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Luccarini A, Zuccarotto A, Galeazzi R, Morresi C, Masullo M, Castellano I, Damiani E. Insights on the UV-Screening Potential of Marine-Inspired Thiol Compounds. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:2. [PMID: 38276640 PMCID: PMC10817281 DOI: 10.3390/md22010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major threats to skin aging and the risk of developing skin cancer is excessive exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The use of sunscreens containing different synthetic, organic, and inorganic UVR filters is one of the most widespread defensive measures. However, increasing evidence suggests that some of these compounds are potentially eco-toxic, causing subtle damage to the environment and to marine ecosystems. Resorting to natural products produced in a wide range of marine species to counteract UVR-mediated damage could be an alternative strategy. The present work investigates marine-inspired thiol compounds, derivatives of ovothiol A, isolated from marine invertebrates and known to exhibit unique antioxidant properties. However, their potential use as photoprotective molecules for biocompatible sunscreens and anti-photo aging formulations has not yet been investigated. Here, we report on the UVR absorption properties, photostability, and in vitro UVA shielding activities of two synthetic ovothiol derivatives, 5-thiohistidine and iso-ovothiol A, by spectrophotometric and fluorimetric analysis. We found that the UVA properties of these compounds increase upon exposure to UVA and that their absorption activity is able to screen UVA rays, thus reducing the oxidative damage induced to proteins and lipids. The results of this work demonstrate that these novel marine-inspired compounds could represent an alternative eco-friendly approach for UVR skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Luccarini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.L.); (R.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Annalisa Zuccarotto
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.L.); (R.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Camilla Morresi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.L.); (R.G.); (C.M.)
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Department of Medical, Movement and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.L.); (R.G.); (C.M.)
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Morresi C, Luccarini A, Marcheggiani F, Ferretti G, Damiani E, Bacchetti T. Modulation of paraoxonase-2 in human dermal fibroblasts by UVA-induced oxidative stress: A new potential marker of skin photodamage. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110702. [PMID: 37717644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) is an intracellular protein, that exerts a protective role against cell oxidative stress and apoptosis. Genetic and environmental factors (i.e. dietary factors, cigarette smoke, drugs) are able to modulate cellular PON2 levels. The effect of ultraviolet A radiation (UVA), the oxidizing component of sunlight, on PON2 in human dermal fibroblasts (HuDe) has not been previously explored. Excessive UVA radiation is known to cause direct and indirect skin damage by influencing intracellular signalling pathways through oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that modulate the expression of downstream genes involved in different processes, e.g. skin photoaging and cancer. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the modulation of PON2 in terms of protein expression and enzyme activity in HuDe exposed to UVA (270 kJ/m2). Our results show that PON2 is up-regulated immediately after UVA exposure and that its levels and activity decrease in the post-exposure phase, in a time-dependent manner (2-24 h). The trend in PON2 levels mirror the time-course study of UVA-induced ROS. To confirm this, experiments were also performed in the presence of a SPF30 sunscreen used as shielding agent to revert modulation of PON2 at 0 and 2 h post-UVA exposure where other markers of photo-oxidative stress were also examined (NF-KB, γH2AX, advanced glycation end products). Overall, our results show that the upregulation of PON2 might be related to the increase in intracellular ROS and may play an important role in mitigation of UVA-mediated damage and in the prevention of the consequences of UV exposure, thus representing a new marker of early-response to UVA-induced damage in skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Morresi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Alessia Luccarini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
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Rosati R, Romeo L, Silvestri S, Marcheggiani F, Tiano L, Frontoni E. Faster R-CNN approach for detection and quantification of DNA damage in comet assay images. Comput Biol Med 2020; 123:103912. [PMID: 32658777 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE DNA damage analysis can provide valuable information in several areas ranging from the diagnosis/treatment of a disease to the monitoring of the effects of genetic and environmental influences. The evaluation of the damage is determined by comet scoring, which can be performed by a skilled operator with a manual procedure. However, this approach becomes very time-consuming and the operator dependency results in the subjectivity of the damage quantification and thus in a high inter/intra-operator variability. METHODS In this paper, we aim to overcome this issue by introducing a Deep Learning methodology based on Faster R-CNN to completely automatize the overall approach while discovering unseen discriminative patterns in comets. RESULTS The experimental results performed on two real use-case datasets reveal the higher performance (up to mean absolute precision of 0.74) of the proposed methodology against other state-of-the-art approaches. Additionally, the validation procedure performed by expert biologists highlights how the proposed approach is able to unveil true comets, often unseen from the human eye and standard computer vision methodology. CONCLUSIONS This work contributes to the biomedical informatics field by the introduction of a novel approach based on established object detection Deep Learning technique for evaluating the DNA damage. The main contribution is the application of Faster R-CNN for the detection and quantification of DNA damage in comet assay images, by fully automatizing the detection/classification DNA damage task. The experimental results extracted in two real use-case datasets demonstrated (i) the higher robustness of the proposed methodology against other state-of-the-art Deep Learning competitors, (ii) the speeding up of the comet analysis procedure and (iii) the minimization of the intra/inter-operator variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rosati
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Luca Romeo
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; Computational Statistics and Machine Learning and Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Biochemistry Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Biochemistry Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Biochemistry Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Emanuele Frontoni
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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Lorigo M, Cairrao E. Antioxidants as stabilizers of UV filters: an example for the UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-019-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sunlight is one of the main harmful exogenous factors that induce the reactive oxygen species formation. The human skin is the first line of photoprotection against harmful exogenous factors, such as UV radiations. The topical application of sunscreens, containing UV-B filters, is widely used to protect against UV-induced damage. Octylmethoxycinnamate is the world’s most widely used UV-B filter in sunscreens. However, recent studies have demonstrated that this substance is an endocrine disruptor compound and with potential to damage DNA. Thus, the safety of this organic filter is a current concern for human health, and it was urgent to develop new photoprotective strategies. In this sense, due to the potential to neutralize the UV-induced free radicals, the use of antioxidants as UV filter stabilizers presented as a novel promising strategy.
Research
The purpose of this review was to assess the use of antioxidants as stabilizers for UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate. For this, we discuss the chemical and physical characteristics of UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate, emphasizing the stability, photostability, and reactivity of this UV filter. The use of antioxidants in sunscreens will also be addressed, from a perspective of the main characteristics that allowed their use in sunscreen formulations. Then, the concomitant use of both was described from a historical and physical chemical perspective, always emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of this association.
Conclusions
The combination of antioxidants with UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate in appropriated formulations represents a viable strategy to protect the human skin against UV-induced damage.
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Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Piska K, Żelaszczyk D, Koczurkiewicz P, Słoczyńska K, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Krupa A, Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Żesławska E, Nitek W, Żmudzki P, Marona H, Pękala E. Discovery of Novel UV-Filters with Favorable Safety Profiles in the 5-Arylideneimidazolidine-2,4-dione Derivatives Group. Molecules 2019; 24:E2321. [PMID: 31238526 PMCID: PMC6630718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective protection from the harmful effects of UV radiation may be achieved by using sunscreens containing organic or inorganic UV filters. The number of currently available UV filters is limited and some of the allowed molecules possess limitations such as systemic absorption, endocrine disruption properties, contact and photocontact allergy induction, and low photostability. In the search for new organic UV filters we designed and synthesized a series consisting of 5-benzylidene and 5-(3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) derivatives. The photoprotective activity of the tested compounds was confirmed in methanol solutions and macrogol formulations. The most promising compounds possessed similar UV protection parameter values as selected commercially available UV filters. The compound diethyl 2,2'-((Z)-4-((E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)allylidene)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidine-1,3-diyl)diacetate (4g) was characterized as an especially efficient UVA photoprotective agent with a UVA PF of 6.83 ± 0.05 and favorable photostability. Diethyl 2,2'-((Z)-4-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidine-1,3-diyl)diacetate (3b) was the most promising UVB-filter, with a SPFin vitro of 3.07 ± 0.04 and very good solubility and photostability. The main photodegradation products were geometric isomers of the parent compounds. These compounds were also shown to be non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 50 µM when tested on three types of human skin cells and possess no estrogenic activity, according to the results of a MCF-7 breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Anna Krupa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Ewa Żesławska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
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6
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Martić R, Krajišnik D, Milić J. Antioxidants of plant origin in cosmetic products: Physicochemical properties and photoprotective potential. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm1801001m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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7
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Corinaldesi C, Damiani E, Marcellini F, Falugi C, Tiano L, Brugè F, Danovaro R. Sunscreen products impair the early developmental stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7815. [PMID: 28798318 PMCID: PMC5552690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the release of personal care products. Among them, sunscreens are causing concern either for the effects on skin protection from UV radiation and for the potential impacts on marine life. Here, we assessed the UVA protective efficacy of three sunscreens on human dermal fibroblasts, including two common products in Europe and USA, and an eco-friendly product. The sunscreens' effects were also tested on Paracentrotus lividus, a marine species possibly threatened by these contaminants. We found that all tested sunscreens had similar efficacy in protecting human fibroblasts from UVA radiation. Conversely, the sunscreens' effects on embryo-larval development of P. lividus were dependent on the product tested. In particular, the USA sunscreen, containing benzophenone-3, homosalate and preservatives, caused the strongest impact on the sea urchin development, whereas the eco-friendly sunscreen determined the weakest effects. These results suggest that although the tested products protected human skin cells from UVA-induced damage, they might severely affect the success of recruitment and survival of the sea urchin. Our findings underline the importance of developing eco-friendly sunscreens for minimising or avoiding the impact on marine life while protecting human skin from UV damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Sciences and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urbanistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Marcellini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
- Ecoreach Ltd., Corso Stamira 61, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carla Falugi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Brugè
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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8
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Kawakami CM, Máximo LNC, Fontanezi BB, da Silva RS, Gaspar LR. Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB) as additive to the UV filter avobenzone in cosmetic sunscreen formulations - Evaluation of the photochemical behavior and photostabilizing effect. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 99:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Effect of the spacer length and nitroxide sterical shielding upon photostability of spin-labeled kynurenines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Brugè F, Damiani E, Marcheggiani F, Offerta A, Puglia C, Tiano L. A comparative study on the possible cytotoxic effects of different nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) compositions in human dermal fibroblasts. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:879-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kawakami CM, Gaspar LR. Mangiferin and naringenin affect the photostability and phototoxicity of sunscreens containing avobenzone. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 151:239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Freitas JV, Lopes NP, Gaspar LR. Photostability evaluation of five UV-filters, trans-resveratrol and beta-carotene in sunscreens. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:79-89. [PMID: 26159738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol (RES) is used in cosmetic formulations and beta-carotene (BTC) is a classical sunscreen antioxidant, but their photostability in sunscreens, a property directly correlated to performance and safety has not been addressed in the literature. This paper reports the assessment of RES and/or BTC influence on the photostability of five UV-filters (octyl methoxycinnamate - OMC, avobenzone -AVO, octocrylene - OCT, bemotrizinole - BMZ, octyltriazone - OTZ) in three different combinations after UVA exposure followed by the identification of degradation products and the assessment of photoreactivity. The evaluation of sunscreen photostability was performed by HPLC and spectrophotometric analysis, and degradation products were identified by GC-MS analysis. Components RES, BTC, OMC and AVO were significantly degraded after UV exposure (reduction of around 16% in recovery). According to HPLC analysis, all formulations presented similar photostability profiles. Eleven degradation products were identified in GC-MS analysis, among them products of RES, BTC, OMC and AVO photodegradation. All evaluated formulations were considered photoreactive, as well as the isolated compounds RES and AVO. Considering HPLC, spectrophotometric and GC-MS results, it is suggested that formulations containing BMZ were considered the most photostable. The combination RES+BTC in a sunscreen improved the photostability of AVO. The benefits of using a combination of antioxidants in sunscreens was demonstrated by showing that using RES+BTC+studied UV-filters led to more photostable formulations, which in turn implies in better safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Vescovi Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Rigo Gaspar
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café s/n, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Roy A, Sahu RK, Matlam M, Deshmukh VK, Dwivedi J, Jha AK. In vitro techniques to assess the proficiency of skin care cosmetic formulations. Pharmacogn Rev 2014; 7:97-106. [PMID: 24347917 PMCID: PMC3842001 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.120507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetics comprising either natural or synthetic components are used almost regularly and universally in different forms to enhance the beauty. The utmost disclosure of human membrane to sunlight and environmental pollution results in the exhibition of free radical, that react with deoxyribonucleic acid, proteins and fatty acids, causation oxidative destruction dysfunction of the antioxidant system. In skin, the formation of reactive oxygen species leads to skin diseases, predominantly cutaneous malignancies, immunosuppression, wrinkles, aging, etc., The human organism fosters a barrier practice against the destructive action of free radicals, comprising mostly of vitamins, carotenoids and enzymes. Cosmetic products are the best option to reduce skin disorders such as hyper pigmentation, skin aging, skin wrinkling and rough skin texture, etc., Hence in this review, we conferred various in vitro methods that are used for the development of novel cosmetic formulation. There is an expanding fascinate employing in vitro techniques because they are less time consuming, more cost-effective and lessen the participation of human volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Munglu Matlam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Banasthali University, P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
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14
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Mesoporous silica aerogel as a drug carrier for the enhancement of the sunscreen ability of benzophenone-3. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 115:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Ioele G, De Luca M, Tavano L, Ragno G. The difficulties for a photolabile drug in topical formulations: the case of diclofenac. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:284-90. [PMID: 24491531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Topical commercial formulations containing diclofenac (DC) were submitted to photostability tests, according to the international rules, showing a clear degradation of the drug. The degradation process was monitored by applying the multivariate curve resolution technique to the UV spectral data from samples exposed to stressing irradiation. This method was able to estimate the number of components evolved as well as to draw their spectra and concentration profiles. Three photoproducts (PhPs) were resolved by the analysis of photodegradation kinetics, according to two consecutive reactions with a mechanism postulated as DC>PhP₁>PhP₂ and PhP₃. Photodegradation rate of DC in gel was found to be very fast, with a residual content of 90% only after 3.90 min under a radiant exposure of 450 Wm(-2). Because of a very slow skin uptake of DC, a prolonged time of exposure to light could lead to a significant decrease of drug available or the uptake of undesired photoproducts. New gel formulations were designed to increase the photostability of DC by incorporating chemical light-absorbers or entrapping the drug into cyclodextrin. Drug photostability resulted increased significantly in comparison with that of the commercial formulations. The gel containing the light-absorbers such as octisilate, octyl methoxycinnamate and a combination thereof showed a residual DC of 90% up to 12.22 min, 13.75 min and 15.71 min, respectively, under the same irradiation power. The best results were obtained by incorporating the drug in β-cyclodextrin with a degradation of 10% after 25.01 min of light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Lorena Tavano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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Brugè F, Tiano L, Astolfi P, Emanuelli M, Damiani E. Prevention of UVA-induced oxidative damage in human dermal fibroblasts by new UV filters, assessed using a novel in vitro experimental system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83401. [PMID: 24409282 PMCID: PMC3883645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND UVA rays present in sunlight are able to reach the dermal skin layer generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for oxidative damage, alterations in gene expression, DNA damage, leading to cell inflammation, photo-ageing/-carcinogenesis. Sunscreens contain UV filters as active ingredients that absorb/reflect/dissipate UV radiation: their efficiency depends on their spectral profile and photostability which should then be reflected in biological protection of underlying skin. METHODS A set of new UV filters was synthesized, and the most photostable one was compared to BMDBM, a widely used UVA filter. Cultured human dermal fibroblasts were exposed to UVA radiation which was filtered by a base cream containing or not UV filters placed above cell culture wells. The endpoints measured were: cell viability (MTT assay), ROS generation (DCFH-DA assay), mitochondrial function (JC-1 assay), DNA integrity (Comet assay) and gene expression (MMP-1, COL1A1) by RT-qPCR. RESULTS The new UV filter resulted more efficient than BMDBM in preserving cell viability, mitochondrial functionality and oxidative DNA damage, despite similar inhibition levels of intracellular ROS. Moreover, expression of genes involved in dermal photoageing were positively affected by the filtering action of the tested molecules. CONCLUSIONS The experimental model proposed was able to validate the efficacy of the new UV filter, taking into account important cellular events related to UV-induced intracellular oxidative stress, often underestimated in the assessments of these compounds. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The model may be used to compare the actual biological protection of commercial sunscreens and suncare products aside from their SPF and UVA-PF values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Brugè
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Astolfi
- Dipartimento Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell'Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Dipartimento Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Grbović G, Trebše P, Dolenc D, Lebedev AT, Sarakha M. LC/MS study of the UV filter hexyl 2-[4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoyl]-benzoate (DHHB) aquatic chlorination with sodium hypochlorite. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1232-40. [PMID: 24259212 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The fate of modern personal care products in the environment is becoming a matter of increasing concern because of the growing production and assortment of these compounds. More and more chemicals of this class are treated as emerging contaminants. Transformation of commercially available products in the environment may result in the formation of a wide array of their metabolites. Personal care products in swimming pools and in drinking water reservoirs may undergo oxidation or chlorination. There is much data on the formation of more toxic metabolites from original low toxicity commercial products. Therefore, reliable identification of all possible transformation products and a thorough study of their physicochemical and biological properties are of high priority. The present study deals with the identification of the products of the aquatic chlorination of the hexyl 2-[4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoyl]-benzoate ultraviolet filter. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and HPLC/MS/MS with accurate mass measurements were used for this purpose. As a result, three chlorinated transformation products were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grbović
- Center for Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy (ICTM), University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Brugè F, Damiani E, Puglia C, Offerta A, Armeni T, Littarru GP, Tiano L. Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with CoQ10: Effect on human dermal fibroblasts under normal and UVA-mediated oxidative conditions. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:348-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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On the assessment of photostability of sunscreens exposed to UVA irradiation: From glass plates to pig/human skin, which is best? Int J Pharm 2012; 427:217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hupel M, Poupart N, Gall EA. Development of a new in vitro method to evaluate the photoprotective sunscreen activity of plant extracts against high UV-B radiation. Talanta 2011; 86:362-71. [PMID: 22063552 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreen efficiency of biomolecules against UV-B radiation was generally determined in vitro by cosmetic methods which are not well-adapted for routine ecophysiological and bio-guidance studies in plant research laboratories. In this article, we propose a new in vitro method to evaluate the sunscreen photoprotective activity of plant extracts against high UV-B radiation. Because photosynthetic pigments are one of the first targets of UV-B radiation in plants, the experimental design is based on the ability of the tested substances to limit the degradation of sodium magnesium chlorophyllin (SMC), a derivative compound of natural chlorophyll. SMC photodegradation comparatively to natural chlorophyll and related to temperature, concentration and sample solvent were analyzed in order to optimize the experimental parameters. Then, the method was validated by testing nine standard UV filters used in the European cosmetic industry and by comparing results of their activity with those of a reference in vitro procedure. Finally, the method was applied to coastal and marine crude plant extracts. Results have shown that our procedure can be a good alternative to cosmetic methods with a rapid, sensitive and reproducible evaluation of the sunscreen activity of either pure standards or crude plant extracts in small amounts (30 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hupel
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie et de Biotechnologies des Halophytes et des Algues Marines (EA 3877 LEBHAM), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29280 Plouzané, Brittany, France.
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Venditti E, Brugè F, Astolfi P, Kochevar I, Damiani E. Nitroxides and a nitroxide-based UV filter have the potential to photoprotect UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts against oxidative damage. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 63:55-61. [PMID: 21530182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants are now being incorporated into sunscreens as additional topical measure for delaying the aging process and reducing photo-damage to skin induced by excessive UVA exposure. UVA radiation reaching the skin leads to the generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) implicated in DNA damage and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) responsible for collagen damage and photo-aging. Nitroxides are a class of compounds endowed with versatile antioxidant activity and recently, nitroxide-based UV filters in which a nitroxide moiety has been attached to the most popular UV filter present in sunscreens have been developed. OBJECTIVE This study explores the potential photo-protective effects of these compounds on ROS production and induction of MMP-1 in cultured human dermal fibroblasts exposed to UVA. For comparison, vitamin E was also tested. METHODS The effects were assessed by measuring intracellular ROS production using a ROS-index probe and MMP-1 mRNA expression levels using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Exposure of fibroblasts to 18J/cm(2) UVA lead to a two-fold increase in ROS production which was reduced to non-irradiated control levels in the presence of 50μM nitroxide compounds and vitamin E. Under the same conditions, a ten-fold increase in MMP-1 mRNA expression levels was observed 24h post-UVA treatment which was significantly reduced by all nitroxide compounds but not vitamin E. CONCLUSION The results of this study support the potential use of nitroxide compounds, including novel nitroxide-based UV filters, as a useful and alternative strategy for improving the efficacy of topical formulations against photo-aging and possibly photo-carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Venditti
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biologia e Genetica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
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Hojerová J, Medovcíková A, Mikula M. Photoprotective efficacy and photostability of fifteen sunscreen products having the same label SPF subjected to natural sunlight. Int J Pharm 2011; 408:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Tsentalovich YP, Yanshole VV, Polienko YF, Morozov SV, Grigor’ev IA. Deactivation of Excited States of Kynurenine Covalently Linked to Nitroxides. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:22-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Damiani E, Astolfi P, Giesinger J, Ehlis T, Herzog B, Greci L, Baschong W. Assessment of the photo-degradation of UV-filters and radical-induced peroxidation in cosmetic sunscreen formulations. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:304-12. [DOI: 10.3109/10715760903486065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Astolfi
- Dipartimento ISAC-Sezione Chimica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Ehlis
- Research Center Protection & Stabilization, CIBA Grenzach GmbH, Germany
| | | | - Lucedio Greci
- Dipartimento ISAC-Sezione Chimica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Werner Baschong
- Application Center UV Protection & Actives, CIBA Inc., Basel, Switzerland
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