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Khaleghi M, Memarian A, Shekarchi B, Bagheri H, Maleki N, Safari N. Second and third lumbar vertebral parameters for prediction of sex, height, and age in the Iranian population. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023; 19:364-371. [PMID: 36454380 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the association between different parameters of the second and third lumbar vertebra with age, sex, and height in the Iranian population. A total of 14 parameters of the L2 and L3 vertebra were measured from three-dimensional lumbar topography. The measured parameters included vertebral length, foramen diameter, foramen width, endplate depth, endplate width, spinal process height, spinal process length, transverse process distance, the height of the vertebral body, articular process height inferior, articular process height superior, pedicle height, pedicle width, and maximum distance between articular processes. A total of 100 patients, including 46 males (46%) and 54 females (54%), were enrolled in this study. Our findings showed that most L2 and L3 parameters could differentiate males from females, with the area under the curve between 0.620 and 0.888. The majority of L2 and L3 parameters were positively associated with height in both males and females. Regarding age, there was a significant positive association between the spinal process length of L2 and vertebral length, spinal process height, and spinal process length of L3 with age in males. Also, several parameters of L2 and L3 were associated with age in females. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the parameters of the second and third lumbar vertebra could be valuable in the determination of the age, height, and sex of the Iranian population. Our results could have practical implications in forensic anthropology in serious events like earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Khaleghi
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Memarian
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Babak Shekarchi
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, West Fatemi St., P.O. Box: 14117-18541, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Bagheri
- Radiation Sciences Research Center (RSRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Maleki
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Safari
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Flanders D, Lai T, Kutaiba N. Height Estimation from Vertebral Parameters on Routine Computed Tomography in a Contemporary Elderly Australian Population: A Validation of Existing Regression Models. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071222. [PMID: 37046440 PMCID: PMC10093189 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare previously published height estimation formulae in a contemporary Australian population using vertebral measurements readily available on abdominal CT. Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing a planning CT prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation in a 12-month period was conducted; 96 participants were included in the analysis from a total of 137, with 41 excluded due to incomplete data. Seven vertebral measurements were taken from the CT images and height estimates were made for each participant using multiple regression equations from the published literature. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare actual height to estimated height. Many of the models failed to accurately predict patient height in this cohort, with only three equations for each sex resulting in a predicted height that was not statistically significantly different to actual height. The most accurate model in female participants was based on posterior sacral length and resulted in a mean difference between an actual and calculated height of 0.7 cm (±7.4) (p = 0.520). The most accurate model in male participants was based on anterior sacrococcygeal length and resulted in a mean difference of -0.6 ± 6.9 cm (p = 0.544). Height estimation formulae can be used to predict patient height from common vertebral parameters on readily available CT data. This is important for the calculation of anthropometric measures for a variety of uses in clinical medicine. However, more work is needed to generate accurate prediction models for specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Flanders
- Department of Radiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Timothy Lai
- Department of Radiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Numan Kutaiba
- Department of Radiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
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The status and future of forensic archaeology and anthropology in Finland. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/sjfs-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this paper we discuss the history and development of forensic archaeology and anthropology in Finland. Current status of the fields and some future prospects are also highlighted. We offer some potential reasons for why so little research related to forensic archaeology or anthropology is conducted in Finland. To set the forensic archaeology and anthropology in Finland into a broader setting, we discuss the awareness of the fields among Finnish archaeologists, anthropologists, and enthusiasts via the results of an online survey conducted in November 2021. In this manuscript we also delve into some inner workings of Finnish law enforcement and voluntary organisations in order to show how forensic archaeologists and anthropologists could fit into criminal investigations in Finland.
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Chainchel Singh MK, Lai PS, Sidek S, Mohd Noor MH, Abdul Rashid SN, Siew SF. Stature estimation of Malaysians using post-mortem computed tomography images of the spine. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20101058221122305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stature estimation is important in medical investigations to identify victims and is most accurate using anatomical methods utilizing the entire skeleton. However, in cases of mass fatalities, it has been calculated using regression analysis formulas of different body parts. Radiology especially post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) is increasingly being used in victim identification as it is non- invasive and allows for multi planar reconstruction. Methods This study aims to generate stature estimation formulae using regression analysis of the vertebral column incorporating population that form the Malaysian ancestry i.e. Malay, Chinese and Indian using PMCT. This was a retrospective study involving 115 subjects who had a PMCT. Subjects consisted of Malaysian males and females (92 males and 23 females) aged 18–70 years. Cervical length (CL), thoracic length (TL), lumbar length and the whole spine length (WSL) incorporating cervical, thoracic and lumbar length were compared against cadaveric length. Results Whole spine length had the highest correlation coefficient of 0.570 and showed highest correlation with cadaveric length among female subjects compared to males. Whole spine length amongst the Malay was the highest followed by the Chinese and Indian ethnic groups (r = 0.671, 0.629, 0.402). Conclusion Our study concluded that the use of WSL from PMCT images can be used for body height estimation amongst Malaysians. This study has also successfully generated population-specific database for Malaysian experts to perform stature estimation using measurements of the vertebral column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansharan Kaur Chainchel Singh
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
- National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Poh Soon Lai
- National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sabrilhakim Sidek
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Helmee Mohd Noor
- National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Radiology Department, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Nizam Abdul Rashid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheue Feng Siew
- National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Fourth lumbar vertebral parameters in predicting the gender, height and age in Iranian population. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ahmed AA. Stature estimation for Saudi men based on different combinations of upper limb part dimensions. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25840. [PMID: 34106624 PMCID: PMC8133034 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating stature based on body/limb parts can help define the characteristics of unidentified bodies. The most studied upper limb part is the hand, although few studies have examined whether stature can be estimated using fingers plus other hand dimensions. Moreover, there is paucity in anthropometric studies that determined whether bilateral whole limb parts (e.g., arms, forearms, and hands) are related to stature among the living subjects.This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the relationship between different upper limb measurements and the stature of Saudi men. Furthermore, I assessed whether upper limb asymmetry was present, and developed regression models to estimate stature based on different available measurements. Stature and 13 upper limb parameters were measured for 100 right-handed Saudi men who were 18 to 24 years old.All measurements were positively correlated with stature (P < .001), and the best single predictor was the bilateral ulnar length. Asymmetry was more pronounced in the hand measurements. A multiparameter model provided reasonable predictive accuracy (±3.77-5.68 cm) and was more accurate than single-parameter models. Inclusion of the right-side fingers improved the model's accuracy.This study developed potential models for estimating stature during the identification of bodies of Saudi men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Vassallo S, Davies C, Biehler-Gomez L. Sex estimation using scapular measurements: discriminant function analysis in a modern Italian population. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2020.1868575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Vassallo
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Catriona Davies
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lucie Biehler-Gomez
- LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Ahmed AA. Estimation of stature from lower limb anthropometry: new formulae derived from contemporary Arabian males. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2020.1846785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Oura P, Junno JA, Autio E, Karppinen J, Niinimäki J. Baseline anthropometric indices predict change in vertebral size in early adulthood - A 10-year follow-up MRI study. Bone 2020; 138:115506. [PMID: 32603909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vertebral cross-sectional area (CSA) has an independent effect on vertebral strength. Recent evidence has shown that vertebral dimensions significantly increase in the third decade of life, and that lifestyle factors such as body size and composition are clearly associated with vertebral CSA. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that general anthropometric traits (stature, total body mass, lean body mass, fat mass, body mass index, waist circumference), each objectively measured at baseline, predict the change in vertebral CSA over the subsequent decade. A representative sample of young Northern Finnish adults was used (n = 371) with repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from ~20 and ~30 years (baseline and follow-up, respectively). Vertebral CSA was measured from the MRI scans with high reliability and low measurement error. The statistical analysis was performed using linear regression models adjusted for sex and exact length of MRI interval. According to the regression models, in descending order of effect size, lean body mass (standardized beta coefficient 0.243 [95% confidence interval 0.065-0.420]), total body mass (0.158 [0.043-0.273]), body mass index (0.125 [0.026-0.224]), waist circumference (0.119 [0.010-0.228]), and fat mass (0.104 [0.004-0.205]) were positively and significantly associated with CSA gain over the follow-up, whereas stature (0.079 [-0.066-0.224]) was not associated with CSA change. The results of this study suggest that anthropometric indices may be used for estimating subsequent change in vertebral size. In particular, greater lean body mass seems to be beneficial for vertebral size and thus potentially also for vertebral strength. Future studies should aim to replicate these associations in a dataset with longitudinal anthropometric trajectories and identify the potential common factors that influence both anthropometric traits and vertebral CSA gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Oura
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Juho-Antti Junno
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elsi Autio
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Niinimäki
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Kayahan Ulu EM, Öztürk B, Atalay K, Akren Özkazanç M, Terzi Ö. Body height estimation based on magnetic resonance imaging measurements of the second cervical vertebra in the Turkish population. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2020.1745277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahadır Öztürk
- Department of Radiology, Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Köksal Atalay
- Department of Radiology, Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mine Akren Özkazanç
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Özlem Terzi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Application of anthropometric measurements analysis for stature in human vertebral column: A systematic review. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Waduud MA, Sucharitkul PPJ, Drozd M, Gupta A, Hammond C, Ashbridge Scott DJ. Validation of two-dimensional vertebral body parameters in estimating patient height in elderly patients. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20190342. [PMID: 31596119 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Standardised comparison of abdominal muscle and adipose tissue is often utilised in morphometric clinical research. Whilst measurements are traditionally standardised against the patient's height, this may not be always practically feasible. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between measurements of the vertebral body and patient height. METHODS We analysed cross-sectional CT scans. Measurements of the vertebral body area (VBA), anteroposterior vertebral body diameter (APVBD) and lateral vertebral body diameter (LVBD) were made by two independent investigators by manual tracing. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 standardisation and Group 2 validation. We compared height and vertebral body parameters from patients in Group 1 and mathematically modelled this relationship. We then utilised the model to predict the height of patients in Group 2 and compared this with their actual height. Observer variability was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and t-tests of differences. RESULTS CT scans from 382 patients were analysed. No significant intraobserver or interobserver differences were apparent when measuring vertebral body parameters. We describe models which enable the prediction of the patients' height using the measured VBA, APVBD and LVBD. No significant differences were observed between the patients predicted and actual heights in the validation group. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an important relationship between measurements of the patient's height and the vertebral body. This can be utilised in future research when the patient's height has not been measured. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE In the absence of the patient's height, we demonstrate that two-dimensional vertebral body parameters may be reliably used to standardise morphometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdul Waduud
- The Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Great George St, Leeds LS1 3EX, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, LIGHT Laboratories, Level 7, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Poppy Janpen Sucharitkul
- The Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Great George St, Leeds LS1 3EX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Drozd
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, LIGHT Laboratories, Level 7, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ankit Gupta
- The Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Great George St, Leeds LS1 3EX, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hammond
- Department of Radiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Great George St, Leeds LS1 3EX, United Kingdom
| | - David Julian Ashbridge Scott
- The Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Great George St, Leeds LS1 3EX, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, LIGHT Laboratories, Level 7, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Korpinen N, Keisu A, Niinimäki J, Karppinen J, Niskanen M, Junno JA, Oura P. Body mass estimation from dimensions of the fourth lumbar vertebra in middle-aged Finns. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2019; 40:5-16. [PMID: 31279223 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although body mass is not a stable trait over the lifespan, information regarding body size assists the forensic identification of unknown individuals. In this study, we aimed to study the potential of using the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) for body mass estimation among contemporary Finns. Our sample comprised 1158 individuals from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 who had undergone measurements of body mass at age 31 and 46 and lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at age 46. MRI scans were used to measure the maximum and minimum widths, depths, and heights of the L4 body. Their means and sum were calculated together with vertebral cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and reduced major axis (RMA) regression was used to produce equations for body mass among the full sample (n = 1158) and among normal-weight individuals (n = 420). In our data, body mass was associated with all the L4 size parameters (R = 0.093-0.582, p ≤ 0.019 among the full sample; R = 0.243-0.696, p ≤ 0.002 among the normal-weight sample). RMA regression models seemed to fit the data better than OLS, with vertebral CSA having the highest predictive value in body mass estimation. In the full sample, the lowest standard errors were 6.1% (95% prediction interval ±9.6 kg) and 7.1% (±9.1 kg) among men and women, respectively. In the normal-weight sample, the lowest errors were 4.9% (±6.9 kg) and 4.7% (±5.7 kg) among men and women, respectively. Our results indicate that L4 dimensions are potentially useful in body mass estimation, especially in cases with only the axial skeleton available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Korpinen
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Asla Keisu
- Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Niinimäki
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Aapistie 1, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku Niskanen
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juho-Antti Junno
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Petteri Oura
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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