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Kemsawasd V, Jayasena V, Karnpanit W. Incidents and Potential Adverse Health Effects of Serious Food Fraud Cases Originated in Asia. Foods 2023; 12:3522. [PMID: 37835175 PMCID: PMC10572764 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food fraud has long been regarded as a major issue within the food industry and is associated with serious economic and public health concerns. Economically motivated adulteration, the most common form of food fraud, has consequences for human health, ranging from mild to life-threatening conditions. Despite the potential harm and public health threats posed by food fraud, limited information on incidents causing illness has been reported. Enhancing the food control system on the Asian continent has become crucial for global health and trade considerations. Food fraud databases serve as valuable tools, assisting both the food industry and regulatory bodies in mitigating the vulnerabilities associated with fraudulent practices. However, the availability of accessible food fraud databases for Asian countries has been restricted. This review highlights detrimental food fraud cases originating in Asian countries, including sibutramine in dietary supplements, plasticizer contamination, gutter oil, and the adulteration of milk. This comprehensive analysis encompasses various facets, such as incident occurrences, adverse health effects, regulatory frameworks, and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varongsiri Kemsawasd
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Vijay Jayasena
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - Weeraya Karnpanit
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
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2
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de Almeida JV, Berneira LM, Polleti T, Santa Barbara IF, Goulart NL, de Pereira CM. Optimization and development of novel green extraction methods applied to apprehended slimming agents containing mazindol. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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3
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Review of contemporary chemometric strategies applied on preparing GC–MS data in forensic analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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4
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Hosseini E, Ghasemi JB, Shekarchi M. Simultaneous Determination of Adulterants in Dietary Food Supplements Using Multivariate Data Analysis after Preconcentration with Novel Nanosorbents and Chromatographic Measurement. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1309-1318. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The increasing popularity of dietary supplements and, consequently, related adulteration emphasizes the rising need to examine the association of food supplements with fraud. Intentional or unintentional fraud in food supplements by hazardous chemicals compounds is a problem that many countries are struggling with. Much effort have been made to effectively and reliably control the quality of food supplements.
Objective
Due to the importance of the subject, an analytical method for the simultaneous and reliable detection and quantitative determination of three key adulterants in dietary food supplements was developed. The proposed method benefits from analytical methods and multivariate calibration methods to progress the determination of adulterants in a complex matrix.
Methods
HPLC assisted by multivariate curve resolution-alternating least square (MCR-ALS) analysis was used to detect adulterants in real samples after separation and preconcentration using novel mesoporous carbon nanoparticles. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) optimization was accomplished by central composite design (CCD). In order to obtain the best results, the MCR-ALS model was compared with the parallel factor analysis 2 (PARAFAC2) model and validated by estimation of linearity, detection limits, and recovery.
Results
The detection limits and linear dynamics were calculated as 1.5, 4.27, and 4.77 µg/mL, and 1–50, 5–20, and 5–20 µg/mL for caffeine, ephedrine, and fluoxetine, respectively. Mean recovery for determination of caffeine, ephedrine, and fluoxetine using the developed method was reported as 101.75, 91.7, and 92.36, respectively.
Conclusion
The results showed that to avoid negative health outcomes associated with the excessive consumption of adulterated food supplements releasing such products should be carefully regulated. The developed method was validated using statistical factors and showed acceptable and reliable results.
Highlights
(1) The application of MCR-ALS coupled with HPLC-Diode-Array Detection data sets allowed the simultaneous identification and quantification of three key adulterants (caffeine, ephedrine, and fluoxetine) in dietary food supplements. (2) A small amount of the novel adsorbent was successfully used to preconcentrate the trace amounts of adulterants in samples. (3) This method benefits from the chemometrics tools and experimental design to significantly reduce the use of toxic solvents and complicated instruments to propose a less time-consuming method for quantification of multicomponents in the presence of uncalibrated interferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensie Hosseini
- University of Tehran, Faculty of Chemistry , , Tehran 6718773654, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , , Tehran 6718773654, Iran
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- University of Tehran, Faculty of Chemistry , , Tehran 6718773654, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , , Tehran 6718773654, Iran
| | - Maryam Shekarchi
- Food and Drug Control Laboratories and Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center , Tahran 1439956311, Iran
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The Chemistry of Green and Roasted Coffee by Selectable 1D/2D Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry with Spectral Deconvolution. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165328. [PMID: 36014566 PMCID: PMC9414832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is a long-standing technique for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). When coupled with the Ion Analytics software, GC/MS provides unmatched selectivity in the analysis of complex mixtures and it reduces the reliance on high-resolution chromatography to obtain clean mass spectra. Here, we present an application of spectral deconvolution, with mass spectral subtraction, to identify a wide array of VOCs in green and roasted coffees. Automated sequential, two-dimensional GC-GC/MS of a roasted coffee sample produced the retention index and spectrum of 750 compounds. These initial analytes served as targets for subsequent coffee analysis by GC/MS. The workflow resulted in the quantitation of 511 compounds detected in two different green and roasted coffees. Of these, over 100 compounds serve as candidate differentiators of coffee quality, AAA vs. AA, as designated by the Coopedota cooperative in Costa Rica. Of these, 72 compounds survive the roasting process and can be used to discriminate green coffee quality after roasting.
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Recent Analytical Method for Detection of Chemical Adulterants in Herbal Medicine. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216606. [PMID: 34771013 PMCID: PMC8588557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicine has become popular in recent years as an alternative medicine. The problem arises when herbal medicines contain an undeclared synthetic drug that is illegally added, since it is a natural product that does not contain any chemical drugs due to the potential cause of harmful effects. Supervision of herbal medicines is important to ensure that these herbal medicines are still safe to use. Thus, developing a reliable analytical technique for the determination of adulterated drugs in herbal medicine is gaining interest. This review aims to provide a recent analytical method that has been used within the past 5 years (2016-2021) for the determination of chemical adulterants in herbal medicine.
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Wang K, Jin P, Pi J, Xie X, Zhang Y, Yue Z, Mai X, Fan H, Zhang W. Microwave-assisted extraction followed by salting-out phase separation for hierarchical screening of illegal adulterants in aphrodisiac health products by multi-dimensional fingerprint profiling analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113774. [PMID: 33272790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for hierarchical screening of illegal adulterants in Fur seal ginseng pills (FSGP) products was developed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) coupled to salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) with multi-dimensional fingerprint profiling analysis. Using a homogeneous system formed by dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and water as the extractant, the MAE conditions were investigated to maximize extraction recoveries, followed by addition of ammonium sulfate to induce DMC phase separation for SALLE enrichment of 16 potentially illegal adulterants such as phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, androgens, α receptor antagonists and yohimbine etc. By means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) and fluorescence detection (FLD), multi-dimensional fingerprints were acquired by multi-wavelength detection to highlight the signals of the potentially illegal adulterants and reduce or remove interferences from the sample matrix. For high accuracy and reliability, a hierarchical screening strategy was designed by multi-dimensional fingerprinting profiling analysis (MDFPA). The method exhibited proper identification and quantification performance, and it was successfully applied to screening of illegal adulterants in 18 batches of the samples through the step-by-step MDFPA. Also, the results were further confirmed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS). The proposed method was proved to be a green, efficient and reliable alternative to monitoring aphrodisiac health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiyi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiaju Pi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiujuan Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, 201206, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Zhenfeng Yue
- Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiaoman Mai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huajun Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Yan S, Yue Y, Su L, Hao M, Wang X, Zuo T. Development of Electrochemical Oscillation Method for Identification of Prunus persica, Prunus davidiana, and Prunus armeniaca Nuts. Front Chem 2020; 8:748. [PMID: 33024743 PMCID: PMC7516034 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, an electrochemical oscillation system has been developed using the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. The effect of the combination of each reagent, reaction temperature, and stirring speed on the induction period, oscillating period, and oscillating life were optimized. The nuts of Prunus persica, Prunus davidiana, and Prunus armeniaca have been widely used for medical purposes. The proposed electrochemical oscillation system was then used for the identification of P. persica, P. davidiana, and P. armeniaca. Three nuts exhibited very different electrochemical oscillation profiles. The dendrogram was divided into three main principal infrageneric clades. Each cluster only contains one species, suggesting that no outlier was observed in this study. Based on the discussed results, we proposed a simple method for herbal medicine identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yinzi Yue
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Lianlin Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Application of UHPLC and GC/MS for Detection of Hidden Drugs in Traditional Hand-Made Herbal Slimming Products. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.82992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is one of the health issues all over the world. Patients always demand convenient and fast methods for weight reduction. Hand-made herbal drugs are advertised by herbal practitioners to gain this goal. Unscrupulous manufacturers produce herbal products that are adulterated with hidden legal or illegal drugs to lose weight in a shorter period of time. Objectives: The main purpose of the present study was to analyze hand-made herbal slimming drugs to detect undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients. Methods: Forty hand-made herbal products sold as weight loss aid were prepared from 270 herb shops in Gilan province, Iran, in a six-month period. All samples were analyzed using UHPLC and GC/MS instrumentations. Results: The results showed that 25% of collected herbal preparations contained caffeine. Moreover, an unlabeled herbal tablet contained metformin. Conclusions: Herbal slimming products in Gilan province were not adulterated as much as herbal drugs collected from other provinces in Iran. However, adulteration practices may endanger the health or safety of consumers.
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Muschietti L, Redko F, Ulloa J. Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:861-886. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Flavia Redko
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Ulloa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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Xie X, Zhang Y, Yue Z, Wang K, Mai X, Liu Y, Zhu M, Fan H, Zhang W. Multi-fingerprint profiling analysis for screening and quantification of illegal adulterated antidiabetics in a functional food using HPLC coupled to diode array detection/fluorescence detection. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.103995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Sun XD, Wu HL, Liu Z, Chen Y, Chen JC, Cheng L, Ding YJ, Yu RQ. Target-based metabolomics for fast and sensitive quantification of eight small molecules in human urine using HPLC-DAD and chemometrics tools resolving of highly overlapping peaks. Talanta 2019; 201:174-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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de Freitas SC, dos Santos MA, Berneira LM, Ortiz RS, de Pereira CM. Microwave-assisted extraction and differential scanning calorimetry in the chemical identification of sliming agents apprehended in the south region of Brazil. Sci Justice 2019; 59:190-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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