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Zagloul H, Dhahri M, Bashal AH, Khaleil MM, Habeeb TH, Khalil KD. Multifunctional Ag 2O/chitosan nanocomposites synthesized via sol-gel with enhanced antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties: A novel food packaging material. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:129990. [PMID: 38360246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a single step in situ sol-gel method was used to syntheses nanocomposite films using chitosan (CS) as the basis material, with the addition of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O) at several weight percentages (5 %, 10 %, and 15 % Ag2O/CS). The structural characteristics of Ag2O/CS films were investigated using a range of analytical techniques. The presence of the primary distinctive peaks of chitosan was verified using FTIR spectra analysis. However, a minor displacement was observed in these peaks due to the chemical interaction occurring with silver oxide molecules. XRD analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the crystallinity of chitosan when it interacted with metal oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, it is believed that the interaction between silver oxide and the active binding sites of chitosan is responsible for the evenly dispersed clusters shown in the micrographs of the chitosan surface, as well as the random aggregations within the pores. EDS technique successfully identified the presence of distinctive silver signals within the nanocomposite material, indicating the successful absorption of silver into the surface of the polymer. The developed Ag2O/CS nanocomposite showed promising antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus). Also, Ag2O/CS nanocomposite exhibited marked antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, and Penicillium chrysogenum. The antioxidant activity of the developed nanocomposite films was studied by ABTS radical scavenging. The highest antioxidant and antibacterial properties were achieved by including 15 % silver oxide into the chitosan. Therefore, our finding indicate that chitosan‑silver oxide nanocomposites exhibits significant potential as a viable material for application in several sectors of the food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Zagloul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Almunawarah, Yanbu 46424, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manel Dhahri
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu 46423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Bashal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Almunawarah, Yanbu 46424, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mona M Khaleil
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu 46423, Saudi Arabia; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Talaat H Habeeb
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu 46423, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khaled D Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Almunawarah, Yanbu 46424, Saudi Arabia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang B, Li W, Wang H, Guo R, Yu W, Xie L, Zheng Q. Modified magnesium oxide/silver nanoparticles reinforced poly (butylene succinate-co-terephthalate) composite biofilms for food packaging application. Food Chem 2024; 435:137492. [PMID: 37774609 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
MgO/Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were surface-modified with titanate coupling agent titaniumtriisostearoylisopropoxide (NDZ-130). A new antibacterial biofilm for food packaging was synthesized by combining the modified MgO/Ag NPs with poly (butylene succinate-co-terephthalate) (PBST). The modification improved the compatibility between the MgO/Ag NPs and the PBST matrix. The effects of the modified MgO/Ag NPs on biofilm mechanical, barrier, thermal, antibacterial and food preservation properties were evaluated. Compared with the PBST/MgO/Ag composite film, the modified PBST/MgO/Ag composite film showed an increase in tensile strength (TS) of 8.71% and elongation at break (EB) of 16.66%, additionally decreasing water vapor permeability (WVP) by 42.86%. The composite film also exhibited over 95% inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The modified PBST/MgO/Ag composite film avoided microbial contamination and preserved cherry tomatoes while maintaining moisture and firmness for six days. All results indicated that the prepared biofilms have a high potential for use as food packaging films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Boyang Wang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, North Eastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Huifang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Ruijie Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Lan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Papadopoulou K, Tarani E, Ainali NM, Chrissafis K, Wurzer C, Mašek O, Bikiaris DN. The Effect of Biochar Addition on Thermal Stability and Decomposition Mechanism of Poly(butylene succinate) Bionanocomposites. Molecules 2023; 28:5330. [PMID: 37513203 PMCID: PMC10384878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu) and its bionanocomposites containing 1, 2.5, and 5 wt.% biochar (MSP700) were prepared via in situ melt polycondensation in order to investigate the thermal stability and decomposition mechanism of the materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were carried out to analyze the surface area of a biochar sample and PBSu/biochar nanocomposites. From XPS, it was found that only physical interactions were taking place between PBSu matrix and biochar nanoadditive. Thermal stability, decomposition kinetics, and the decomposition mechanism of the pristine PBSu and PBSu/biochar nanocomposites were thoroughly studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). TGA thermograms depicted that all materials had high thermal stability, since their decomposition started at around 300 °C. However, results indicated a slight reduction in the thermal stability of the PBSu biochar nanocomposites because of the potential catalytic impact of biochar. Py-GC/MS analysis was employed to examine, in more detail, the thermal degradation mechanism of PBSu nanocomposites filled with biochar. From the decomposition products identified by Py-GC/MS after pyrolysis at 450 °C, it was found that the decomposition pathway of the PBSu/biochar nanocomposites took place mainly via β-hydrogen bond scission, which is similar to that which took place for neat PBSu. However, at higher biochar content (5 wt.%), some localized differences in the intensity of the peaks of some specific thermal degradation products could be recognized, indicating that α-hydrogen bond scission was also taking place. A study of the thermal stability and decomposition pathway of PBSu/biochar bionanocomposites is crucial to examine if the new materials fulfill the requirements for further investigation for mulch films in agriculture or in electronics as possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Tarani
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nina Maria Ainali
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Chrissafis
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christian Wurzer
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zadehnazari A. Metal oxide/polymer nanocomposites: A review on recent advances in fabrication and applications. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2129387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zadehnazari
- Department of Science, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
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Fabrication of a Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)/Polybutylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate (PBAT)-Based Hybrid System Reinforced with Lignin and Zinc Nanoparticles for Potential Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235065. [PMID: 36501461 PMCID: PMC9739168 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) was used in an effort to improve the properties of polybutylene succinate (PBS). The resultant blend consisting of PBS/PBAT (70/30) was reinforced with lignin at different loadings (5 to 15 wt.%) and zinc (ZnO) nanoparticles (1.5 wt.%). Hot melt extrusion and injection moulding were used to prepare the hybrid composites. The mechanical, thermal, physical, self-cleaning, and antimicrobial properties of the resultant hybrid composites were investigated. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results confirmed that ZnO was successfully prepared with average diameters of 80 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that there were interactions between the fillers and the blend. The tensile strength and elongation at the break of the resultant materials decreased with increasing the loadings, while the tensile modulus showed the opposite trend. The melting behaviour of the blend was practically unaffected by incorporating lignin and ZnO nanoparticles. In addition, the incorporation of fillers reduced the thermal stability of the materials. Furthermore, the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles introduced photocatalytic properties into the polymer blend, rendering it to be a functional self-cleaning material and enhancing its antimicrobial activities.
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Nanoreinforcement as a strategy to improve physical properties of biodegradable composite films based on biopolymers. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Luo D, Xie Q, Gu S, Xue W. Potato starch films by incorporating tea polyphenol and MgO nanoparticles with enhanced physical, functional and preserved properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:108-120. [PMID: 36075301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Due to the massive environmental pollution caused by synthetic plastic packaging accumulation and contemporary necessities of food packaging materials, the biodegradable and multifunctional bionanocomposite films based on potato starch (PS) incorporating tea polyphenol (TP) and MgO nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) were successfully fabricated by the solution casting method, and their physical and functional properties and application in fruits preservation were systematically investigated. Incorporation of TP and MgO-NPs improved the films' tensile strength, UV light-blocking, hydrophobicity and thermal stability, and decreased their moisture content (from 14.02 % to 11.21 %), water solubility (from 19.57 % to 16.56 %), and water vapor permeability (from 17.32 to 9.07 × 10-11 g∙m-1∙s-1∙Pa-1). Moreover, the PS/TP/MgO-NPs films exhibited strong antioxidant activity, and remarkable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the diameter of inhibition zone of 25.60 mm and 27.50 mm, respectively. SEM, ATR-FTIR and XRD analyses indicated the TP and MgO-NPs were dispersed homogeneously in the PS matrix, and identified the molecular interactions of hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic attraction. Biodegradability assessment showed that all the films were rapidly decomposed within ~20 days under simulated environmental conditions. Compared to control, the PS/TP/MgO-NPs film-forming solution coatings were capable of maintaining fruit quality by reducing the change in weight loss, firmness and total soluble solids. Overall, these results suggested that the multifunctional bionanocomposite films could be a potential approach for developing sustainable active food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qiang Xie
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shimin Gu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wentong Xue
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Wang X, Pan H, Jia S, Wang Z, Tian H, Han L, Zhang H. In-situ reaction compatibilization modification of poly(butylene succinate-co-terephthalate)/polylactide acid blend films by multifunctional epoxy compound. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:934-943. [PMID: 35688276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(butylene succinate-co-terephthalate) (PBST) copolyester, is a new type of biodegradable synthetic polymer material that has emerged in recent years, but it cannot meet the market requirements, because of its low strength. The high-strength and high-modulus polylactic acid (PLA) was blended with PBST to increase its strength, and the chain extender ADR-4370 was used to modify PBST/PLA films by reaction and compatibilization. Compared with the 80/20 wt% PBST/PLA films, the tensile strength after modification with 0.3 wt% ADR was increased by 21.8 % and 44.3 % in the machine direction (MD) and in the transverse direction (TD), respectively. The Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) was decreased from 10.0 × 10-14 to 3.09 × 10-14 g·cm/cm2·s·Pa. The compatibilization mechanism was studied by gel permeation chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, rheological analysis, and other characterization methods. The formation of the copolymer PLA-g-PBST is the most important factor to improve the compatibility of the system and the mechanical properties of the films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hongwei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shiling Jia
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zepeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hanlin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lijing Han
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; Zhejiang Zhongke Applied Chemistry Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Vieira IRS, de Carvalho APAD, Conte-Junior CA. Recent advances in biobased and biodegradable polymer nanocomposites, nanoparticles, and natural antioxidants for antibacterial and antioxidant food packaging applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3673-3716. [PMID: 35713102 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) and natural antioxidant compounds are an emerging trend in the food industry. Incorporating these substances in biobased and biodegradable matrices as polysaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, and chitosan) and proteins has highlighted the potential in active food packaging applications due to more significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, UV blocking, oxygen scavenging, water vapor permeability effects, and low environmental impact. In recent years, the migration of metal NPs and metal oxides in food contact packaging and their toxicological potential have raised concerns about the safety of the nanomaterials. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the main biobased and biodegradable polymer nanocomposites, inorganic NPs, natural antioxidants, and their potential use in active food packaging. The intrinsic properties of NPs and natural antioxidant actives in packaging materials are evaluated to extend shelf-life, safety, and food quality. Toxicological and safety aspects of inorganic NPs are highlighted to understand the current controversy on applying some nanomaterials in food packaging. The synergism of inorganic NPs and plant-derived natural antioxidant actives (e.g., vitamins, polyphenols, and carotenoids) and essential oils (EOs) potentiated the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of biodegradable nanocomposite films. Biodegradable packaging films based on green NPs-this is biosynthesized from plant extracts-showed suitable mechanical and barrier properties and had a lower environmental impact and offered efficient food protection. Furthermore, AgNPs and TiO2 NPs released metal ions from packaging into contents insufficiently to cause harm to human cells, which could be helpful to understanding critical gaps and provide progress in the packaging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Rennan Sousa Vieira
- Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Paula Azevedo de de Carvalho
- Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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