|
1
|
Usatov MS, Dobrynin SA, Polienko YF, Morozov DA, Glazachev YI, An’kov SV, Tolstikova TG, Gatilov YV, Bagryanskaya IY, Raizvikh AE, Bagryanskaya EG, Kirilyuk IA. Hydrophilic Reduction-Resistant Spin Labels of Pyrrolidine and Pyrroline Series from 3,4-Bis-hydroxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetraethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1550. [PMID: 38338825 PMCID: PMC10855552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly resistant to reduction nitroxides open new opportunities for structural studies of biological macromolecules in their native environment inside living cells and for functional imaging of pH and thiols, enzymatic activity and redox status in living animals. 3,4-Disubstituted nitroxides of 2,2,5,5-tetraethylpyrrolidine and pyrroline series with a functional group for binding to biomolecules and a polar moiety for higher solubility in water and for more rigid attachment via additional coordination to polar sites were designed and synthesized. The EPR spectra, lipophilicities, kinetics of the reduction in ascorbate-containing systems and the decay rates in liver homogenates were measured. The EPR spectra of all 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine nitroxides showed additional large splitting on methylene hydrogens of the ethyl groups, while the spectra of similar pyrroline nitroxides were represented with a simple triplet with narrow lines and hyperfine structure of the nitrogen manifolds resolved in oxygen-free conditions. Both pyrrolidine and pyrroline nitroxides demonstrated low rates of reduction with ascorbate, pyrrolidines being a bit more stable than similar pyrrolines. The decay of positively charged nitroxides in the rat liver homogenate was faster than that of neutral and negatively charged radicals, with lipophilicity, rate of reduction with ascorbate and the ring type playing minor role. The EPR spectra of N,N-dimethyl-3,4-bis-(aminomethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetraethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl showed dependence on pH with pKa = 3, ΔaN = 0.055 mT and ΔaH = 0.075 mT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S. Usatov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Dobrynin
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
| | - Yuliya F. Polienko
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
| | - Denis A. Morozov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
| | - Yurii I. Glazachev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Institutskaya 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
| | - Sergey V. An’kov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
| | - Tatiana G. Tolstikova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
| | - Yuri V. Gatilov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
| | - Irina Yu. Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
| | - Arthur E. Raizvikh
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena G. Bagryanskaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
| | - Igor A. Kirilyuk
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrentiev Ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.S.U.); (S.A.D.); (Y.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.V.A.); (T.G.T.); (Y.V.G.); (I.Y.B.); (A.E.R.); (E.G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. The Cellular and Organismal Effects of Nitroxides and Nitroxide-Containing Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1446. [PMID: 38338725 PMCID: PMC10855878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides are stable free radicals that have antioxidant properties. They react with many types of radicals, including alkyl and peroxyl radicals. They act as mimics of superoxide dismutase and stimulate the catalase activity of hemoproteins. In some situations, they may exhibit pro-oxidant activity, mainly due to the formation of oxoammonium cations as products of their oxidation. In this review, the cellular effects of nitroxides and their effects in animal experiments and clinical trials are discussed, including the beneficial effects in various pathological situations involving oxidative stress, protective effects against UV and ionizing radiation, and prolongation of the life span of cancer-prone mice. Nitroxides were used as active components of various types of nanoparticles. The application of these nanoparticles in cellular and animal experiments is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Rančić A, Babić N, Orio M, Peyrot F. Structural Features Governing the Metabolic Stability of Tetraethyl-Substituted Nitroxides in Rat Liver Microsomes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020402. [PMID: 36829960 PMCID: PMC9952648 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides are potent tools for studying biological systems by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Whatever the application, a certain stability is necessary for successful detection. Since conventional tetramethyl-substituted cyclic nitroxides have insufficient in vivo stability, efforts have recently been made to synthesize more stable, tetraethyl-substituted nitroxides. In our previous study on piperidine nitroxides, the introduction of steric hindrance around the nitroxide moiety successfully increased the resistance to reduction into hydroxylamine. However, it also rendered the carbon backbone susceptible to modifications by xenobiotic metabolism due to increased lipophilicity. Here, we focus on a new series of three nitroxide candidates with tetraethyl substitution, namely with pyrrolidine, pyrroline, and isoindoline cores, to identify which structural features afford increased stability for future probe design and application in in vivo EPR imaging. In the presence of rat liver microsomes, pyrrolidine and pyrroline tetraethyl nitroxides exhibited a higher stability than isoindoline nitroxide, which was studied in detail by HPLC-HRMS. Multiple metabolites suggest that the aerobic transformation of tetraethyl isoindoline nitroxide is initiated by hydrogen abstraction by P450-FeV = O from one of the ethyl groups, followed by rearrangement and further modifications by cytochrome P450, as supported by DFT calculations. Under anaerobic conditions, only reduction by rat liver microsomes was observed with involvement of P450-FeII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rančić
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nikola Babić
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Maylis Orio
- iSm2, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Peyrot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France
- Institut National Supérieur du Professorat et de l’Education (INSPE) de l’Académie de Paris, Sorbonne Université, F-75016 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
A Simple Method of Synthesis of 3-Carboxy-2,2,5,5-Tetraethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl and Preparation of Reduction-Resistant Spin Labels and Probes of Pyrrolidine Series. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195761. [PMID: 34641310 PMCID: PMC8510269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable free radicals are widely used as molecular probes and labels in various biophysical and biomedical research applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Among these radicals, sterically shielded nitroxides of pyrrolidine series demonstrate the highest stability in biological systems. Here, we suggest new convenient procedure for preparation of 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetraethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl, a reduction-resistant analog of widely used carboxy-Proxyl, from cheap commercially available reagents with the yield exceeding the most optimistic literature data. Several new spin labels and probes of 2,2,5,5-tetraethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl series were prepared and reduction of these radicals in ascorbate solutions, mice blood and tissue homogenates was studied.
Collapse
|