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Tikmani SS, Mårtensson T, Khalid S, Uzair M, Ali Q, Rahim A, Mårtensson A, Saleem S, Brown N. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of postnatal clinical scoring methods and foot length measurement for estimating gestational age and birthweight of newborns in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Paediatr Open 2024; 8:e002717. [PMID: 39214548 PMCID: PMC11367336 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2024-002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to update systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the diagnostic accuracy of postnatal clinical scoring (PCS) methods and foot length (FL) measurement for assessing gestational age (GA) and birth weight in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In addition, the quality of reference standards, including antenatal ultrasound (A-US), last menstrual period (LMP), PCS and newborn weighing scales, was also evaluated. METHODS Studies from LMICs published between January 2000 and February 2024 were searched, using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Scopus. Studies that compared PCS and/or FL with LMP and/or A-US to estimate GA or used calibrated newborn weighing scales for birthweight estimation were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-II tool and evaluated the quality of the reference standards. When sufficient data were available, pooled estimates were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS A total of 50 studies were included. A-US was a reasonable tool for GA assessment if conducted by physicians using fetal biometry and the Hadlock method for GA estimation. LMP was reasonable when women had regular cycles, knew their LMP, were not using contraceptives and LMP data were collected by healthcare providers. When A-US was used as the reference standard, PCS methods estimated GA with a precision of ±2.8 to ±3.2 weeks. FL measurement <7.5 cm showed a pooled sensitivity of 76.2% and specificity of 36.6% for identifying preterm birth. FL measurement ≤7.6 cm had a pooled sensitivity of 78.6% and specificity of 65.7% for identifying low birth weight (LBW). High heterogeneity across studies was observed. CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis highlights significant variability and methodological inconsistencies in using PCS methods and FL measurement for estimating GA and LBW in LMICs. The observed high heterogeneity across studies suggests a cautious interpretation of the results. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020209455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyam Sunder Tikmani
- Global health and migration unit, Department of Women’s & Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Population and Reproductive Health Section, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Thomas Mårtensson
- Global health and migration unit, Department of Women’s & Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sumaira Khalid
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Professions Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- Population and Reproductive Health Section, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Qammerulanissa Ali
- Population and Reproductive Health Section, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anum Rahim
- Epidemiology and Biostatistic Section, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Andreas Mårtensson
- Global health and migration unit, Department of Women’s & Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Saleem
- Population and Reproductive Health Section, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nick Brown
- Global health and migration unit, Department of Women’s & Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Suleiman MO, Danborno B, Musa SA, Timbuak JA. Sexual dimorphism and determination using foot outlines, foot print angles, and foot indices. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024; 20:614-626. [PMID: 37688658 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Sex determination is one of the fundamental procedures in the forensic investigation during personal identification. Foot dimensions, prints, indices, and angles are assessment tools used by podiatrists and forensic anthropologists. The arch index remains a tool for clinical evaluation of the incidence of pes planus by clinicians. This cross-sectional study was performed to investigate sexual dimorphism and discriminate sex using foot and footprint dimensions, foot angles, and foot indices among the Ebira ethnic group of Nigeria. Bilateral foot outlines and prints were obtained from 317 females and 283 males using a digital Vernier caliper, improvised footpad, and A4 paper. The results revealed that in the right foot and print, the males' bare right foot length (BRFL), bare right foot breadth (BRFB), right arch index (RAI), right Chippaux-Smirak index (RCSI), right footprint angle (RFPA), right ball angle (RBA), and all the measurements of the corresponding toes in the prints are significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the females. The same trend was also observed in the left footprint except for the left ball angle (LBA). The stepwise, binary logistics regression model for sex determination showed that bare left foot breadth (BLFB) and bare right foot length (BRFL) were the single best predictors of sex with an accuracy of 72.5% and 71.7% accuracy. Other foot variables marginally increased the percentage accuracy at each step. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis confirmed the sexing potential of the bare left foot breadth and bare right foot length to be 79%. Sexual dimorphism exists in all the foot dimensions, arch indices, Chippaux-Smirak indices, footprint angles, and ball angles, except the left ball angle. The sexual dimorphism in the foot variables forms the basis of sex determination, with left foot breadth and right foot length as the best sex predictors. Therefore, 25 cm can be regarded as the cut-off point for foot length and 9 cm as the cut-off point for foot breadth among this tribe.
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Stature and sex estimation from shoulder breadth, shoulder height, popliteal height, and knee height measurements in a Bangladeshi population. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2022.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Banyeh M, Bani SB, Pathak R, Yakubu DD, Amankwaah E, Ahmed L. Sex estimation from the percutaneous lengths of the femur and the ulna in a Ghanaian population using discriminant function analysis. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2022.2028358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moses Banyeh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Simon Bannison Bani
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Rahul Pathak
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis Dogara Yakubu
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Nasarawa State Polytechnic, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Amankwaah
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Lukeman Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
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García-Donas JG, Ors S, Inci E, Kranioti EF, Ekizoglu O, Moghaddam N, Grabherr S. Sex estimation in a Turkish population using Purkait’s triangle: a virtual approach by 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT). Forensic Sci Res 2021; 7:97-105. [PMID: 35784432 PMCID: PMC9246024 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.1905203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex estimation is considered one of the first steps in the forensic identification process. Morphological and morphometrical differences between males and females have been used as means for morphoscopic and metric methods on both cranial and postcranial skeletal elements. When dry skeletal elements are not available, virtual data can be used as a substitute. The present research explores 3-dimensional (3D) scans from a Turkish population to test a sex estimation method developed by Purkait (2005). Overall, 296 individuals were used in this study (158 males and 138 females). Purkait’s triangle parameters were measured on computed tomography (CT) scans obtained from both right and left femora of each patient at the Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training Research Hospital (Istanbul, Turkey). Intra- and inter-observer errors were assessed for all variables through technical error of measurements analysis. Bilateral asymmetry and sex differences were evaluated using parametric and non-parametric statistical approaches. Univariate and multivariate discriminant function analyses were then conducted. Observer errors demonstrated an overall agreement within and between experts, as indicated by technical error of measurement (TEM) results. No bilateral asymmetries were reported, and all parameters demonstrated a statistically significant difference between males and females. Fourteen discriminant models were generated by applying single and combined parameters, producing a total correct sex classification ranging from 78.4% to 92.6%. In addition, over 67% of the total sample was accurately classified, with 95% or greater posterior probabilities. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of 3D sex estimation using Purkait’s triangle on a Turkish population, with accuracy rates comparable to those reported in other populations. This is the first attempt to apply this method on virtual data and although further validation and standardisation are recommended for its application on dry bone, this research constitutes a significant contribution to the development of population-specific standards when only virtual data are available.Key points CT analysis using Purkait’s triangle is a suitable tool for assessment of sex in unidentified individuals. The best overall estimation rate was achieved with the F11 model, with around 92% of accuracy. The results suggested 78.4% to 92.6% correct sex identification rates. More research is needed to expand the sample set and verify the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta G. García-Donas
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Suna Ors
- Department of Radiology, Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ercan Inci
- Department of Radiology, Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Oguzhan Ekizoglu
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Negahnaz Moghaddam
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Asadujjaman M, Hossain MG, Rana MS, Islam MZ. Stature estimation from handprint measurements: an application to the medicolegal investigation. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021; 11:1. [PMID: 33432273 PMCID: PMC7788280 DOI: 10.1186/s41935-020-00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The estimation of the stature of human beings is a major part of medicolegal investigation when only body parts are found. The study aimed to estimate the stature from different handprint measurements in a Bangladeshi population using statistical considerations. A sample of 200 young Bangladeshi adults (100 men and 100 women) with no physical disabilities participated in this study. Stature and seven anthropometric measurements were measured using standard anthropometric measurements. The bilateral asymmetry was tested using the independent t test. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) between the stature and different handprint measurements was calculated. Consequently, the simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to estimate the stature from the handprint measurements. RESULTS The bilateral asymmetry was statistically not significant (p > 0.05) in right and left handprints. Sex difference significantly (p < 0.05) influences the relationship between stature and handprint measurements. A positive and strong coefficient of correlation (R) value presents between stature and the handprint measurements. The right 2nd digit length in men (R = + 0.709, R 2 = 0.502, SEE = ± 44.141 mm) and the right handprint length in women (R = + 0.552, R 2 = 0.305, SEE = ± 49.074 mm) were the most reliable estimator of stature. However, when data were combined for both sexes, the right handprint length was identified as the most reliable estimator of stature with higher values of R (+ 0.777) and R 2 (0.603), and a lower value of SEE (± 55.520). Multiple regression equation showed greater reliability than linear regression equations in stature estimation from handprint measurements in Bangladeshi population. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the estimation of stature from handprint measurements is possible and reliable. The findings of this study are very useful from the forensic and medicolegal point of view and can use to estimate the stature in Bangladeshi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Asadujjaman
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- School of Engineering & Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia
| | - Md. Golzer Hossain
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sohel Rana
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Zahidul Islam
- Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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Ahmed AA. Anthropometric correlations between parts of the upper and lower limb: models for personal identification in a Sudanese population. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2016; 12:257-66. [PMID: 27379609 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-016-9790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of a deceased individual is an essential component of medicolegal practice. However, personal identification based on commingled limbs or parts of limbs, necessary in investigations of mass disasters or some crimes, is a difficult task. Limb measurements have been utilized in the development of biological parameters for personal identification, but the possibility to estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs other than hands and feet has not been assessed. The present study proposes an approach to estimate the dimensions of various parts of limbs based on other limb measurements. METHODS The study included 320 Sudanese adults, with equal representation of men and women. Nine limb dimensions were measured (five based on the upper limb, four based on the lower limb), and extensive statistical analysis of the distribution of values was performed. RESULTS The results showed that all of the measured dimensions were sexually dimorphic and that there was a significant positive correlation between the dimensions of various parts of limbs. Regression models (direct and stepwise) were developed to estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs based on measurements pertaining to one or more other parts of limbs. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that the dimensions of parts of the upper and lower limb can be estimated from one another. These findings can be used in medicolegal practice and extended to constructive surgery, orthopedics, and prosthesis design for lost limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, Mail Code: 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh, 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Morphological study of palatal rugae in a Sudanese population. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:650648. [PMID: 25737723 PMCID: PMC4337109 DOI: 10.1155/2015/650648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatal rugae patterns have unique characteristics and have been proposed as an alternative method to establish identity when other means, such as fingerprints and dental records, are not attainable. This study was conducted to determine the morphological characteristics of palatine rugae and to assess the existence of side asymmetry in them in Sudanese Arabs. It also assesses the possibility of determining sex using logistic regression. One hundred dental casts for 50 males and 50 females aged between 18 and 23 were studied for palatal rugae dimensions, shapes, and orientations, as well as sexual dimorphism and side symmetry. The most predominant rugae were primary, and the most prevalent shapes in both sexes were wavy, curved, and straight forms. The predominant orientation was forward. Side asymmetry existed more in the orientations than in the shapes, but no side asymmetry was recorded in the dimensions. There was no significant sexual dimorphism in the rugae dimensions, shapes, and orientations, except for forward-directed rugae (P < 0.037). A predictive value of 60% was obtained in assigning sex using dimensions and orientations and of 58% using shapes alone. Therefore, the palatal rugae are not recommended for assigning sex effectively among Sudanese Arabs unless it is the only means available.
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A study of correlations within the dimensions of lower limb parts for personal identification in a Sudanese population. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:541408. [PMID: 25386606 PMCID: PMC4216709 DOI: 10.1155/2014/541408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of an isolated limb or limb parts from different individuals presents a major challenge for medicolegal investigators in establishing identification in cases of wars, mass disasters, and criminal assaults because different populations have different sizes and proportions. The measurement of lower limb dimensions showed a high success rate in establishing individual identity in terms of sex and stature in various populations. However, there is a paucity of data concerning the correlation within the lower limb parts. This study aims to assess the existence of relationships within lower limb parts and to develop regression formulae to reconstruct limb parts from one another. The tibial length, bimalleolar breadth, foot length, and foot breadth of 376 right-handed Sudanese adults were measured. The results showed that all variables were significantly larger in males than in females. A significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) was found within the lower limb parts. Sex-specific linear equations and multiple regression equations were developed to reconstruct the lower limb parts in the presence of single dimension or multiple dimensions from the same limb. The use of multiple regression equations provided a better reconstruction than simple regression equations. These results are significant in forensics and orthopedic reconstructive surgery.
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Ahmed AA. A study of the anthropometric correlations between upper limb measurements for personal identification in Sudanese population. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2014; 65:489-98. [PMID: 25277498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of multiple isolated commingled fleshed limbs or limb parts generates a significant challenge for forensic investigators in wars, mass disasters, and criminal assaults in the process of identification. Although upper limb measurements have been used to establish individual identity in terms of sex and stature with high success, there is a scarcity of data concerning the correlations within upper limb parts. Hence, this study aims to assess the relationships within upper limb parts and develop regression formulae to reconstruct the parts from one another. The study participants were 376 Sudanese adults (187 males and 189 females). The results of this study indicated significant sexual dimorphism for all variables. The results indicated a significant correlation within the upper limb parts. Linear and multiple regression equations were developed to reconstruct the upper limb parts in the presence of a single or multiple dimension(s) from the identical limb. Multiple regression equations generated better reconstructions than simple equations. These results are significant in forensics and orthopedic reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code: 3127, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan.
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