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Namazi MJ, Nikpour S, Rahimi-Moghaddam P, Hosseini SA, Siyadatpanah A, Mostafavi NSS, Golmohammadi R, Tabatabaie F. Evaluation of Glutathione Bioactivity on Toxoplasma Gondii in BALB/c Mice Post Impact of Selenium and Calcium Supplementation. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:452-458. [PMID: 32416707 DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200516161356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that selenium is an essential component of glutathione as an important antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress and inhibit intracellular parasites' growth. In contrast, calcium in the cytosol of such parasites plays a key role in the entry of the parasite into the host cell and its primary motility. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to evaluate and compare glutathione peroxidase bioactivity effects post administration of selenium and calcium in BALB/c mice infected by Toxoplasma gondii. METHODS Sixty BALB/c mice susceptible to T. gondii were randomly divided into twelve groups of case and control groups. There were six control groups including two positive controls infected only with the parasites either 104 or 5×104, non-infected and untreated groups. Treated controls received only calcium, selenium, or both respectively. Case groups were infected with 104 or 5×104 parasites. While each set of three case groups separately received minerals alone or together. Mice were orally fed with 200 μg selenium, 50 μg calcium or their combination for 7 days. Mice were infected by parasite's tachyzoites. Sera of mice were kept and the peritoneal macrophages were isolated for counting tachyzoites during infection. RESULTS The results showed that selenium unlike calcium was significantly effective in reducing Toxoplasma tachyzoites compared to control groups. Moreover, glutathione peroxidase [GPX] activity was elevated in mice treated with selenium and vice versa decreased in mice treated with calcium. CONCLUSION Administration of selenium unlike calcium reduced Toxoplasma tachyzoites proliferation by elevating bioactivity of selenium-dependent detoxification enzyme, GPX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Namazi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Saeideh Nikpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Department of Parasitology, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | - Rahim Golmohammadi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tabatabaie
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lee JM, Chun HJ, Choi HS, Kim ES, Seo YS, Jeen YT, Lee HS, Um SH, Kim CH, Sul D. Selenium Administration Attenuates 5-Flurouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:616-622. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
There has been a growing interest in micronutrients as a result of their essential role in endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms and immunity. Critically ill burn and trauma patients are characterized by an increased free radical production, which is proportional to the severity of the injury. In addition, they are at high risk of negative trace element balances, which contribute to the imbalance in endogenous antioxidant capacity and the extension of primary lesions. Although selenium, zinc, and vitamin C and E status are altered in all injured patients, patients with major burns are unique for having copper deficiency. In major burns, high-dose ascorbic acid for 24 hours achieves reduction of resuscitation fluid requirements by endothelial antioxidant mechanisms both in animal models and in 1 human trial. Supplementation trials in trauma and burns including selenium and zinc have shown that early provision of micronutrients improves recovery. Vitamin supplementation trials without selenium have not achieved definitive effects. The human studies show that reinforcing antioxidant defenses early in the course of major injury is rational and that substituting the large initial micronutrient losses of selenium and zinc is safe in trauma, as is the addition of copper in burns. The IV route seems the only way to deliver the doses required to obtain a clinical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Berger
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Burns Center, CHUV-BH08.660, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Uzunhisarcikli M, Aslanturk A, Kalender S, Apaydin FG, Bas H. Mercuric chloride induced hepatotoxic and hematologic changes in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:1651-62. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233715572561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on investigating the possible protective effect of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and/or vitamin E against mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. Male rats were given HgCl2 (1 mg/kg body weight (bw)) and HgCl2 plus Na2SeO3 (0.25 mg/kg bw) and/or vitamin E (100 mg/kg bw) daily via gavage for 4 weeks. HgCl2-treated groups had significantly higher white blood cell and thrombocyte counts than the control group. Serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl-transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase significantly increased and serum levels of total protein, albumin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased in the HgCl2-treated groups compared with control group. Malondialdehyde level significantly increased and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities decreased in liver tissue of HgCl2-treated rats. Also, HgCl2 exposure resulted in histopathological changes. Supplementation of Na2SeO3 and/or vitamin E provided partial protection in hematological and biochemical parameters that were altered by HgCl2. As a result, Na2SeO3 and/or vitamin E significantly reduced HgCl2-induced hepatotoxicity, but not protected completely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayse Aslanturk
- Vocational High School of Health Services, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suna Kalender
- Department of Science Education, Gazi Faculty of Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Hatice Bas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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Ghosh P, Singha Roy S, Basu A, Bhattacharjee A, Bhattacharya S. Sensitization of cisplatin therapy by a naphthalimide based organoselenium compound through modulation of antioxidant enzymes and p53 mediated apoptosis. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:453-71. [PMID: 25730340 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1012079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The widely used anti-cancer drug cisplatin imparts various toxic manifestations in the host, with nephrotoxicity being the most severe one. The trace element selenium shows antioxidant activity in both human and animals. The present study was designed to assess the chemoprotecting and chemoenhancing efficacy of a naphthalimide based organoselenium compound 2-(5-selenocyanato-pentyl)-benzo[de]isoquinoline 1,3-dione during cisplatin chemotherapy in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Cisplatin (5 mg/kg b.w.) was administered intraperitoneally and the organoselenium compound (3 mg/kg b.w.) was given by oral gavage in concomitant and pretreatment schedule. The effects of the test compound was evaluated by assaying biochemical, hematological, histological, genotoxicity parameters and by investigating induction of apoptosis in tumor cells, and calculating tumor growth response in the host. The organoselenium compound significantly prevented cisplatin induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species, and onset of lipid peroxidation in the kidney tissue of the experimental mice. In addition, the test compound was also substantially restored cisplatin induced depleted activities of the renal antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione level; prevented the serum blood urea nitrogen level, creatinine level, chromosomal aberration, DNA damage, histological alterations of kidney, and normalized the hematological profile of the tumor bearing mice. Furthermore, the organoselenium compound alone or during combination therapy induced apoptosis in tumor cells through mitochondria mediated and DNA damage mediated pathway and ultimately increased the life span of the tumor bearing host. Hence, the results showed that the test compound not only reduced the toxicity of cisplatin but also enhanced its anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ghosh
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute , Kolkata, West Bengal , India
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Abstract
Supplementation of micronutrients after burn injury is common practice in order to fight oxidative stress, support the immune system, and optimize wound healing. Assessing micronutrient status after burn injury is difficult because of hemodilution in the resuscitation phase, redistribution of nutrients from the serum to other organs, and decreases in carrier proteins such as albumin. Although there are many preclinical data, there are limited studies in burn patients. Promising research is being conducted on combinations of micronutrients, especially via the intravenous route.
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Nogales F, Ojeda ML, Fenutría M, Murillo ML, Carreras O. Role of selenium and glutathione peroxidase on development, growth, and oxidative balance in rat offspring. Reproduction 2013; 146:659-67. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se), an essential trace metal, is important in both growth and reproduction and is the constituent of different selenoproteins. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) family is the most studied as it prevents oxidative stress. Liver oxidation is considered as another mechanism involved in low birth weight. Therefore, in order to ascertain whether GPx is related to the effects of Se on growth during gestation and lactation, three groups of rat pups were used: control, Se deficient (SD), and Se supplemented (SS). Morphological parameters and reproductive indices were evaluated. Hepatic Se levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption while spectrophotometry was used for activity of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers in liver and western blotting for expression of hepatic GPx1 and GPx4. The SD diet increased mortality at birth; decreased viability and survival indices; and stunted growth, length, and liver development in offspring, thus decreasing hepatic Se levels, GPx, glutathione reductase, and catalase activities, while increasing superoxide dismutase activity and protein oxidation. The SS diet counteracted all the above results. GPx1 expression was heavily regulated by Se dietary intake; however, although Se dietary deficiency reduced GPx4 expression, this decrease was not as pronounced. Therefore, it can be concluded that Se dietary intake is intimately related to growth, length, and directly regulating GPx activity primarily via GPx1 and secondly to GPx4, thus affecting liver oxidation and development. These results suggest that if risk of uterine growth retardation is suspected, or if a neonate with low birth weight presents with signs of liver oxidation, it may be beneficial to know about Se status.
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Shanu A, Groebler L, Kim HB, Wood S, Weekley CM, Aitken JB, Harris HH, Witting PK. Selenium inhibits renal oxidation and inflammation but not acute kidney injury in an animal model of rhabdomyolysis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:756-69. [PMID: 22937747 PMCID: PMC3555114 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a manifestation of rhabdomyolysis (RM). Extracellular myoglobin accumulating in the kidney after RM promotes oxidative damage, which is implicated in AKI. AIM To test whether selenium (Se) supplementation diminishes AKI and improves renal function. RESULTS Dietary selenite increased Se in the renal cortex, as demonstrated by X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Experimental RM-stimulated AKI as judged by increased urinary protein/creatinine, clusterin, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), decreased creatinine clearance (CCr), increased plasma urea, and damage to renal tubules. Concentrations of cholesterylester (hydro)peroxides and F₂-isoprostanes increased in plasma and renal tissues after RM, while aortic and renal cyclic guanidine monophosphate (cGMP; marker of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability) decreased. Renal superoxide dismutase-1, phospho-P65, TNFα gene, MCP-1 protein, and the 3-chloro-tyrosine/tyrosine ratio (Cl-Tyr/Tyr; marker of neutrophil activation) all increased after RM. Dietary Se significantly decreased renal lipid oxidation, phospho-P65, TNFα gene expression, MCP-1 and Cl-Tyr/Tyr, improved NO bioavailability in aorta but not in the renal microvasculature, and inhibited proteinuria. However, CCr, plasma urea and creatinine, urinary clusterin, and histopathological assessment of AKI remained unchanged. Except for the Se++ group, renal angiotensin-receptor-1/2 gene/protein expression increased after RM with parallel increases in MEK1/2 inhibitor-sensitive MAPkinase (ERK) activity. INNOVATION We employed synchrotron radiation to identify Se distribution in kidneys, in addition to assessing reno-protection after RM. CONCLUSION Se treatment has some potential as a therapeutic for AKI as it inhibits oxidative damage and inflammation and decreases proteinuria, albeit histopathological changes to the kidney and some plasma and urinary markers of AKI remain unaffected after RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Shanu
- Discipline of Pathology, Redox Biology Group, Bosch Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
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Abstract
AbstractWe studied the effect of melatonin on morphological and functional disorders using serum markers of liver dysfunction such as cholinesterase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, hepatic protein content and malondialdehyde in a burned-rat model. Melatonin (10 mg/kg (−1), i.p) was administered immediately and then 12 h after 30% of total body surface area burns of male Wistar rats. The burns induced an increase of hepatic malondialdehyde levels by 166% (p<0.001), and also vascular congestion, leukocyte infiltration around the central veins, intracellular vacuolization, hepatic cell degeneration and apoptotic bodies (Councilman’s bodies). These changes were associated with significantly reduced serum cholinesterase (36%), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (76%), hepatic proteins (52%) and serum albumin (37%) (p<0.001–0.0001). Treatment with melatonin reduced elevated hepatic malondialdehyde values by 50% (p<0.01). Melatonin restricted degenerative alteration in the hepatocytes: it protected the burninduced decrease of serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity by 48% (p<0.01), hepatic proteins by 64% (p<0.01), and serum activity of cholinesterase as the only marker of liver damaged synthetic function by 57% (p<0.0001) but did not exert any significant influence on serum albumin concentration. Melatonin repaired the pathomorphological lesions and functional disorders. It could restore liver damage following thermal injury in humans.
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Ognjanović BI, Djordjević NZ, Matić MM, Obradović JM, Mladenović JM, Štajn AŠ, Saičić ZS. Lipid peroxidative damage on Cisplatin exposure and alterations in antioxidant defense system in rat kidneys: a possible protective effect of selenium. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1790-1803. [PMID: 22408424 PMCID: PMC3291993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, CP) is an important chemotherapeutic agent, useful in the treatment of several cancers, but with several side effects such as nephrotoxicity. The present study investigated the possible protective effect of selenium (Se) against CP-induced oxidative stress in the rat kidneys. Male Wistar albino rats were injected with a single dose of cisplatin (7 mg CP/kg b.m., i.p.) and selenium (6 mg Se/kg b.m, as Na2SeO3, i.p.), alone or in combination. The obtained results showed that CP increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, suggesting the CP-induced oxidative stress, while Se treatment reversed this change to control values. Acute intoxication of rats with CP was followed by statistically significant decreased activity of antioxidant defense enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Treatment with Se reversed CP-induced alterations of antioxidant defense enzyme activities and significantly prevented the CP-induced kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka I. Ognjanović
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; E-Mails: (N.Z.D.); (M.M.M.); (J.M.O.); (J.M.M.); (A.Š.Š.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +381-34-336-223; Fax: +381-34-335-040
| | - Nataša Z. Djordjević
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; E-Mails: (N.Z.D.); (M.M.M.); (J.M.O.); (J.M.M.); (A.Š.Š.)
| | - Miloš M. Matić
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; E-Mails: (N.Z.D.); (M.M.M.); (J.M.O.); (J.M.M.); (A.Š.Š.)
| | - Jasmina M. Obradović
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; E-Mails: (N.Z.D.); (M.M.M.); (J.M.O.); (J.M.M.); (A.Š.Š.)
| | - Jelena M. Mladenović
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; E-Mails: (N.Z.D.); (M.M.M.); (J.M.O.); (J.M.M.); (A.Š.Š.)
| | - Andraš Š. Štajn
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; E-Mails: (N.Z.D.); (M.M.M.); (J.M.O.); (J.M.M.); (A.Š.Š.)
| | - Zorica S. Saičić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; E-Mail:
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Jabeen F, Chaudhry AS. Effects of cadmium chloride and sodium selenite alone or in combination on the liver of male Sprague-Dawley rats assessed by different assays. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:1077-90. [PMID: 21213067 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of either cadmium chloride (Cd) or sodium selenite (Se) alone or in combination on male Sprague-Dawley rats. For this purpose, body and liver weights, comet and TUNEL assays, histological analysis and levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in liver were determined in four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were given subcutaneous doses of 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) of either normal saline (control=Ct) or Cd or Se or Cd plus Se (Cd+Se) on alternate days for 4 weeks. The Cd group showed increased DNA damage, apoptosis and hepatic levels of lipid peroxidation and altered histology. Conversely, the antioxidant levels in this group were decreased as compared with the control group. The Se group also showed DNA damage, apoptosis and altered histology and reduced catalase activity, but it was less severe than the Cd group. In the Cd+Se group, ameliorating effects of Se on Cd-induced changes were observed. While the Se was able to curtail the toxic effect of Cd, the Cd or Se alone were genotoxic and cytotoxic for rats receiving a high pharmacological but non-fatal dose of 1 mg/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, GC University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Effects of cisplatin on lipid peroxidation and the glutathione redox status in the liver of male rats: The protective role of selenium. ARCH BIOL SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1001075t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress in cisplatin (CP) toxicity and its prevention by pretreatment with selenium (Se) was investigated. Male Wistar albino rats were injected with a single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg CP/kg b.m., i.p.) and selenium (6 mg Se/kg b.m, as Na2SeO3, i.p.) alone or in combination. The results suggest that CP intoxication induces oxidative stress and alters the glutathione redox status: reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the GSH/GSSG ratio (GSH RI), resulting in increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver. The pretreatment with selenium prior to CP treatment showed a protective effect against the toxic influence of CP on peroxidation of the membrane lipids and an altering of the glutathione redox status in the liver of rats. From our results we conclude that selenium functions as a potent antioxidant and suggest that it can control CP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
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Musik I, Hordyjewska A, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Pasternak K. Possible new organoselenium supplement – evaluation of its influence on the kidneys in comparison with inorganic sodium selenite. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:885-91. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, Biolo G, Calder P, Forbes A, Griffiths R, Kreyman G, Leverve X, Pichard C, ESPEN. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:387-400. [PMID: 19505748 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional support in the intensive care setting represents a challenge but it is fortunate that its delivery and monitoring can be followed closely. Enteral feeding guidelines have shown the evidence in favor of early delivery and the efficacy of use of the gastrointestinal tract. Parenteral nutrition (PN) represents an alternative or additional approach when other routes are not succeeding (not necessarily having failed completely) or when it is not possible or would be unsafe to use other routes. The main goal of PN is to deliver a nutrient mixture closely related to requirements safely and to avoid complications. This nutritional approach has been a subject of debate over the past decades. PN carries the considerable risk of overfeeding which can be as deleterious as underfeeding. Therefore the authors will present not only the evidence available regarding the indications for PN, its implementation, the energy required, its possible complementary use with enteral nutrition, but also the relative importance of the macro- and micronutrients in the formula proposed for the critically ill patient. Data on long-term survival (expressed as 6 month survival) will also be considered a relevant outcome measure. Since there is a wide range of interpretations regarding the content of PN and great diversity in its practice, our guidance will necessarily reflect these different views. The papers available are very heterogeneous in quality and methodology (amount of calories, nutrients, proportion of nutrients, patients, etc.) and the different meta-analyses have not always taken this into account. Use of exclusive PN or complementary PN can lead to confusion, calorie targets are rarely achieved, and different nutrients continue to be used in different proportions. The present guidelines are the result of the analysis of the available literature, and acknowledging these limitations, our recommendations are intentionally largely expressed as expert opinions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Singer
- General Intensive Care Department and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Tikva, Israel
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Kunwar A, Mishra B, Barik A, Kumbhare LB, Pandey R, Jain VK, Priyadarsini KI. 3,3′-Diselenodipropionic Acid, an Efficient Peroxyl Radical Scavenger and a GPx Mimic, Protects Erythrocytes (RBCs) from AAPH-Induced Hemolysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1482-7. [PMID: 17900173 DOI: 10.1021/tx700137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3,3'-diselenodipropionic acid (DSePA), a derivative of selenocystine, has been synthesized and examined for antioxidant activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and cytotoxicity. The effect of DSePA on membrane lipid peroxidation, release of hemoglobin, and intracellular K+ ion as a consequence of erythrocyte (red blood cells or RBCs) oxidation by free radicals generated by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) were used to evaluate the antioxidant ability. Lipid peroxidation, hemolysis, and K+ ion loss in RBCs were assessed, respectively, by formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), absorbance of hemoglobin at 532 nm and flame photometry. The IC50 values for lipid peroxidation, hemolysis, and K+ ion leakage were 45+/-5, 20+/-2, and 75+/-8 microM, respectively. DSePA treatment prevented the depletion of glutathione (GSH) levels in RBCs from free-radical-induced stress. DSePA is a good peroxyl radical scavenger and the bimolecular rate constant for the reaction of DSePA with a model peroxyl radical, trichloromethyl peroxyl radical (CCl 3O2*), was determined to be 2.7x10(8) M(-1) s(-1) using a pulse radiolysis technique. DSePA shows GPx activity with higher substrate specificity towards peroxides than thiols. The cytotoxicity of DSePA was studied in lymphocytes and EL4 tumor cells and the results showed that DSePA is nontoxic to these cells at the concentrations employed. These results when compared with two well-known selenium compounds, sodium selenite and ebselen, indicated that DSePA, although it shows lesser GPx activity, has higher free radical scavenging ability and lesser toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kunwar
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
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Sakuma Y, Sasaki J, Futami A, Yamasaki K, Matsuoka K, Honda C, Endo K, Tsukada M. Changes in the components of biliary and plasma lipids in selenium-deficient rats. Chem Phys Lipids 2007; 148:70-6. [PMID: 17524380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a chronic oxidative stress model in which Se-deficient diet was fed to male Wister rats for 8 weeks. As expected, effects of oxidative damage, including Fe accumulation and increase in peroxidized lipids, were identified in the liver owing to the lack of glutathione peroxidase. Although the oxidative stress caused Fe accumulation in the liver, the Fe concentration in bile of the SeD rat was almost the same as that in the control rats. The constant excretion of Fe into bile supported the Fe accumulation in the liver. No differences were observed in the principal components of biliary lipids, i.e., bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol, between the two groups; moreover, these trends were also reflected in the plasma. Due to the trapping of reactive oxygen species, only bilirubin concentrations in the bile and plasma were decreased in the SeD group, when compared with those in the control group. Measurement of bilirubin concentration may be used as a supplemental oxidative stress marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Sakuma
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Higashi-Tamagawagakuen 3-3165, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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Berger MM, Baines M, Raffoul W, Benathan M, Chiolero RL, Reeves C, Revelly JP, Cayeux MC, Sénéchaud I, Shenkin A. Trace element supplementation after major burns modulates antioxidant status and clinical course by way of increased tissue trace element concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:1293-300. [PMID: 17490965 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After major burns, patients can develop nutritional deficiencies including trace element (TE) deficiencies. Various complications, such as infections and delayed wound healing, influence the clinical course of such patients. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effects of large, intravenous doses of TE supplements on circulating and cutaneous TE tissue concentrations, on antioxidant status, and on clinical outcome after major burns. DESIGN This was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 21 patients aged 35 +/- 11 y (x +/- SD) with burns on 45 +/- 21% of their body surface area. Intravenous copper, selenium, and zinc (TE group) or vehicle (V group) was given with a saline solution for 14-21 d. Blood and urine samples were collected until day 20, and skin biopsy specimens were collected on days 3, 10, and 20. RESULTS The age of the patients and the severity of their burns did not differ significantly between the groups. Plasma TE concentrations were significantly higher in the TE group. In burned areas, skin contents of both selenium (P=0.05) and zinc (P=0.04) increased significantly by day 20. Plasma and tissue antioxidant status was improved by supplementation. The number of infections in the first 30 d was significantly lower in the TE group (P=0.015), with a median number of 2 versus 4 infections per patient in the TE and V groups, respectively, as a result of a reduction in pulmonary infections (P=0.03). Wound healing was improved in the TE group, with lower requirements for regrafting (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS TE supplementation was associated with higher circulating plasma and skin tissue contents of selenium and zinc and improved antioxidant status. These changes were associated with improved clinical outcome, including fewer pulmonary infections and better wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Berger
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine & Burns Center, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Stỳblo M, Walton FS, Harmon AW, Sheridan PA, Beck MA. Activation of superoxide dismutase in selenium-deficient mice infected with influenza virus. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007; 21:52-62. [PMID: 17317526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) deficiency is associated with decreased activities of Se-dependent antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TR), and with changes in the cellular redox status. We have previously shown that host Se deficiency is responsible for increased virulence of influenza virus in mice due to changes in the viral genome. The present study examines the antioxidant defense systems in the lung and liver of Se-deficient and Se-adequate mice infected with influenza A/Bangkok/1/79. Results show that neither Se status nor infection changed glutathione (GSH) concentration in the lung. Hepatic GSH concentration was lower in Se-deficient mice, but increased significantly day 5 post infection. No significant differences due to Se status or influenza infection were found in catalase activities. As expected, Se deficiency was associated with significant decreases in GPx and TR activities in both lung and liver. GPx activity increased in the lungs and decreased in the liver of Se-adequate mice in response to infection. Both Se deficiency and influenza infection had profound effects on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). The hepatic SOD activity was higher in Se-deficient than Se-adequate mice before infection. However, following influenza infection, hepatic SOD activity in Se-adequate mice gradually increased. Influenza infection was associated with a significant increase of SOD activity in the lungs of Se-deficient, but not Se-adequate mice. The maximum of SOD activity coincided with the peak of pathogenesis in infected lungs. These data suggest that SOD activation in the lung and liver may be a part of a compensatory response to Se deficiency and/or influenza infection. However, SOD activation that leads to increased production of H(2)O(2) may also contribute to pathogenesis and to influenza virus mutation in lungs of Se-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Stỳblo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA.
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Berger MM, Shenkin A. Trace element requirements in critically ill burned patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007; 21 Suppl 1:44-8. [PMID: 18039496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Critically ill burned patients are characterized by a strong oxidative stress, an intense inflammatory response, and months-long hypermetabolism, all of which are proportional to the severity of injury. Trace element (TE) deficiencies have repeatedly been described. The clinical course is complicated by organ failures, infections, and delayed wound healing, which can be partly attributed to TE deficiencies. Among critically ill patients, TE deficiencies are the most severe in major burns, who suffer a specific copper deficiency. Plasma TE concentrations are low during any critical illness, as a result of TE losses in biological fluids, low intakes, dilution by fluid resuscitation, and redistribution from plasma to tissues mediated by the inflammatory response. The large exudative losses cause negative TE balances. Intravenous supplementation trials show that early substitution improves recovery, reduces infectious complications (particularly nosocomial pneumonia), normalize thyroid function, normalize skin tissue levels, improve wound healing and shorten hospital stay. Nevertheless, prolonged high dose delivery may be deleterious, as TE have potential for toxicity. In major burns, supplements up to 4 mg of Cu/day, 500 mcg [DOSAGE ERROR CORRECTED] Se/day and 40 mg Zn/day for 3 weeks have been found to be safe and effective. The intravenous route appears the only way to deliver the doses required to achieve antioxidant and clinical effects. Further research is required to determine the optimal combination and doses for different severities of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette M Berger
- Adult Intensive Care Medicine & Burns Centre, CHUV, BH-08.660, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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