Purification, characterization and kinetics of protease inhibitor from fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq

Revisiting the significance of natural protease inhibitors: A comprehensive review

Protease inhibitors (PIs) function as a natural adversary to proteolytic enzymes. They can diminish or inhibit the catalytic properties of proteases, which are crucial for various tasks in the physiology and metabolism of cellular forms. Protease Inhibitors are low molecular weight (5-25 kDa) stable proteins. Plants are a fair source of PIs, so foods containing PIs remarkably influence human health. PIs are usually present in storage tissues of the plant, although they are present in other aerial parts as well. In plants, protease inhibitors participate in vital functions such as maintaining physiological homeostasis, mobilization of storage proteins, defense systems, apoptosis, and other processes. In recent years, plant-derived PIs have shown promising results in treating various diseases including inflammatory conditions, osteoporosis, cardiovascular issues, and brain disorders. The primary goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics, applications, and challenges associated with natural protease inhibitors in plants, which draws insights from an extensive examination of 80+ research papers with a focus on their potential in agriculture and medicine. By synthesizing findings from an extensive literature review, this work aims to guide future research directions and innovations in leveraging plant-based PIs for sustainable agricultural practices and advanced therapeutic interventions.

Cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antiglycation activities, and tyrosinase inhibition using silver nanoparticles synthesized by leaf extract of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq

The present study aimed to determine the biological properties of an extract of Solanum aculeatissimum aqueous extract (SaCE) alone as well as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) generated by green synthesis utilizing S. aculeatissimum aqueous extract (SaCE). These synthesized SaCE AgNPs were characterized using UV-VIS spectrophotometry, scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), zeta potential (ZP), dynamic light scattering (DLS). Determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins content was conducted. In addition, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was employed to identify constituents in this extract. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging and ferric ion reducing power (FRAP) methods. Antiglycation activity was demonstrated through relative mobility in electrophoresis (RME) and determination of free amino groups. The inhibitory activity on tyrosinase was also examined. Molecular docking analyses were performed to assess the molecular interactions with DNA and tyrosinase. The antitumor activity SaCE was also measured. Phytochemical analysis of SaCE and AgNPs showed presence polyphenols (1000.41 and 293.37 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), flavonoids (954.87 and 479.87 mg rutin equivalent/g), saponins (37.89 and 23.01% total saponins), in particular steroidal saponins (aculeatiside A and B). Both SaCE and AgNPs exhibited significant antioxidant (respectively, 73.97%, 56.27% in DPPH test, 874.67 and 837.67 μM Trolox Equivalent/g in FRAP test) and antiglycation activities (72.81 and 67.98% free amino groups, results observed in RME). SaCE and AgNPs presented 33.2, 36.1% inhibitory activity on tyrosinase, respectively. In silico assay demonstrated interaction between steroidal saponins, DNA or tyrosinase. SaCE exhibited antitumor action against various human tumor cells. Data demonstrated that extracts SaCE alone and AgNPs synthesized from SaCE presented biological properties of interest for application in new therapeutic formulations in medicine.

Mechanistic study on the anti-proinflammatory activity of Kunitz type inhibitor from Caesalpinia decapetala seeds

The study reports the biochemical characterization and mechanism of action of a novel 19.6 kDa protease inhibitor (PIs) isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia decapetala belonging to the Fabaceae family. A systematic study was performed to ascertain the purity, specificity, biochemical and structural characterization, and its potential in curbing inflammation in vitro conditions. A two-step chromatography technique was used to purify the PIs. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight were employed to detect the molecular mass of the protein. N-terminal sequence analysis of the inhibitor showed sequence similarity with the Kunitz family PIs. The in vitro test tube assay was performed for determining the anti-inflammatory activity and the inhibitor is antiproliferative against macrophage (RAW264.7) and lung cancer cell lines (A549). An effective decrease in the release of inflammatory mediators (NO, IL-6, TNF-α) and on the activity of elastase was observed in macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7) which were treated with PIs. The purified inhibitor shows promising results against inflammation.

Development of a rapid process for purification of Bowman-Birk and Kunitz inhibitors from legume seeds, and evaluation of their biophysical, insecticidal, and antimicrobial properties

Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI ~10 kDa) and Kunitz inhibitor (KI ~20 kDa) are serine protease/proteinase inhibitor(s) [PI(s)] ubiquitously found in several Leguminous plant species with insecticidal and therapeutic properties. Due to narrow molecular mass differences, the separation of these inhibitors from a single seed variety is tedious. The present study is aimed to develop a rapid protocol (<24 h) for purifying BBI and KI from legume seeds using mild trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extraction followed by trypsin-affinity chromatography. The mature seeds of Vigna radiata and Cajanus platycarpus are used as a model to purify BBI and KI using this protocol. The BBI and KI purified from the seeds of V. radiata are labeled as VrBBI & VrKI, and C. platycarpus are labeled as CpBBI & CpKI, respectively. These PIs are confirmed by immunodetection and MALDI-TOF studies and further characterized for their structural (CD & fluorescence spectroscopy) and functional properties (temperature & DTT stability). BBI(s) purified using the above process are effective in the management of castor semi-looper 'Achaea janata', while KI(s) are effective in the management of pod borer 'Helicoverpa armigera'. Besides, both BBI(s) and KI(s) have significant potential in controlling the growth of methicillin-sensitive 'Staphylococcus aureus', a gram-positive pathogenic bacterium.

Characterization of a Novel Protease Inhibitor from the Edible Mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Background:

Protease inhibitors inhibit the activity of protease enzymes, hence are essentially involved in the regulation of the metabolic processes involving protease enzymes and protection the host organism against external damage due to proteases. These inhibitors are abundantly present in all living organisms but have not been much reported in mushrooms. Mushrooms are one of the major food components of humans with delicious taste and high nutritional value. Mushrooms also have therapeutic and economic significance. The edible mushrooms with medicinal properties are much in commercial demand. To date, the presence of protease inhibitors has not been reported much in edible mushrooms. The present study reports the characterization of a protease inhibitor isolated from the common white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus.

Objective:

The objective of the present study is to characterize the novel protease inhibitor from Agaricus bisporus to determine its nature and activity at varying environmental conditions.

Method:

The protease inhibitor was characterized through SDS PAGE, gel filtration chromatography, and de novo sequencing to determine its molecular mass, and sequence respectively. The optimum pH and temperature, and the pH and thermal stability were studied to determine the optimum working range of the protease inhibitor. The protease inhibitory activity (%) was determined in presence of metal ions, surfactants, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. The kinetic parameters and the type of inhibition exhibited by the protease inhibitor were determined using casein and trypsin protease enzyme.

Results:

The protease inhibitor was found to be a low molecular mass compound of 25 kDa. The de novo sequencing matched the inhibitor against a 227 amino acid containing peptide molecular mass of 24.6 kDa molecular mass. The protease inhibitory activity (%) was found highest at pH 7.0 and temperature 50 0C, and was stable from pH 4.0-9.0 and temperature 30-80 0C. In presence of metal ions, the residual protease inhibitory activity (%) enhanced in presence of Na+, Mg2+, and Fe3+. The residual activity increased in presence of the surfactant SDS slightly in comparison to control, while decreased in the case of Triton-X and Tween 20. The presence of oxidizing agents, hydrogen peroxide, and dimethyl sulfoxide decreased the residual inhibitory activity. The protease inhibitor was unaffected by the reducing agents: dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol up to 2mM concentration but decreased at higher concentrations. The inhibitor exhibited uncompetitive inhibition against trypsin with an inhibitory constant of 166 nM, indicating a strong affinity towards the protease, with a half-life of 93.90 minutes at 37 0C.

Conclusion:

Protease inhibitors isolated from mushrooms are generally small in size, more stable, and tolerant towards varying external conditions. The protease inhibitor isolated from Agaricus bisporus also exhibited similar characteristics.

Evaluating the pesticidal impact of plant protease inhibitors: lethal weaponry in the co-evolutionary battle

In the arsenal of plant defense, protease inhibitors (PIs) are well-designed defensive products to counter field pests. PIs are produced in plant tissues by means of 'stable defense metabolite' and triggered on demand as the perception of the signal and well established as a part of plant active defense. PIs have been utilized for approximately four decades, initially as a gene-alone approach that was later replaced by multiple gene pyramiding/gene stacking due to insect adaptability towards the PI alone. By considering the adaptive responses of the pest to the single insecticidal gene, the concept of gene pyramiding gained continuous appreciation for the development of transgenic crops to deal with co-evolving pests. Gene pyramiding approaches are executed to bypass the insect's adaptive responses against PIs. Stacking PIs with additional insecticidal proteins, plastid engineering, recombinant proteinase inhibitors, RNAi-based methods and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing are the advanced tools and methods for next-generation pest management. Undoubtedly, the domain associated with the mechanism of PIs in the course of plant-pest interactions will occupy a central role for the advancement of more efficient and sustainable pest control strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Bowman-Birk Inhibitors: Insights into Family of Multifunctional Proteins and Peptides with Potential Therapeutical Applications

Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs) are found primarily in seeds of legumes and in cereal grains. These canonical inhibitors share a highly conserved nine-amino acids binding loop motif CTP1SXPPXC (where P1 is the inhibitory active site, while X stands for various amino acids). They are natural controllers of plants' endogenous proteases, but they are also inhibitors of exogenous proteases present in microbials and insects. They are considered as plants' protective agents, as their elevated levels are observed during injury, presence of pathogens, or abiotic stress, i.a. Similar properties are observed for peptides isolated from amphibians' skin containing 11-amino acids disulfide-bridged loop CWTP1SXPPXPC. They are classified as Bowman-Birk like trypsin inhibitors (BBLTIs). These inhibitors are resistant to proteolysis and not toxic, and they are reported to be beneficial in the treatment of various pathological states. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research results regarding BBIs' and BBLTIs' inhibitory activity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial and insecticidal strength, as well as chemopreventive properties.

Noncompetitive tight-binding inhibition of Anticarsia gemmatalis trypsins by Adenanthera pavonina protease inhibitor affects larvae survival

The economic loss in soybean crops caused by the Lepidoptera insects has encouraged the search for new strategies to control this pest, which are currently based on synthetic insecticides. This paper evaluated the ability of ApTI (Adenanthera pavonina trypsin inhibitor) to inhibit trypsin-like proteins from Anticarsia gemmatalis by docking, molecular dynamics, and enzymatic and survival assay. The docking and molecular dynamic simulation between trypsin and ApTI were performed using the program CLUSPRO and NAMD, respectively. The inhibitory constant K_i and the inhibition type were determined through chromogenic assays. The survival assay of neonatal larvae under treatment with artificial diet supplemented with ApTI was also performed. The ApTI binding site was predicted to block substrate access to trypsin due to four interactions with the enzyme, producing a complex with a surface area of 1,183.7 Ų . The kinetic analysis revealed a noncompetitive tight-binding mechanism. The survival curves obtained using Kaplan-Meier estimators indicated that the highest larvae mortality was 60%, using 1.2 mg of ApTI per 100 ml of artificial diet. The in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies demonstrated that ApTI is a strong noncompetitive inhibitor of trypsin with biotechnological potential for the control of A. gemmatalis insect.

Stability of trypsin inhibitor isolated from potato fruit juice against pH and heating treatment and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

Potato trypsin inhibitor (PTI) was obtained from imitated potato wastewater through a sustainable method of sequential acid precipitation, salting out, and ultrafiltration. PTI had a favorable inhibition with the low IC₅₀ of 6.861 ± 0.107 mg/L. To explore stability of PTI against pH and heating treatment, PTI secondary structure was investigated by circular dichroism and inhibition was determined using the BAPNA method. The results indicated that PTI exerted a certain heat resistance and excellent stability over a wide pH range. Also, correlation analysis displayed β-sheet and β-turn contents of PTI had a positive correlation with inhibition, whereas α-helix and random coil contents were negatively correlated with inhibition. During in vitro digestion, the limited loss rate of activity (29.28%) and degree of hydrolysis (24.39%) suggested that PTI presented sufficient resistance to gastrointestinal digestion. These findings would extend beneficial hints to convert potato wastewater by-product into the potential anti-obesity ingredient in future.

Optimization of a protease extraction using a statistical approach for the production of an alternative meat tenderizer from Manihot esculenta roots

Abstract

Meat tenderness is the most important criterion in food quality because it strongly influences the consumer's satisfaction. Tenderness generally depends on connective tissue and sarcomere length of muscle. One of the effective methods for meat tenderizing is protease treatment. In this study, Manihot esculenta root was chosen as a protease source due to its skin blistering effect, suggesting the presence of strong proteolytic activity. The extraction of the crude protease was optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) with four independent variables, which were pH (X₁), CaCl₂ (X₂), Triton X-100 (X₃) and 2-mercaptoethanol (X₄). Based on the RSM model, all the independent variables were significant and the optimum extraction conditions were pH 9, 3.24 mM CaCl₂, 4.12% Triton X-100 and 6.32 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. Tukey's test results showed that the difference between the expected and experimental protease activity value was 0.05%. A reduction of meat firmness was observed when samples treated with enzyme were compared with a control by using a texture analyser. Electrophoretic patterns also showed extensive proteolysis and a reduction of intensity and number of the protein bands in the treated sample. SEM clearly revealed the degradation of muscle fibres and connective tissue of meat treated with crude protease.

Graphic abstract

Biotechnological, biomedical, and agronomical applications of plant protease inhibitors with high stability: A systematic review

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are regulatory proteins found in numerous animal tissues and fluids, plants, and microorganisms that reduce and inhibit the exacerbated and uncontrolled activity of the target proteases. Specific PIs are also effective tools for inactivating proteases involved in human diseases like arthritis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, cancer, AIDS, thrombosis, emphysema, hypertension, and muscular dystrophy among others. Plant PIs-small peptides with a high content of cystine residues in disulfide bridges-possess a remarkable resistance to heat treatment and a high stability against shifts in pH, denaturing agents, ionic strength, and proteolysis. In recent years, novel biologic activities have been reported for plant PIs, including antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antioxidant action plus inhibition of tumor-cell growth; thus pointing to possible applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. In this review, we provide a comparative overview of plant-PIs classifying them in four groups according of their thermal and pH stability (high stability and hyperstable -to temperature and to pHs-, respectively), then emphasizing the relevance of the physicochemical characteristics of these proteins for potential biotechnological and industrial applications. Finally, we analyze the biologic activities of the stable protease inhibitors previously characterized that are the most relevant to potential applications in biomedicine, the food industry, and agriculture.

Protein purification from Arachis hypogaea in one step: stability studies and anticarcinogenic analysis

The study involved purification of trypsin inhibitor from the seeds of Indian peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), a member of leguminosae family. The inhibitor was purified to homogeneity via three sequential step procedure i.e., salt precipitation to anion-exchange chromatography. The purity and molecular mass was detected using SDS PAGE analysis i.e. ~ 16 kDa. The purified inhibitor termed as Peanut Trypsin Inhibitor (PTI) which inhibits trypsin belonging to serpins family. Anti- neoplastic potential on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and normal Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK) was determined using MTT assay. PTI exhibited IC50 value of ~ 18.412 µg/mL in HEK cells compared to ~ 9.635 µg/mL in MCF-7 cells. The values were quite comparable to curcumin, the standard anticancer drug demonstrating IC50 values of ~ 21.581 µg/mL and ~ 7.135 µg/mL in HEK and MCF-7 respectively. Therefore, we conclude that PTI may be used as supplement along with the conventional drugs for increased efficacy in the treatment of cancer.

Insight into the biochemical characterization of phytocystatin from Glycine max and its interaction with Cd+2 and Ni+2

Phytocystatins are cysteine proteinase inhibitors ubiquitously present in plants and animals. They are known to carry out various significant physiological functions and also maintain the balance of protease-antiprotease activity. In the present disquisition, a phytocystatin after preliminary treatment has been isolated and purified to homogeneity from soybean (Glycine max) by a simple two-step stratagem using ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration chromatography performed on Sephacryl S-100-HR. Soybean phytocystatin (SBPC) was purified with a fold purification of 635 and percent yield of 77.6%. A single band was observed on native gel electrophoresis confirming the homogeneity of the purified SBPC. The molecular weight of SBPC was found to be 19.05 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The SBPC was found to be devoid of carbohydrate moieties and sulfhydryl group content. The binding stoichiometry of SBPC-papain interaction was determined by isothermal calorimetry suggesting 1:1 complex, and the value of binding constant (K) was found to be 2.78 × 105  M-1 The affinity of binding (Kd ) value obtained through ITC was 3.59 × 10-6  M. The purified SBPC was found to be stable in the pH range of 3 to 7 and is thermostable up to 50°C. The UV-visible and fluorescence studies showed significant changes in the conformation upon the formation of the SBPC-papain complex. Furthermore, fluorescence spectroscopy, ANS binding, and caseinolytic activity assay were conducted out to explore the effect of metal ions on SBPC which showed that there was a loss in the inhibitory activity along with conformational changes of SBPC upon complex formation with Cd+2 and Ni+2 .

Potential Anticoagulant Activity of Trypsin Inhibitor Purified from an Isolated Marine Bacterium Oceanimonas Sp. BPMS22 and its Kinetics

Protease inhibitors control major biological protease activities to maintain physiological homeostasis. Marine bacteria isolated from oligotrophic conditions could be taxonomically distinct, metabolically unique, and offers a wide variety of biochemicals. In the present investigation, marine sediments were screened for the potential bacteria that can produce trypsin inhibitors. A moderate halotolerant novel marine bacterial strain of Oceanimonas sp. BPMS22 was isolated, identified, and characterized. The effect of various process parameters like salt concentration, temperature, and pH was studied on the growth of the bacteria and production of trypsin inhibitor. Further, the trypsin inhibitor was purified to near homogeneity using anion exchange, size exclusion, and affinity chromatography. The purified trypsin inhibitor was found to competitively inhibit trypsin activity with an inhibition coefficient, K_i, of 3.44 ± 0.13 μM and second-order association rate constant, k_ass, of 1.08 × 10³ M^-1 S^-1. The proteinaceous trypsin inhibitor had a molecular weight of approximately 30 kDa. The purified trypsin inhibitor showed anticoagulant activity on the human blood samples.

First insights into insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti and partial biochemical characterization of a novel low molecular mass chymotrypsin-trypsin inhibitor purified from Lonchocarpus sericeus seeds

BACKGROUND

Arboviroses such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya represent a serious public health issue as a consequence of the absence of approved vaccines or specific antiviral drugs against the arboviruses that cause them. One way to prevent these diseases is by combating the vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera), which has serine proteases in the midgut. Protease inhibitors are molecules that can block enzyme activity, impairing digestion and nutrition, which can lead to death. Thus, we purified and characterized a novel chymotrypsin-trypsin inhibitor (LsCTI) from Lonchocarpus sericeus seeds and investigated its effect upon Ae. aegypti egg hatching, larval development and digestive proteases.

RESULTS

LsCTI showed a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the molecular mass determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was 8870.45 Da. Kinetics analyses revealed a noncompetitive type of inhibition and low inhibition constant (K_i ) for chymotrypsin (8.24 x 10^-8 m). The thermal resistance was remarkable, even at 100 °C for 180 min. The inhibitor concentration required for 50-percent enzyme inhibition (IC₅₀ ) of LsCTI was 4.7 x 10^-7 m for Ae. aegypti midgut larval enzymes. LsCTI did not affect egg hatchability at 0.3 mg mL^-1 , but caused a high larval mortality rate (77%) and delayed development (37%).

CONCLUSIONS

LsCTI is a novel protease inhibitor with remarkable biochemical characteristics and is a potential tool to control Ae. aegypti development. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Differential Inhibition of Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae) Gut Digestive Trypsin by Extracted and Purified Inhibitor of Datura metel (Solanales: Solanaceae)

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lep: Noctuidae), is an economically important pest of numerous major food crops worldwide. Protease inhibitors from plants, expressed constitutively in transgenic crops, have potential for pest management as an alternative to chemical pesticides. In this study, a protease inhibitor was isolated, purified, and characterized from Datura metel L. seeds. The purity of the isolated inhibitor was confirmed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and activity staining showed one major peak and one clear activity band for the protein. Electrophoretic studies following gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography revealed two and one bands for purified proteins, respectively. Partial biochemical characterizations of the purified inhibitor were determined. Maximum inhibitory activity was observed at 40-45°C (optimal temperature) when tested against gut extracts of fourth to sixth instar H. armigera larvae. Thermo-stability of the trypsin inhibitor against sixth instar larval midgut trypsin was observed up to 50°C when incubated for 30 min and 2 h. Among metal ions tested, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+ were found to decrease the trypsin inhibitory activity, whereas Hg2+, Mg2+, K+, Zn2+, Na+, Ca2+, and Cd2+ were found to significantly increase the inhibitory effect. This trypsin inhibitor showed competitive inhibition where the apparent value of Michaelis-Menten Km increased, but the value of Vmax remained unchanged.

Allium sativum Protease Inhibitor: A Novel Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor from Garlic Is a New Comrade of the Serpin Family

PURPOSE

This study was aimed to purify and characterize the Protease inhibitor (PI) from a plant Allium sativum (garlic) with strong medicinal properties and to explore its phytodrug potentials.

METHODS

Allium sativum Protease Inhibitor (ASPI) was purified using ammonium sulphate fractionation and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography on anion exchanger Hi-Trap DEAE column. The purified protein was analyzed for its purity and molecular weight by SDS PAGE. The confirmation of presence of trypsin inhibiting PI was performed by MALDI TOF-TOF and analyzed by MASCOT database. The ASPI was further investigated for its kinetic properties and stability under extreme conditions of pH, temperature and chemical denaturants. Secondary structure was determined by Circular Dichorism (CD) spectroscopy.

RESULTS

ASPI of ~15 kDa inhibited trypsin and matched "truncated kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (Glycine max)" in MASCOT database. The purified ASPI showed 30376.1371 U/mg specific activity with a fold purity of 159.92 and yield ~93%. ASPI was quite stable in the range of pH 2-12 showing a decline in the activity around pH 4-5 suggesting that the pI value of the protein as ASPI aggregates in this range. ASPI showed stability to a broad range of temperature (10-80°C) but declined beyond 80°C. Further, detergents, oxidizing agents and reducing agents demonstrated change in ASPI activity under varying concentrations. The kinetic analysis revealed sigmoidal relationship of velocity with substrate concentration with Vmax 240.8 (μM/min) and Km value of 0.12 μM. ASPI showed uncompetitive inhibition with a Ki of 0.08±0.01 nM). The Far UV CD depicted 2.0% α -helices and 51% β -sheets at native pH.

CONCLUSIONS

To conclude, purified ~15 kDa ASPI exhibited fair stability in wide range of pH and temperature Overall, there was an increase in purification fold with remarkable yield. Chemical modification studies suggested the presence of lysine and tryptophan residues as lead amino acids present in the reactive sites. Therefore, ASPI with trypsin inhibitory property has the potential to be used as a non-cytotoxic clinical agents.