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Zhou N, Zheng D, You Q, Chen T, Jiang J, Shen W, Zhang D, Liu J, Chen D, Hu K. Therapeutic Potential of Biochanin A in Herpes Simplex Keratitis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1240. [PMID: 37765049 PMCID: PMC10536220 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is a blinding eye disease that is initiated by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Resistance to acyclovir (ACV) and the side effects of corticosteroid drugs have become concerning issues, so it is crucial to develop new antivirals for treating HSK. In this study, we report that biochanin A (BCA), a naturally occurring flavonoid compound, provides multifaceted protective effects with anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic activities to alleviate HSK. The results show that BCA significantly inhibited HSV-1 replication in vitro and further proved that BCA principally influenced the early stage of virus infection. We reveal that BCA downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors triggered by HSV-1, including TNF-α, RANTES, IL-1β and IL-6. Furthermore, BCA treatment alleviated oxidative stress and apoptotic arising from HSV-1 infection. Lastly, we induced HSK in male C57BL/6 mice and treated them with either BCA or phosphate buffer solution (PBS) eye drops. We observed the ocular surface lesions; determined the virus load in the tear fluid, corneas as well as trigeminal ganglions (TGs); and detected the levels of inflammation and apoptosis in the corneas simultaneously. These results show that BCA inhibits HSV-1 and alleviates the corneal lesion degree. Our study illustrates that BCA is a promising therapeutic approach for application in treating HSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Deyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiao You
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Taige Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Jiaxuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Wenhao Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
| | - Junpeng Liu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; (N.Z.)
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2
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Sutter J, Bruggeman PJ, Wigdahl B, Krebs FC, Miller V. Manipulation of Oxidative Stress Responses by Non-Thermal Plasma to Treat Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4673. [PMID: 36902102 PMCID: PMC10003306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a contagious pathogen with a large global footprint, due to its ability to cause lifelong infection in patients. Current antiviral therapies are effective in limiting viral replication in the epithelial cells to alleviate clinical symptoms, but ineffective in eliminating latent viral reservoirs in neurons. Much of HSV-1 pathogenesis is dependent on its ability to manipulate oxidative stress responses to craft a cellular environment that favors HSV-1 replication. However, to maintain redox homeostasis and to promote antiviral immune responses, the infected cell can upregulate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) while having a tight control on antioxidant concentrations to prevent cellular damage. Non-thermal plasma (NTP), which we propose as a potential therapy alternative directed against HSV-1 infection, is a means to deliver RONS that affect redox homeostasis in the infected cell. This review emphasizes how NTP can be an effective therapy for HSV-1 infections through the direct antiviral activity of RONS and via immunomodulatory changes in the infected cells that will stimulate anti-HSV-1 adaptive immune responses. Overall, NTP application can control HSV-1 replication and address the challenges of latency by decreasing the size of the viral reservoir in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sutter
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Peter J. Bruggeman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Vandana Miller
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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3
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Duggan MR, Torkzaban B, Ahooyi TM, Khalili K. Potential Role for Herpesviruses in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:855-869. [PMID: 33074235 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Across the fields of virology and neuroscience, the role of neurotropic viruses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has received renewed enthusiasm, with a particular focus on human herpesviruses (HHVs). Recent genomic analyses of brain tissue collections and investigations of the antimicrobial responses of amyloid-β do not exclude a role of HHVs in contributing to or accelerating AD pathogenesis. Due to continued expansion in our aging cohort and the lack of effective treatments for AD, this composition examines a potential neuroviral theory of AD in light of these recent data. Consideration reveals a possible viral "Hit-and-Run" scenario of AD, as well as neurobiological mechanisms (i.e., neuroinflammation, protein quality control, oxidative stress) that may increase risk for AD following neurotropic infection. Although limitations exist, this theoretical framework reveals several novel therapeutic targets that may prove efficacious in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bahareh Torkzaban
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Faheem, Kumar BK, Sekhar KVGC, Kunjiappan S, Jamalis J, Balaña-Fouce R, Sankaranarayanan M. Recent Update on the Anti-infective Potential of β-carboline Analogs. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:398-425. [PMID: 33001013 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201001130114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
β-Carboline, a naturally occurring indole alkaloid, holds a momentous spot in the field of medicinal chemistry due to its myriad of pharmacological actions like anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, antimalarial, neuropharmacological, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic among others. β-Carbolines exhibit their pharmacological activity via diverse mechanisms. This review provides a recent update (2015-2020) on the anti-infective potential of natural and synthetic β-carboline analogs focusing on its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial, antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal properties. In cases where enough details are available, a note on its mechanism of action is also added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kondapalli Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, R.R. Dist. Hyderabad, 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, India
| | - Joazaizulfazli Jamalis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | | | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
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5
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Cao Y, Xie L, Shi F, Tang M, Li Y, Hu J, Zhao L, Zhao L, Yu X, Luo X, Liao W, Bode AM. Targeting the signaling in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: mechanism, regulation, and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 33436584 PMCID: PMC7801793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases are important global health concerns. As a group I carcinogen, EBV accounts for 1.5% of human malignances, including both epithelial- and lymphatic-originated tumors. Moreover, EBV plays an etiological and pathogenic role in a number of non-neoplastic diseases, and is even involved in multiple autoimmune diseases (SADs). In this review, we summarize and discuss some recent exciting discoveries in EBV research area, which including DNA methylation alterations, metabolic reprogramming, the changes of mitochondria and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), oxidative stress and EBV lytic reactivation, variations in non-coding RNA (ncRNA), radiochemotherapy and immunotherapy. Understanding and learning from this advancement will further confirm the far-reaching and future value of therapeutic strategies in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.
| | - Longlong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
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6
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Hu J, Li Y, Li H, Shi F, Xie L, Zhao L, Tang M, Luo X, Jia W, Fan J, Zhou J, Gao Q, Qiu S, Wu W, Zhang X, Liao W, Bode AM, Cao Y. Targeting Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein LMP1-mediated high oxidative stress suppresses EBV lytic reactivation and sensitizes tumors to radiation therapy. Theranostics 2020; 10:11921-11937. [PMID: 33204320 PMCID: PMC7667690 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating oxidative stress is a critical mechanism by which host cells defend against infection by pathogenic microorganisms. Radiation resistance is a critical problem in radiotherapy against cancer. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer-causing virus and its reactivation plays an important role in the development of EBV-related tumors. This study aimed to explore the inner relationship and regulatory mechanism among oxidative stress, EBV reactivation, and radioresistance and to identify new molecular subtyping models and treatment strategies to improve the therapeutic effects of radiotherapy. Methods: ROS, NADP+/NADPH, and GSSG/GSH were detected to evaluate the oxidative stress of cells. 8-OHdG is a reliable oxidative stress marker to evaluate the oxidative stress in patients. Its concentration in serum was detected using an ELISA method and in biopsies was detected using IHC. qPCR array was performed to evaluate the expression of essential oxidative stress genes. qPCR, Western blot, and IHC were used to measure the level of EBV reactivation in vitro and in vivo. A Rta-IgG ELISA kit and EBV DNA detection kit were used to analyze the reactivation of EBV in serum from NPC patients. NPC tumor tissue microarrays was used to investigate the prognostic role of oxidative stress and EBV reactivation. Radiation resistance was evaluated by a colony formation assay. Xenografts were treated with NAC, radiation, or a combination of NAC and radiation. EBV DNA load of tumor tissue was evaluated using an EBV DNA detection kit. Oxidative stress, EBV reactivation, and the apoptosis rate in tumor tissues were detected by using 8-OHdG, EAD, and TUNEL assays, respectively. Results: We found that EBV can induce high oxidative stress, which promotes its reactivation and thus leads to radioresistance. Basically, EBV caused NPC cells to undergo a process of 'Redox Resetting' to acquire a new redox status with higher levels of ROS accumulation and stronger antioxidant systems by increasing the expression of the ROS-producing enzyme, NOX2, and the cellular master antioxidant regulator, Nrf2. Also, EBV encoded driving protein LMP1 promotes EBV reactivation through production of ROS. Furthermore, high oxidative stress and EBV reactivation were positively associated with poor overall survival of patients following radiation therapy and were significant related to NPC patients' recurrence and clinical stage. By decreasing oxidative stress using an FDA approved antioxidant drug, NAC, sensitivity of tumors to radiation was increased. Additionally, 8-OHdG and EBV DNA could be dual prognostic markers for NPC patients. Conclusions: Oxidative stress mediates EBV reactivation and leads to radioresistance. Targeting oxidative stress can provide therapeutic benefits to cancer patients with radiation resistance. Clinically, we, for the first time, generated a molecular subtyping model for NPC relying on 8-OHdG and EBV DNA level. These dual markers could identify patients who are at a high risk of poor outcomes but who might benefit from the sequential therapy of reactive oxygen blockade followed by radiation therapy, which provides novel perspectives for the precise treatment of NPC.
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7
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Redox homeostasis maintained by GPX4 facilitates STING activation. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:727-735. [PMID: 32541831 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator-of-interferon genes (STING) is vital for sensing cytosolic DNA and initiating innate immune responses against microbial infection and tumors. Redox homeostasis is the balance of oxidative and reducing reactions present in all living systems. Yet, how the intracellular redox state controls STING activation is unclear. Here, we show that cellular redox homeostasis maintained by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is required for STING activation. GPX4 deficiency enhanced cellular lipid peroxidation and thus specifically inhibited the cGAS-STING pathway. Concordantly, GPX4 deficiency inhibited herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)-induced innate antiviral immune responses and promoted HSV-1 replication in vivo. Mechanistically, GPX4 inactivation increased production of lipid peroxidation, which led to STING carbonylation at C88 and inhibited its trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex. Thus, cellular stress-induced lipid peroxidation specifically attenuates the STING DNA-sensing pathway, suggesting that GPX4 facilitates STING activation by maintaining redox homeostasis of lipids.
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8
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Qin Q, Li Y. Herpesviral infections and antimicrobial protection for Alzheimer's disease: Implications for prevention and treatment. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1368-1377. [PMID: 30997676 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that infections by herpesviruses might be closely linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological hallmarks of AD brains include senile plaques induced by amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the extracellular space and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of phosphorylated tau protein. The prevailing hypothesis for the mechanism of AD is amyloid cascade reaction. Recent studies revealed that infections by herpesviruses induce the similar pathological hallmarks of AD, including Aβ production, phosphorylation of tau (P-tau), oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, etc. Aβ peptide is regarded as one of the antimicrobial peptides, which inhibits HSV-1 replication. In the elderly, reactivation of herpesviruses might act as an initiator for amyloid cascade reaction in vulnerable individuals, triggering the neurofibrillary formation of phosphorylated tau and inducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which can further contribute to the accumulation of Aβ and P-tau by impairing mitochondria and autophagosome. Epidemiological studies have shown AD susceptibility genes, such as APOE-ε4 allele, are highly linked to infections by herpesviruses. Interestingly, anti-herpesviral therapy significantly reduced the risk of AD in a large population study. Given that herpesviruses are arguably the most prevalent opportunistic pathogens and often reactivate in the elderly, it is reasonable to argue reactivation of herpesviruses might be major culprits for initiating AD in individuals carrying AD susceptibility genes. In this review, we summarize epidemiological and molecular evidence that support for a hypothesis of herpesviral infections and antimicrobial protection in the development of AD, and discuss the implications for future prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Li
- Sleep Medicine Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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9
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Bortz E, Wu TT, Patel P, Whitelegge JP, Sun R. Proteomics of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Reveals a Lung Oxidative Stress Response in Murine Herpesvirus-68 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120670. [PMID: 30486363 PMCID: PMC6316452 DOI: 10.3390/v10120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine herpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) productively infects mouse lungs, exhibiting a complex pathology characteristic of both acute viral infections and chronic respiratory diseases. We sought to discover proteins differentially expressed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from mice infected with MHV-68. Mice were infected intranasally with MHV-68. After nine days, as the lytic phase of infection resolved, differential BAL proteins were identified by two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Of 23 unique proteins, acute phase proteins, vitamin A transport, and oxidative stress response factors Pdx6 and EC-SOD (Sod3) were enriched. Correspondingly, iNOS2 was induced in lung tissue by seven days post-infection. Oxidative stress was partly a direct result of MHV-68 infection, as reactive oxygen species (ROS) were induced in cultured murine NIH3T3 fibroblasts and human lung A549 cells infected with MHV-68. Finally, mice infected with a recombinant MHV-68 co-expressing inflammatory cytokine murine interleukin 6 (IL6) showed exacerbated oxidative stress and soluble type I collagen characteristic of tissue recovery. Thus, oxidative stress appears to be a salient feature of MHV-68 pathogenesis, in part caused by lytic replication of the virus and IL6. Proteins and small molecules in lung oxidative stress networks therefore may provide new therapeutic targets to ameliorate respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bortz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Parthive Patel
- Center for Molecular Biology and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory & the Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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10
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Di Sotto A, Di Giacomo S, Amatore D, Locatelli M, Vitalone A, Toniolo C, Rotino GL, Lo Scalzo R, Palamara AT, Marcocci ME, Nencioni L. A Polyphenol Rich Extract from Solanum melongena L. DR2 Peel Exhibits Antioxidant Properties and Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Activity In Vitro. Molecules 2018; 23:E2066. [PMID: 30126139 PMCID: PMC6222547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DR2B and DR2C extracts, obtained by ethanolic maceration of peel from commercially and physiologically ripe aubergine berries, were studied for the antioxidative cytoprotective properties and anti-HSV-1 activity, in line with the evidence that several antioxidants can impair viral replication by maintaining reducing conditions in host cells. The antioxidative cytoprotective effects against tBOOH-induced damage were assessed in Caco2 cells, while antiviral activity was studied in Vero cells; polyphenolic fingerprints were characterized by integrated phytochemical methods. Results highlighted different compositions of the extracts, with chlorogenic acid and delphinidin-3-rutinoside as the major constituents; other peculiar phytochemicals were also identified. Both samples reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exhibited scavenging and chelating properties. DR2C partly counteracted the tBOOH-induced cytotoxicity, with a remarkable lowering of lactate metabolism under both normoxia and hypoxia; interestingly, it increased intracellular GSH levels. Furthermore, DR2C inhibited the HSV-1 replication when added for 24 h after viral adsorption, as also confirmed by the reduction of many viral proteins' expression. Since DR2C was able to reduce NOX4 expression during HSV-1 infection, its antiviral activity may be correlated to its antioxidant properties. Although further studies are needed to better characterize DR2C activity, the results suggest this extract as a promising new anti-HSV-1 agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Donatella Amatore
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Via Paullese 28, Lodi, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing (CREA-IT), Via Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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11
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Costantini D, Seeber PA, Soilemetzidou SE, Azab W, Bohner J, Buuveibaatar B, Czirják GÁ, East ML, Greunz EM, Kaczensky P, Lamglait B, Melzheimer J, Uiseb K, Ortega A, Osterrieder N, Sandgreen DM, Simon M, Walzer C, Greenwood AD. Physiological costs of infection: herpesvirus replication is linked to blood oxidative stress in equids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10347. [PMID: 29985431 PMCID: PMC6037783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses may have a dramatic impact on the health of their animal hosts. The patho-physiological mechanisms underlying viral infections in animals are, however, not well understood. It is increasingly recognized that oxidative stress may be a major physiological cost of viral infections. Here we compare three blood-based markers of oxidative status in herpes positive and negative individuals of the domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus) and of both captive and free-ranging Mongolian khulan (Equus hemionus hemionus) and plains zebra (Equus quagga). Herpes positive free-ranging animals had significantly more protein oxidative damage and lower glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant enzyme) than negative ones, providing correlative support for a link between oxidative stress and herpesvirus infection in free-living equids. Conversely, we found weak evidence for oxidative stress in herpes positive captive animals. Hence our work indicates that environment (captive versus free living) might affect the physiological response of equids to herpesvirus infection. The Mongolian khulan and the plains zebra are currently classified as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Thus, understanding health impacts of pathogens on these species is critical to maintaining viable captive and wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Costantini
- UMR 7221 CNRS/MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Peter A Seeber
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sanatana-Eirini Soilemetzidou
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Bohner
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion L East
- Department of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Greunz
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Parc Zoologique de Thoiry, Rue du Pavillon de Montreuil, 78770, Thoiry, France
| | - Petra Kaczensky
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160, Vienna, Austria
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research - NINA, Sluppen, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Benjamin Lamglait
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2N4, Canada
- Réserve Africaine de Sigean, 19 Chemin Hameau du Lac, RD 6009, 11130, Sigean, France
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth Uiseb
- Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Alix Ortega
- Réserve Africaine de Sigean, 19 Chemin Hameau du Lac, RD 6009, 11130, Sigean, France
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marie Simon
- Parc Zoologique de Thoiry, Rue du Pavillon de Montreuil, 78770, Thoiry, France
| | - Chris Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, A-1160, Vienna, Austria
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., 10460, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19, Berlin, 14163, Germany
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12
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Bechtel TJ, Weerapana E. From structure to redox: The diverse functional roles of disulfides and implications in disease. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28044432 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functional roles of disulfide bonds and their relevance to human disease. The critical roles of disulfide bonds in protein structure stabilization and redox regulation of protein activity are addressed. Disulfide bonds are essential to the structural stability of many proteins within the secretory pathway and can exist as intramolecular or inter-domain disulfides. The proper formation of these bonds often relies on folding chaperones and oxidases such as members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. Many of the PDI family members catalyze disulfide-bond formation, reduction, and isomerization through redox-active disulfides and perturbed PDI activity is characteristic of carcinomas and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to catalytic function in oxidoreductases, redox-active disulfides are also found on a diverse array of cellular proteins and act to regulate protein activity and localization in response to oxidative changes in the local environment. These redox-active disulfides are either dynamic intramolecular protein disulfides or mixed disulfides with small-molecule thiols generating glutathionylation and cysteinylation adducts. The oxidation and reduction of redox-active disulfides are mediated by cellular reactive oxygen species and activity of reductases, such as glutaredoxin and thioredoxin. Dysregulation of cellular redox conditions and resulting changes in mixed disulfide formation are directly linked to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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13
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Sartori G, Jardim NS, Sari MHM, Flores EF, Prigol M, Nogueira CW. Diphenyl Diselenide Reduces Oxidative Stress and Toxicity Caused by HSV-2 Infection in Mice. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1028-1037. [PMID: 27487292 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses can cause uncommon systemic complications as acute liver failure (ALT) or urinary tract dysfunctions. Diphenyl diselenide, (PhSe)2 , a classical studied organic selenium compound, has a novel antiviral action against HSV-2 infection and well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate if (PhSe)2 reduces oxidative stress and systemic toxicity caused by HSV-2 infection in mice. Adult BALB/c mice were pre-treated with (PhSe)2 (5 mg kg-1 /day, intragastric, i.g.) during 5 days; at day 6 mice were infected with HSV-2 (10 μl-105 PFU/mL-1 ) and post-treated with (PhSe)2 for more 5 days. At day 11, they were killed and samples of liver and kidney were obtained to determine: reactive species (RS); malondialdehyde (MDA), and non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels; the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), Na+ /K+ -ATPase (liver and kidney); alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the levels of urea (plasma) were determined as markers of hepatic and renal toxicity. The results revealed that (PhSe)2 treatment was effective against the increase of renal and hepatic oxidative stress in infected mice and also normalized hepatic and renal ADA activity. It recovered the activity of Na+ /K+ - and was not effective against the increase in urea levels in infected mice. Different from (PhSe)2 , acyclovir (positive control), caused an increase in ADA activity and a decrease in hepatic CAT activity. Considering the interest of alternative therapies to treat HSV-2 infections and secondary complications, (PhSe)2 become a notable candidate. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1028-1037, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gláubia Sartori
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Natália Silva Jardim
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Marcel Henrique Marcondes Sari
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, Av. Roraima, no 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brasil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97650-000, Brasil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 97105-900, Brasil
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De Chiara G, Racaniello M, Mollinari C, Marcocci ME, Aversa G, Cardinale A, Giovanetti A, Garaci E, Palamara AT, Merlo D. Herpes Simplex Virus-Type1 (HSV-1) Impairs DNA Repair in Cortical Neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:242. [PMID: 27803664 PMCID: PMC5067485 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several findings suggest that Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection plays a role in the neurodegenerative processes that characterize Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Here we show that HSV-1 productive infection in cortical neurons causes the accumulation of DNA lesions that include both single (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs), which are reported to be implicated in the neuronal loss observed in neurodegenerative diseases. We demonstrate that HSV-1 downregulates the expression level of Ku80, one of the main components of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), a major pathway for the repair of DSBs. We also provide data suggesting that HSV-1 drives Ku80 for proteasomal degradation and impairs NHEJ activity, leading to DSB accumulation. Since HSV-1 usually causes life-long recurrent infections, it is possible to speculate that cumulating damages, including those occurring on DNA, may contribute to virus induced neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration, further suggesting HSV-1 as a risk factor for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Chiara
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy; Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Mauro Racaniello
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Mollinari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di SanitàRome, Italy; Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Aversa
- Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Division of Health Technologies, Department of Sustainable Territorial and Production Systems, ENEA Casaccia Research Center Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Cardinale
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Pisana Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Giovanetti
- Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Division of Health Technologies, Department of Sustainable Territorial and Production Systems, ENEA Casaccia Research Center Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele PisanaRome, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
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15
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Chen D, Su A, Fu Y, Wang X, Lv X, Xu W, Xu S, Wang H, Wu Z. Harmine blocks herpes simplex virus infection through downregulating cellular NF-κB and MAPK pathways induced by oxidative stress. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Yakoub AM, Shukla D. Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex Virus-2 Infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12985. [PMID: 26248741 PMCID: PMC4528227 DOI: 10.1038/srep12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process of the cell, which plays an important role in regulating plethora of infections. The role of autophagy in Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection is unknown. Here, we found that HSV-2 does not allow induction of an autophagic response to infection, but maintains basal autophagy levels mostly unchanged during productive infection. Thus, we investigated the importance of basal autophagy for HSV-2 infection, using pharmacological autophagy suppression or cells genetically deficient in an autophagy-essential gene (ATG5). Interference with basal autophagy flux in cells significantly reduced viral replication and diminished the infection. These results indicate that basal autophagy plays an indispensable role required for a productive infection. Importantly, this study draws a sharp distinction between induced and basal autophagy, where the former acts as a viral clearance mechanism abrogating infection, while the latter supports infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraam M Yakoub
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL USA, 60612 [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA, 60612
| | - Deepak Shukla
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL USA, 60612 [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA, 60612
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Identification of Caspase Cleavage Sites in KSHV Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen and Their Effects on Caspase-Related Host Defense Responses. PLoS Pathog 2015. [PMID: 26218605 PMCID: PMC4517896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8, is the causative agent of three hyperproliferative disorders: Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman’s disease. During viral latency a small subset of viral genes are produced, including KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), which help the virus thwart cellular defense responses. We found that exposure of KSHV-infected cells to oxidative stress, or other inducers of apoptosis and caspase activation, led to processing of LANA and that this processing could be inhibited with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Using sequence, peptide, and mutational analysis, two caspase cleavage sites within LANA were identified: a site for caspase-3 type caspases at the N-terminus and a site for caspase-1 and-3 type caspases at the C-terminus. Using LANA expression plasmids, we demonstrated that mutation of these cleavage sites prevents caspase-1 and caspase-3 processing of LANA. This indicates that these are the principal sites that are susceptible to caspase cleavage. Using peptides spanning the identified LANA cleavage sites, we show that caspase activity can be inhibited in vitro and that a cell-permeable peptide spanning the C-terminal cleavage site could inhibit cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and increase viability in cells undergoing etoposide-induced apoptosis. The C-terminal peptide of LANA also inhibited interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) production from lipopolysaccharide-treated THP-1 cells by more than 50%. Furthermore, mutation of the two cleavage sites in LANA led to a significant increase in IL-1β production in transfected THP-1 cells; this provides evidence that these sites function to blunt the inflammasome, which is known to be activated in latently infected PEL cells. These results suggest that specific caspase cleavage sites in KSHV LANA function to blunt apoptosis as well as interfere with the caspase-1-mediated inflammasome, thus thwarting key cellular defense mechanisms. Upon infecting a target cell, viruses must be able to overcome cellular defense responses to survive. Two of the most important cellular defense responses against viruses are apoptosis and the inflammasome, a component of the innate immune response. Apoptosis, a programmed cell death, functions to limit the spread of viruses by destroying the infected cell while innate immune responses control viral infections through other means. Both apoptosis and the inflammasome are mediated by caspases. However, many viruses are known to encode proteins that block, suppress or delay caspase activity following cellular infection in order to block cell death and interfere with the inflammasome. We show that LANA undergoes caspase-dependent cleavage in Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected cells, especially when exposed to oxidative stress. Through peptide, sequence and mutational analysis, we identified two sites for caspase cleavage in KSHV LANA, one in the N-terminal region and the other in the C-terminal region. Using synthetic peptides of these cleavage sites, we show that the C-terminal site can inhibit cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and enhance cellular survival. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this synthetic peptide inhibits the inflammasome response as evidenced by decreased interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) production. Mutation of these cleavage sites in LANA leads to a significant increase in the inflammasome response indicated by increased IL-1β production compared to wild-type LANA. Taken in total, these results provide evidence that these cleavage sites in LANA participate both in delaying apoptosis and blunting aspects of the innate immune response. These studies provide new insights into the mechanisms by which KSHV obviates the cellular defense responses that are activated following virus infection.
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Venkata Subbaiah KC, Valluru L, Rajendra W, Ramamurthy C, Thirunavukkarusu C, Subramanyam R. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) induces protein oxidation and nitration in brain and liver of chicken: Ameliorative effect of vitamin E. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:97-106. [PMID: 25849457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating the therapeutic efficacy of vitamin E on oxidative injury in brain and liver of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) challenged chickens. We have analyzed the xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity; uric acid (UA) levels and superoxide radical generation by using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Further, protein oxidation, nitration and apoptosis were evaluated in the brain and liver of the control, NDV-infected and NDV+Vit. E treated groups. A significant elevation was observed in XOD activity and UA levels in brain (p<0.001) and liver (p<0.05) of NDV infected birds when compared to controls. Further, significant increase in the production of superoxides, enhanced intracellular protein carbonyls and nitrates were observed in the brain and liver of NDV-infected birds over healthy subjects. Apoptosis studies also suggested that a larger number of TUNEL positive cells were observed in brain and a moderately in liver of NDV-infected chickens. However, all these perturbations were significantly ameliorated in NDV+Vit. E treated chickens as compared to NDV-infected birds. Taken together, our results suggested that NDV-induced neuronal and hepatic damage at least in part mediates oxidative stress and on the other hand, supplementation of vitamin E mitigates NDV-induced oxidative damage thereby protects brain and liver of chickens. These findings could provide new insights into the understanding of NDV pathogenesis and therapeutic effects of dietary antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lokanatha Valluru
- Department of Biotechnology, Dravidian University, Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh 517 426, India.
| | | | - Chiteti Ramamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Chinnasamy Thirunavukkarusu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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The putative herpes simplex virus 1 chaperone protein UL32 modulates disulfide bond formation during infection. J Virol 2014; 89:443-53. [PMID: 25320327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01913-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED During DNA encapsidation, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) procapsids are converted to DNA-containing capsids by a process involving activation of the viral protease, expulsion of the scaffold proteins, and the uptake of viral DNA. Encapsidation requires six minor capsid proteins (UL6, UL15, UL17, UL25, UL28, and UL33) and one viral protein, UL32, not found to be associated with capsids. Although functions have been assigned to each of the minor capsid proteins, the role of UL32 in encapsidation has remained a mystery. Using an HSV-1 variant containing a functional hemagglutinin-tagged UL32, we demonstrated that UL32 was synthesized with true late kinetics and that it exhibited a previously unrecognized localization pattern. At 6 to 9 h postinfection (hpi), UL32 accumulated in viral replication compartments in the nucleus of the host cell, while at 24 hpi, it was additionally found in the cytoplasm. A newly generated UL32-null mutant was used to confirm that although B capsids containing wild-type levels of capsid proteins were synthesized, these procapsids were unable to initiate the encapsidation process. Furthermore, we showed that UL32 is redox sensitive and identified two highly conserved oxidoreductase-like C-X-X-C motifs that are essential for protein function. In addition, the disulfide bond profiles of the viral proteins UL6, UL25, and VP19C and the viral protease, VP24, were altered in the absence of UL32, suggesting that UL32 may act to modulate disulfide bond formation during procapsid assembly and maturation. IMPORTANCE Although functions have been assigned to six of the seven required packaging proteins of HSV, the role of UL32 in encapsidation has remained a mystery. UL32 is a cysteine-rich viral protein that contains C-X-X-C motifs reminiscent of those in proteins that participate in the regulation of disulfide bond formation. We have previously demonstrated that disulfide bonds are required for the formation and stability of the viral capsids and are also important for the formation and stability of the UL6 portal ring. In this report, we demonstrate that the disulfide bond profiles of the viral proteins UL6, UL25, and VP19C and the viral protease, VP24, are altered in cells infected with a newly isolated UL32-null mutant virus, suggesting that UL32 acts as a chaperone capable of modulating disulfide bond formation. Furthermore, these results suggest that proper regulation of disulfide bonds is essential for initiating encapsidation.
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20
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Doridot L, Châtre L, Ducat A, Vilotte JL, Lombès A, Méhats C, Barbaux S, Calicchio R, Ricchetti M, Vaiman D. Nitroso-redox balance and mitochondrial homeostasis are regulated by STOX1, a pre-eclampsia-associated gene. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:819-34. [PMID: 24738702 PMCID: PMC4116089 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Storkhead box 1 (STOX1) is a winged-helix transcription factor that is implicated in the genetic forms of a high-prevalence human gestational disease, pre-eclampsia. STOX1 overexpression confers pre-eclampsia-like transcriptomic features to trophoblastic cell lines and pre-eclampsia symptoms to pregnant mice. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of STOX1 on free radical equilibrium and mitochondrial function, both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis of STOX1-transgenic versus nontransgenic placentas at 16.5 days of gestation revealed alterations of mitochondria-related pathways. Placentas overexpressing STOX1 displayed altered mitochondrial mass and were severely biased toward protein nitration, indicating nitroso-redox imbalance in vivo. Trophoblast cells overexpressing STOX1 displayed an increased mitochondrial activity at 20% O2 and in hypoxia, despite reduction of the mitochondrial mass in the former. STOX1 overexpression is, therefore, associated with hyperactive mitochondria, resulting in increased free radical production. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) production pathways were activated, resulting in peroxynitrite formation. At low oxygen pressure, STOX1 overexpression switched the free radical balance from reactive oxygen species (ROS) to reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the placenta as well as in a trophoblast cell line. INNOVATION In pre-eclamptic placentas, NO interacts with ROS and generates peroxynitrite and nitrated proteins as end products. This process will deprive the maternal organism of NO, a crucial vasodilator molecule. CONCLUSION Our data posit STOX1 as a genetic switch in the ROS/RNS balance and suggest an explanation for elevated blood pressure in pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Doridot
- 1 Department of Development, Reproduction, and Cancer, Institut Cochin , INSERM U1016, Paris, France
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21
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Durgut R, Ataseven VS, Sağkan-Öztürk A, Oztürk OH. Evaluation of total oxidative stress and total antioxidant status in cows with natural bovine herpesvirus-1 infection. J Anim Sci 2014; 91:3408-12. [PMID: 23798525 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses, including herpes viruses, can alter oxidative balance by either increasing the formation of free radicals or inhibiting synthesis of enzymes involved in oxidative defense within host cells. This study examined the occurrence of oxidative and antioxidative balance in cows naturally infected with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) under field conditions. Clinical history indicated that cows had been sick and showed mild to severe respiratory signs, characterized by dullness, coughing, and lacrimation, and a high febrile response. All samples obtained from the infected animals during clinical examination were confirmed as positive for bovine herpesvirus type 1 by PCR. Control cows showed no clinical abnormalities and PCR results were negative. Total antioxidative status, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, and some biochemical parameters were measured. The level of total antioxidative status was significantly lower in infected animals, compared with the healthy control group (P = 0.025). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups for total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the infected groups, with respect to concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transferase, γ glutamyl transferase, monocyte, and erythrocyte (P < 0.05). On the other hand, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine kinase concentrations significantly increased in the cows infected with BHV-1. In conclusion, the data obtained hereby explained that animals with infected BHV-1 seemed to have more oxidative stress and low antioxidant defense. Moreover, future research conductance is needed on antioxidative and oxidative balance to understand pathophysiology of BHV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Durgut
- Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hatay, Turkey.
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22
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Gaj Z, Wilczynski J, Nowakowska-Glab A, Boakye-Agyeman F, Paradowska E, Lesnikowski ZJ, Nowakowska D. Decrease in 3-nitrotyrosine in the amniotic fluid of women with cytomegalovirus infection. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2014; 34:251-4. [PMID: 24483707 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.851656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess oxidative stress in pregnant women infected with cytomegalovirus on the basis of 3-nitrotyrosine levels in amniotic fluid (AF). The 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) level in AF was measured using the competitive ELISA method. The study groups were as follows: group I consisted of women with IgM and/or IgA; group II were women with only IgG anti-CMV antibodies and group III were seronegative women, used as the control group. Age, gestational age and socioeconomic status were also assessed. The average level of 3-nitrotyrosine in group II and the control group was similar: 53.14 nM 3-NT and 49.78 nM 3-NT, respectively. However, in group I, the lowest level 3-NT in AF was observed - 39.17 nM 3-NT and statistical analysis showed significant differences in levels of 3-NT between group I and the control group (p < 0.01). We conclude that significantly lower levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in pregnant women with CMV infection may indicate an increase in the antioxidant defence mechanisms in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Gaj
- Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine and Gynecology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute , Lodz , Poland
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23
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Wunschel D, Tulman E, Engelmann H, Clowers BH, Geary S, Robinson A, Liao X. Forensic proteomics of poxvirus production. Analyst 2013; 138:6385-97. [PMID: 23979794 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The field of microbial forensics has recently sought to develop methods to discern biological signatures to indicate production methods for biological agents. Viral agents have received less attention to date. Their obligate propagation in living cells makes purification from cellular material a challenge. This leads to potential carryover of protein-rich signatures of their production system. Here we have explored a proteomic analysis of vaccinia virus as a model poxvirus system in which to compare samples of virus propagated in different cell lines and subjected to different purification schemes. The proteomic data sets indicated viral, host cell and culture medium proteins. Several layers of data analysis were applied to build confidence in the peptide identification and capture information on the taxonomic utility of each. The analysis showed clear shifts in protein profiles with virus purification, with successive gradient purification steps showing different levels of viral protein enrichment. Peptides from cellular proteins, including those present in purified virus preparations, provided signatures which enabled discrimination of cell line substrates, including distinguishing between cells derived from different primate species. The ability to discern multiple aspects of viral production demonstrates the potential value of proteomic analysis as tool for microbial forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wunschel
- Chemical and Biological Signature Sciences Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA.
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24
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Elucidation of the block to herpes simplex virus egress in the absence of tegument protein UL16 reveals a novel interaction with VP22. J Virol 2013; 88:110-9. [PMID: 24131716 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02555-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UL16 is a tegument protein of herpes simplex virus (HSV) that is conserved among all members of the Herpesviridae, but its function is poorly understood. Previous studies revealed that UL16 is associated with capsids in the cytoplasm and interacts with the membrane protein UL11, which suggested a "bridging" function during cytoplasmic envelopment, but this conjecture has not been tested. To gain further insight, cells infected with UL16-null mutants were examined by electron microscopy. No defects in the transport of capsids to cytoplasmic membranes were observed, but the wrapping of capsids with membranes was delayed. Moreover, clusters of cytoplasmic capsids were often observed, but only near membranes, where they were wrapped to produce multiple capsids within a single envelope. Normal virion production was restored when UL16 was expressed either by complementing cells or from a novel position in the HSV genome. When the composition of the UL16-null viruses was analyzed, a reduction in the packaging of glycoprotein E (gE) was observed, which was not surprising, since it has been reported that UL16 interacts with this glycoprotein. However, levels of the tegument protein VP22 were also dramatically reduced in virions, even though this gE-binding protein has been shown not to depend on its membrane partner for packaging. Cotransfection experiments revealed that UL16 and VP22 can interact in the absence of other viral proteins. These results extend the UL16 interaction network beyond its previously identified binding partners to include VP22 and provide evidence that UL16 plays an important function at the membrane during virion production.
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Oxidative stress enhances neurodegeneration markers induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in human neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75842. [PMID: 24124518 PMCID: PMC3790872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous work from our laboratory has shown HSV-1 infection to induce the most important pathological hallmarks of AD brains. Oxidative damage is one of the earliest events of AD and is thought to play a crucial role in the onset and development of the disease. Indeed, many studies show the biomarkers of oxidative stress to be elevated in AD brains. In the present work the combined effects of HSV-1 infection and oxidative stress on Aβ levels and autophagy (neurodegeneration markers characteristic of AD) were investigated. Oxidative stress significantly potentiated the accumulation of intracellular Aβ mediated by HSV-1 infection, and further inhibited its secretion to the extracellular medium. It also triggered the accumulation of autophagic compartments without increasing the degradation of long-lived proteins, and enhanced the inhibition of the autophagic flux induced by HSV-1. These effects of oxidative stress were not due to enhanced virus replication. Together, these results suggest that HSV-1 infection and oxidative damage interact to promote the neurodegeneration events seen in AD.
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26
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Chen IH, Chiu MH, Cheng SF, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. The glutathione transferase of Nicotiana benthamiana NbGSTU4 plays a role in regulating the early replication of Bamboo mosaic virus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:749-57. [PMID: 23701112 PMCID: PMC3744755 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. One of the plant glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes, NbGSTU4, responds as an upregulated gene in Nicotiana benthamiana post BaMV infection. In order to identify the role of NbGSTU4 in BaMV infection, the expression of NbGSTU4 was knocked down using a virus-induced gene silencing technique or was transiently expressed in N. benthamiana in BaMV inoculation. The results show a significant decrease in BaMV RNA accumulation when the expression level of NbGSTU4 is reduced; whereas the viral RNA accumulation increases when NbGSTU4 is transiently expressed. Furthermore, this study identified that the involvement of NbGSTU4 in viral RNA accumulation occurs by its participation in the viral early replication step. The findings show that the NbGSTU4 protein expressed from Escherichia coli can interact with the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the BaMV RNA in vitro in the presence of glutathione (GSH). The addition of GSH in the in vitro replication assay shows an enhancement of minus-strand but not plus-strand RNA synthesis. The results suggest that the plant GST protein plays a role in binding viral RNA and delivering GSH to the replication complex to create a reduced condition for BaMV minus-strand RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fang Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical UniversityTaichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical UniversityTaichung, 404, Taiwan
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27
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Li ZY, Liu B, Yu J, Yang FW, Luo YN, Ge PF. Ischaemic postconditioning rescues brain injury caused by focal ischaemia/reperfusion via attenuation of protein oxidization. J Int Med Res 2013; 40:954-66. [PMID: 22906268 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of ischaemic postconditioning on brain injury and protein oxidization in focal ischaemia/reperfusion. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into sham-operated, ischaemia, and ischaemic postconditioning groups. Ischaemia was produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and ischaemic postconditioning was performed using three cycles of 30-s/30-s reperfusion/reocclusion after 2 h of ischaemia. Brain infarction size, hydrogen peroxide concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and proteasome activities, protein carbonyl derivatives and advanced oxidized protein products (AOPPs) were evaluated. RESULTS The size of brain infarction after ischaemic postconditioning was significantly smaller compared with the ischaemia group, and was concomitant with significant reduction in protein carbonyl derivatives and AOPPs. The activities of SOD, CAT and proteasomes were elevated by ischaemic postconditioning compared with the ischaemia group. CONCLUSIONS Ischaemic postconditioning is an effective way of reducing the size and effects of brain infarction caused by focal ischaemia/reperfusion, possibly due to a decrease in oxidized protein levels. Decreasing protein oxidization may, therefore, be a useful target for preventing cerebral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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28
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Regulated interaction of tegument proteins UL16 and UL11 from herpes simplex virus. J Virol 2012; 86:11886-98. [PMID: 22915809 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01879-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that proteins in the tegument (located between the viral capsid and envelope proteins) play critical roles in the assembly and budding of herpesviruses. Tegument proteins UL16 and UL11 of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are conserved among all the Herpesviridae. Although these proteins directly interact in vitro, UL16 was found to colocalize poorly with UL11 in cotransfected cells. To explain this discrepancy, we hypothesized that UL16 is initially made in an inactive form and is artificially transformed to the binding-competent state when cells are disrupted. Consistent with a regulated interaction, UL16 was able to fully colocalize with UL11 when a large C-terminal segment of UL16 was removed, creating mutant UL16(1-155). Moreover, membrane flotation assays revealed a massive movement of this mutant to the top of sucrose gradients in the presence of UL11, whereas both the full-length UL16 and the C-terminal fragment (residues 156 to 373) remained at the bottom. Further evidence for the presence of a C-terminal regulatory domain was provided by single-amino-acid substitutions at conserved cysteines (C269S, C271S, and C357S), which enabled the efficient interaction of full-length UL16 with UL11. Lastly, the binding site for UL11 was further mapped to residues 81 to 155, and to our surprise, the 5 Cys residues within UL16(1-155) are not required, even though the modification of free cysteines in UL16 with N-ethylmaleimide does in fact prevent binding. Collectively, these results reveal a regulatory function within the C-terminal region of UL16 that controls an N-terminal UL11-binding activity.
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29
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Williamson CD, DeBiasi RL, Colberg-Poley AM. Viral product trafficking to mitochondria, mechanisms and roles in pathogenesis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012; 12:18-37. [PMID: 22034933 PMCID: PMC4435936 DOI: 10.2174/187152612798994948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. However, targeted antiviral therapies have been developed for only a subset of these viruses, with the majority of currently licensed antiviral drugs targeting viral entry, replication or exit steps during the viral life cycle. Due to increasing emergence of antiviral drug resistant viruses, the isolation of multiple viral subtypes, and toxicities of existing therapies, there remains an urgent need for the timely development of novel antiviral agents, including those targeting host factors essential for viral replication. This review summarizes viral products that target mitochondria and their effects on common mitochondria regulated pathways. These viral products and the mitochondrial pathways affected by them provide potential novel targets for the rational design of antiviral drugs. Viral products alter oxidative balance, mitochondrial permeability transition pore, mitochondrial membrane potential, electron transport and energy production. Moreover, viruses may cause the Warburg Effect, in which metabolism is reprogrammed to aerobic glycolysis as the main source of energy. Finally, viral products affect proapoptotic and antiapoptotic signaling, as well as mitochondrial innate immune signaling. Because of their importance for the generation of metabolic intermediates and energy as well as cell survival, mitochondrial pathways are targeted by multiple independent viral products. Structural modifications of existing drugs targeted to mitochondrial pathways may lead to the development of novel antiviral drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D. Williamson
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Roberta L. DeBiasi
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC 20037 Tel. 202-476-3984 FAX 202-476-3929
| | - Anamaris M. Colberg-Poley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC 20037 Tel. 202-476-3984 FAX 202-476-3929
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC 20037 Tel. 202-476-3984 FAX 202-476-3929
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30
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Liang J, Yao J, Wang G, Wang Y, Wang B, Ge P. Ischemic postconditioning protects neuronal death caused by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion via attenuating protein aggregation. Int J Med Sci 2012; 9:923-32. [PMID: 23236262 PMCID: PMC3520018 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of ischemic postconditioning on protein aggregation caused by transient ischemia and reperfusion and to clarify its underlying mechanism. METHODS Two-vessel-occluded transient global ischemia rat model was used. The rats in ischemic postconditioning group were subjected to three cycles of 30-s/30-s reperfusion/clamping after 15 min of ischemia. Neuronal death in the CA1 region was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and number of live neurons was assessed by cell counting under a light microscope. Succinyl-LLVY-AMC was used as substrate to assay proteasome activity in vitro. Protein carbonyl content was spectrophotometrically measured to analyze protein oxidization. Immunochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to observe the distribution of ubiquitin in the CA1 neurons. Western blotting was used to analyze the quantitative alterations of protein aggregates, proteasome, hsp70 and hsp40 in cellular fractions under different ischemic conditions. RESULTS Histological examination showed that the percentage of live neurons in the CA1 region was elevated from 5.21% ± 1.21% to 55.32% ± 5.34% after administration of ischemic postconditioning (P = 0.0087). Western blotting analysis showed that the protein aggregates in the ischemia group was 32.12 ± 4.87, 41.86 ± 4.71 and 34.51 ± 5.18 times higher than that in the sham group at reperfusion 12h, 24h and 48h, respectively. However, protein aggregates were alleviated significantly by ischemic postconditioning to 2.84 ± 0.97, 13.72 ± 2.13 and 14.37 ± 2.42 times at each indicated time point (P = 0.000032, 0.0000051 and 0.0000082). Laser scanning confocal images showed ubiquitin labeled protein aggregates could not be discerned in the ischemic postconditioning group. Further study showed that ischemic postconditioning suppressed the production of carbonyl derivatives, elevated proteasome activity that was damaged by ischemia and reperfusion, increased the expression of chaperone hsp70, and maintained the quantity of chaperone hsp40. CONCLUSION Ischemic postconditioning could rescue significantly neuronal death in the CA1 region caused by transient ischemia and reperfusion, which is closely associated with suppressing the formation of protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, PR China
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31
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Mymrikov EV, Seit-Nebi AS, Gusev NB. Large potentials of small heat shock proteins. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1123-59. [PMID: 22013208 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern classification of the family of human small heat shock proteins (the so-called HSPB) is presented, and the structure and properties of three members of this family are analyzed in detail. Ubiquitously expressed HSPB1 (HSP27) is involved in the control of protein folding and, when mutated, plays a significant role in the development of certain neurodegenerative disorders. HSPB1 directly or indirectly participates in the regulation of apoptosis, protects the cell against oxidative stress, and is involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton. HSPB6 (HSP20) also possesses chaperone-like activity, is involved in regulation of smooth muscle contraction, has pronounced cardioprotective activity, and seems to participate in insulin-dependent regulation of muscle metabolism. HSPB8 (HSP22) prevents accumulation of aggregated proteins in the cell and participates in the regulation of proteolysis of unfolded proteins. HSPB8 also seems to be directly or indirectly involved in regulation of apoptosis and carcinogenesis, contributes to cardiac cell hypertrophy and survival and, when mutated, might be involved in development of neurodegenerative diseases. All small heat shock proteins play important "housekeeping" roles and regulate many vital processes; therefore, they are considered as attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny V Mymrikov
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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32
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Host cell targets of tegument protein VP22 of herpes simplex virus 1. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1079-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-0960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rosén A, Murray F, Evaldsson C, Rosenquist R. Antigens in chronic lymphocytic leukemia--implications for cell origin and leukemogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:400-9. [PMID: 20863893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several types of B cell tumors, particularly MALT lymphomas, are known to have an antigen-driven component in tumor development. Over the past two decades substantial data have accumulated regarding the restricted immunoglobulin (IG) gene repertoire in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and its potential implications for antigenic drive in the disease development and progression. Herein we discuss how evidence first illustrated a link between certain B cell receptor (BCR) specificities and disease outcome and the subsequent large-scale IG analyses which revealed the extent of "stereotyped" BCRs in CLL. More recent studies on CLL antibody reactivity have gradually provided clues as to which antigens may be involved in the tumor development. Significantly, CLL monoclonal antibodies have been shown to resemble natural antibodies recognizing molecular motifs both on apoptotic cells (e.g. modified cytoskeletal proteins and oxidation-specific epitopes), as well as exogenous bacteria, indicating that CLL clones possibly arise from B cells which have dual function as scavengers of apoptotic debris, while also having the ability to bind conserved bacterial cell structures. Such revelations have led us to re-evaluate both the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the tumor B cells and the pathway by which CLL arises and develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rosén
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Cai Q, Verma SC, Lu J, Robertson ES. Molecular biology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and related oncogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2010; 78:87-142. [PMID: 21040832 PMCID: PMC3142360 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385032-4.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is the most recently identified human tumor virus,and is associated with the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma and two lymphoproliferative disorders known to occur frequently in AIDS patients-primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. In the 15 years since its discovery, intense studies have demonstrated an etiologic role for KSHV in the development of these malignancies. Here, we review the recent advances linked to understanding KSHV latent and lytic life cycle and the molecular mechanisms of KSHV-mediated oncogenesis in terms of transformation, cell signaling, cell growth and survival, angiogenesis, immune invasion and response to microenvironmental stress, and highlight the potential therapeutic targets for blocking KSHV tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Abramson, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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