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Cobo-Golpe M, de-Castro-Ríos A, Lendoiro E. Current status of keratinized matrices in Toxicology: Comparison of hair and nails. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38853411 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Nails are a keratinized matrix that has been proposed as an alternative to hair to evaluate long-term and retrospective consumption of drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals. This matrix has been gaining interest in recent years, with new studies focusing on the analysis of fingernails and/or toenails for different substances. However, nails and hair present differences in structure, growth, and incorporation pathways that may affect drug incorporation and analysis and complicate the interpretation of the results. To better understand the results in nail samples, a comparison of concentrations found in hair, fingernails, and toenails has been described in the literature for some drugs. This review unifies the results found in the literature, with special interest on studies that report paired samples from the same individuals. Differences between fingernail and toenail samples, as well as proposed cut-offs in nails, are also discussed. Definite conclusions can be reached for some drugs, but, in general, more standardized studies are needed to better understand nail results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cobo-Golpe
- Toxicology Service, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A de-Castro-Ríos
- Toxicology Service, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Lendoiro
- Toxicology Service, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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2
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Pelissier-Alicot AL, Ameline A, Kintz P, Adalian P, Leonetti G. Hair analysis in postmortem investigations: Case of a skeletonized body. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38243699 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of hair collected from putrefied or skeletal bodies is always complex and must take into account several pitfalls, such as external contamination and contamination by biological fluids. This work presents a case of particular complexity. A skeletonized body was discovered on a country road. A tuft of brown hair, detached from the scalp, irregular in length, non-oriented, in contact with soil and vegetation, was removed. An anthropological examination was carried out and genetic samples were taken from the right femoral shaft. After about 10 washes with warm water and dichloromethane, the tuft of hair was analyzed without segmentation. General unknown screening was performed by liquid chromatography system coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) after incubation in pH 9.5 borate buffer and liquid-liquid extraction. Specific Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) methods for date rape drugs were carried out by liquid chromatography system coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The anthropological examination allowed to determine that the victim was a female individual, over 60 years old, the death dating from 3 months to 1 year. Comparison of the DNA results with the Missing Persons Index led to the identification, a 60-year-old woman who disappeared 5 months earlier. Hair analysis showed the presence of oxazepam (361 pg/mg), nordiazepam (54 pg/mg), and alimemazine (5 pg/mg). The interpretation of these concentrations is extremely difficult due to the risk of degradation of the hair cuticle during prolonged stay in the soil, as well as of contamination by putrefactive fluids. The authors discuss the value of using multiple biological and non-biological matrices in this context to improve the interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Strasbourg, France
- X-Pertise Consulting, Mittelhausbergen, France
| | | | - Georges Leonetti
- Service de Médecine Légale, Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
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3
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Zhang YX, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Liu YJ, Ren A, Zhou Y, Shi D, Feng XS. Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
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Olędzka I, Plenis A, Kowalski P, Bączek T, Roszkowska A. Analytical aspects of sample handling during the quantification of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in clinical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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Rubicondo J, Scuffi L, Pietrosemoli L, Mineo M, Terranova F, Bartucca M, Trignano C, Bertol E, Vaiano F. A New Multi-Analyte LC-MS-MS Screening Method for the Detection of 120 NPSs and 49 Drugs in Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 46:e262-e273. [PMID: 36453750 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been increasingly used for screening purposes in forensic toxicology. High versatility and low time/resource consumption are the main advantages of this technology. Numerous multi-analyte methods have been validated in order to face the analytical challenge of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). However, forensic toxicologists must focus the attention also on "classical" NPSs and medicines, such as benzodiazepines (BDZs) and prescription opioids. In this paper, a new method for the simultaneous detection of 169 substances (120 NPSs and 49 other drugs) in hair by LC-MS-MS is described. After the decontamination of hair samples with dichloromethane, a 20-mg aliquot of the sample was mixed with 1 mL of methanol (MeOH; 0.1% of formic acid) and then sonicated at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was then dried under nitrogen stream and reconstituted with 100 µL of MeOH. LC separation was achieved with a 100-mm-long C18 column in 35 min, and mass acquisition was performed in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mode and in positive ionization. The analysis results were very sensitive, with the limit of quantification ranging from 0.07 to 10.0 pg/mg. Accuracy and precision were always within the acceptable criteria. Matrix effect and recovery rate ranges were from -21.3 to + 21.9% and from 75.0 to 99.3%, respectively. The new method was successfully applied in a preliminary study on the prevalence of NPSs, BDZs and other substances in case of driving license issuance. In 14% of cases, BDZs/antidepressants (mainly trazodone, diazepam/nordiazepam and flunitrazepam) were found. Codeine, ketamine, methylone and mephedrone were also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rubicondo
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, L.go Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - L Scuffi
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, L.go Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - L Pietrosemoli
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, L.go Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - M Mineo
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, L.go Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - F Terranova
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, L.go Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - M Bartucca
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, L.go Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - C Trignano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43c, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - E Bertol
- U.R.I.To.N.-Unit of Research, University of Florence, L.go Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - F Vaiano
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, L.go Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy.,U.R.I.To.N.-Unit of Research, University of Florence, L.go Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
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6
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Tan Z, Wen Y, Yang K, Zhao X, Yang X, He J. Development and validation of the UPLC-MS method for simultaneous determination of six new psychoactive substances. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26704-26711. [PMID: 36320845 PMCID: PMC9490772 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined abuse of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics has become a global problem, and to develop a highly sensitive and selective method for monitoring of benzodiazepine hypnotics and antipsychotics is urgently necessary. In this work, we established a rapid method for the simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, triazolam, and estazolam) and antipsychotic drugs (clozapine, and chlorpromazine) based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity, matrix effect and carry-over effect were verified in detail. The results of the recovery and repeat experiments proved that the proposed UPLC-MS method possessed very satisfactory accuracy and precision. The LOD and LOQ of the six psychoactive substances were as low as 0.001-0.005 and 0.005-0.01 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was employed to analyze urine samples which were pretreated with a protein precipitation process. The potential influences of precipitants on the analysis results were evaluated statistically, and 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile/water was selected as the optimum precipitation agent. The detection of the targets was free from matrix and carryover effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Kunming 650223 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Yunbo Wen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Kunming 650223 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- Public Security Bureau Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Jieli He
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Kunming 650223 Yunnan P. R. China
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Roszkowska A, Plenis A, Kowalski P, Bączek T, Olędzka I. Recent advancements in techniques for analyzing modern, atypical antidepressants in complex biological matrices and their application in biomedical studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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