The determination of α- and β-thujone in human serum – Simple analysis of absinthe congener substance

Chemical Diversity of Artemisia rutifolia Essential Oil, Antimicrobial and Antiradical Activity

This paper presents the results of the study of the composition of the essential oil (EO) of Artemisia rutifolia by the GC/MS method as well as its antimicrobial and antiradical activities. According to the PCA-analysis, these EOs can be conditionally divided into "Tajik" and "Buryat-Mongol" chemotypes. The first chemotype is characterized by the prevalence of α- and β-thujone, and the second chemotype by the prevalence of 4-phenyl-2-butanone, camphor. The greatest antimicrobial activity of A. rutifolia EO was observed against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. The EO showed high antiradical activity with an IC₅₀ value of 17.55 μL/mL. The presented first data on the composition and activity of the EO of A. rutifolia of the Russian flora indicate the prospects of the species as a raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.

Currently Applied Extraction Processes for Secondary Metabolites from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa and Future Perspectives

The poleo (Lippia turbinata Griseb.) and damiana (Turnera diffusa Wild) are two of the most valued species in the Mexican semidesert due to their medicinal uses. The conventional essential oil extraction process is hydrodistillation, and for the extraction of antioxidants, the use of organic solvents. However, these techniques are time-consuming and degrade thermolabile molecules, and the efficiency of the process is dependent on the affinity of the solvent for bioactive compounds. Likewise, they generate solvent residues such as methanol, hexane, petroleum ether, toluene, chloroform, etc. Therefore, in recent years, ecofriendly alternatives such as ohmic heating, microwaves, ultrasound, and supercritical fluids have been studied. These methodologies allow reducing the environmental impact and processing times, in addition to increasing yields at a lower cost. Currently, there is no up-to-date information that provides a description of the ecofriendly trends for the recovery process of essential oils and antioxidants from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa. This review includes relevant information on the most recent advancements in these processes, including conditions and methodological foundation.

Identification and Quantification of Thujone in a Case of Poisoning Due to Repeated Ingestion of an Infusion of Artemisia Vulgaris L

Plants of the Artemisia genus are used worldwide as ingredients of botanical preparations. This paper describes the case of a 49-year-old man admitted to the emergency room at a Zurich hospital in a manic state after the ingestion of 1 L of an infusion of Artemisia vulgaris. Two monoterpenic ketones, α- and β-thujone, are present in various concentrations in Artemisia spp., but adverse effects have previously been associated only with essential oil from Artemisia absinthium and attributed to the inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors, with consequent excitation and convulsions. The aim of this work was to examine and quantify the possible presence of thujone in the patient's serum and urine. A High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method with isocratic separation and fluorescence detection (FLD) was set up and validated. Serum thujone concentrations were found to be 27.7 ± 3.48 μg/mL at day 0 and 24.1 ± 0.15 μg/mL on day 1. Results were confirmed by a gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (FID). Poisoning due to thujone was thus confirmed, suggesting four possible scenarios: (1) an unusually high concentration of thujone in the A. vulgaris ingested; (2) chronic exposure as the cause of the poisoning; (3) low metabolic efficiency of the patient; (4) contamination or adulteration of the plant material with other Artemisia spp., for example, A. absinthium.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

These results could aid research in the field of adverse effects of botanicals, lead to better understanding and management of similar cases of poisoning, and promote more informed use of natural products.

Voltammetric determination of thujone in herbal matrices in the presence of Triton X-100

A simple, sensitive and rapid method of low concentration of thujone determination using Controlled Growth Mercury Drop Electrode and Differential Pulse Voltammetry was described. The reduction of thujone in phosphoric acid or potassium nitrate, involves a quasi-reversible and adsorption-controlled two-electron process. In voltammetric experiments the addition of ethanol and Triton X-100 is recommended. Experimental conditions, such as composition of supporting electrolyte, concentration of Triton X-100 and operation parameters were established. The optimal electrolyte should contain: 0.04 mol L^-1 phosphoric acid (pH = 1.9) or 0.05 mol L^-1 potassium nitrate (pH = 6.4), 0.0002% Triton X-100 and 9.6% ethanol. The calibration graph was linear from 0.7 to 140 mgL^-1 of thujone in H₃PO₄ as supporting electrolyte and from 0.7 to 115 mgL^-1 of the analyte in KNO₃. The detection limit was 0.4 mgL^-1 in H₃PO₄ and 0.6 mgL^-1 in KNO₃, with the correlation coefficient of 0.998. The influence of interfering substances, such as Al(III), Bi(III), Cd(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Pb(II), Tl(I), V(III) and Zn(II) was studied. The proposed method was validated by the thujone recovery study from the specially prepared spiked herbal matrices and alcohol extract. The considered real sample was thuja oil, in which thujone was successfully determined. All measurements were performed without sample preparation.