and hair; and placenta and umbilical cord tissues. Testing methods range from simple spectrophotometry and clinical chemistry to sophisticated analytical HPLC or mass spectrometry techniques. The drive for ever greater accuracy and sensitivity must be balanced with the necessities of medical practice requiring minimally invasive sampling, rapid turnaround, and techniques that can be realistically utilized in a clinical laboratory. Better screening tests have great potential to improve neonatal and maternal medical outcomes by enhancing the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. They also have great promise for public health monitoring, policy development, and resource allocation. However, women can and have been arrested for positive drug screens with even preliminary results used to remove children from custody, before rigorous confirmatory testing is completed. Balancing the scientific, medical, public health, legal, and ethical aspects of screening tests for drugs in pregnancy is critical for helping to address this crisis at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R Price
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Abby C Collier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tricia E Wright
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Marrinan S, Roman-Urrestarazu A, Naughton D, Levari E, Collins J, Chilcott R, Bersani G, Corazza O. Hair analysis for the detection of drug use-is there potential for evasion? Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28568705 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair analysis for illicit substances is widely used to detect chronic drug consumption or abstention from drugs. Testees are increasingly seeking ways to avoid detection by using a variety of untested adulterant products (e.g., shampoos, cleansers) widely sold online. This study aims to investigate adulteration of hair samples and to assess effectiveness of such methods. METHODS The literature on hair test evasion was searched for on PubMed or MEDLINE, Psycinfo, and Google Scholar. Given the sparse nature of peer-reviewed data on this subject, results were integrated with a qualitative assessment of online sources, including user-orientated information or commercial websites, drug fora and "chat rooms". Over four million web sources were identified in a Google search by using "beat hair drug test" and the first 86 were monitored on regular basis and considered for further analysis. RESULTS Attempts to influence hair test results are widespread. Various "shampoos," and "cleansers" among other products, were found for sale, which claim to remove analytes. Often advertised with aggressive marketing strategies, which include discounts, testimonials, and unsupported claims of efficacy. However, these products may pose serious health hazards and are also potentially toxic. In addition, many anecdotal reports suggest that Novel Psychoactive Substances are also consumed as an evasion technique, as these are not easily detectable via standard drug test. Recent changes on Novel Psychoactive Substances legislations such as New Psychoactive Bill in the UK might further challenge the testing process. CONCLUSION Further research is needed by way of chemical analysis and trial of the adulterant products sold online and their effects as well as the development of more sophisticated hair testing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Marrinan
- Dept of Science, Technology, Engineering & Public Policy (STEaPP), University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Declan Naughton
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, London, UK
| | | | - John Collins
- London School of Economics IDEAS International Drug Policy Project, London, UK
| | - Robert Chilcott
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Giuseppe Bersani
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Corazza
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Moon JY, Choi MH, Kim J. Metabolic profiling of cholesterol and sex steroid hormones to monitor urological diseases. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R455-67. [PMID: 27580660 PMCID: PMC5064754 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol and sex steroid hormones including androgens and estrogens play a critical role in the development and progression of urological diseases such as prostate cancer. This disease remains the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumor in men and is the leading cause of death from different cancers. Attempts to understand the role of cholesterol and steroid metabolism in urological diseases have been ongoing for many years, but despite this, our mechanistic and translational understanding remains elusive. In order to further evaluate the problem, we have taken an interest in metabolomics; a discipline dedicated to the systematic study of biologically active metabolites in cells, tissues, hair and biofluids. Recently, we provided evidence that a quantitative measurement of cholesterol and sex steroid metabolites can be successfully achieved using hair of human and mouse models. The overall goal of this short review article is to introduce current metabolomic technologies for the quantitative biomarker assay development and also to provide new insight into understanding the underlying mechanisms that trigger the pathological condition. Furthermore, this review will place a particular emphasis on how to prepare biospecimens (e.g., hair fiber), quantify molecular profiles and assess their clinical significance in various urological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeun Moon
- Molecular Recognition Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Molecular Recognition Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical SciencesCedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA Department of MedicineUniversity of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Zare MA, Tehrani MS, Husain SW, Azar PA. Multiwall Carbon Nanotube-Ionic Liquid Modified Paste Electrode as an Efficient Sensor for the Determination of Diazepam and Oxazepam in Real Samples. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
The use of alternative matrices such as oral fluid and hair has increased in the past decades because of advances in analytical technology. However, there are still many issues that need to be resolved. Standardized protocols of sample pretreatment are needed to link the detected concentrations to final conclusions. The development of suitable proficiency testing schemes is required. Finally, interpretation issues such as link to effect, adulteration, detection markers and thresholds will hamper the vast use of these matrices. Today, several niche areas apply these matrices with success, such as drugs and driving for oral fluid and drug-facilitated crimes for hair. Once those issues are resolved, the number of applications will markedly grow in the future.
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Agius R, Nadulski T. Utility of ELISA screening for the monitoring of abstinence from illegal and legal drugs in hair and urine. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6 Suppl 1:101-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Agius
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstraße 40 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
| | - Thomas Nadulski
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstraße 40 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
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López-Guarnido O, Álvarez I, Gil F, Rodrigo L, Cataño HC, Bermejo AM, Tabernero MJ, Pla A, Hernández AF. Hair testing for cocaine and metabolites by GC/MS: criteria to quantitatively assess cocaine use. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:838-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. López-Guarnido
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology; University of Granada School of Medicine; Avda. Madrid, 11; 18071; Granada; Spain
| | - I. Álvarez
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine; San Francisco, s/n; 15782; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - F. Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology; University of Granada School of Medicine; Avda. Madrid, 11; 18071; Granada; Spain
| | - L. Rodrigo
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology; University of Granada School of Medicine; Avda. Madrid, 11; 18071; Granada; Spain
| | - H. C. Cataño
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology; University of Granada School of Medicine; Avda. Madrid, 11; 18071; Granada; Spain
| | - A. M. Bermejo
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine; San Francisco, s/n; 15782; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - M. J. Tabernero
- Institute of Legal Medicine; Forensic Toxicology Service, Faculty of Medicine; San Francisco, s/n; 15782; Santiago de Compostela; Spain
| | - A. Pla
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology; University of Granada School of Medicine; Avda. Madrid, 11; 18071; Granada; Spain
| | - A. F. Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology; University of Granada School of Medicine; Avda. Madrid, 11; 18071; Granada; Spain
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Naggar AH, ElKaoutit M, Naranjo-Rodriguez I, El-Sayed AEAY, de Cisneros JLHH. Use of a Sonogel-Carbon electrode modified with bentonite for the determination of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride in tablets and their metabolite oxazepam in urine. Talanta 2012; 89:448-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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