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Zheng Y, Zha S, Zhang W, Dong Y, He J, Lin Z, Bao Y. Integrated RNA-seq and RNAi Analysis of the Roles of the Hsp70 and SP Genes in Red-Shell Meretrix meretrix Tolerance to the Pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:942-955. [PMID: 36030481 PMCID: PMC9420185 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The "Wanlihong" Meretrix meretrix (WLH-M) clam is a new variety of this species that has a red shell and stronger Vibrio tolerance than ordinary M. meretrix (ORI-M). To investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the WLH-M strain's tolerance to Vibrio, we challenged clams with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and then assessed physiological indexes and conducted transcriptome analysis and RNA interference experiments. The mortality, tissue bacterial load, and hemocyte reactive oxygen species level of ORI-M were significantly higher than those of WLH-M, whereas the content and activity of lysozyme were significantly lower. Gene Ontology functional annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that immune and metabolic pathways were enriched in Vibrio-challenged clams. The expressions of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and serine protease (SP) genes, which are involved in antibacterial immunity, were significantly upregulated in WLH-M but not in ORI-M, while the expression of the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene, a proinflammatory factor, was significantly downregulated in WLH-M. RNA interference experiments confirmed that Hsp70 and SP downregulation could result in increased mortality of WLH-M. Therefore, we speculate that Hsp70 and SP may be involved in the antibacterial immunity of WLH-M in vivo. Our data provided a valuable resource for further studies of the antibacterial mechanism of WLH-M and provided a foundation for the breeding of pathogen-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315823 China
| | - Yinghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
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Is pallial mucus involved in Ostrea edulis defenses against the parasite Bonamia ostreae? J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 169:107259. [PMID: 31805287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bonamia ostreae is an intrahemocytic parasite that has been responsible for severe mortalities in the flat oyster Ostrea edulis since the 1970́s. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is considered to be resistant to the disease and appears to have mechanisms to avoid infection. Most studies carried out on the invertebrate immune system focus on the role of hemolymph, although mucus, which covers the body surface of molluscs, could also act as a barrier against pathogens. In this study, the in vitro effect of mucus from the oyster species Ostrea edulis and C. gigas on B. ostreae was investigated using flow cytometry. Results showed an increase in esterase activities and mortality rate of parasites exposed to mucus from both oyster species. In order to better understand the potential role of mucus in the defense of the oyster against parasites such as B. ostreae, liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were used to describe and compare mucus protein composition from both species. In all oyster species, pallial mucus contains a high level of proteins; however, O. edulis mucus produced a variety of proteins that could be involved in the immune response against the parasite, including Cu/Zn extracellular superoxide dismutase, thioxiredoxin, peroxiredon VI, heat shock protein 90 as well as several hydrolases. Conversely, a different set of antioxidant proteins, hydrolases and stress related proteins were identified in mucus from C. gigas. Our results suggest an innate immunity adaptation of oysters to develop a specific response against their respective pathogens. The mucosal protein composition also provides new insights for further investigations into the immune response in oysters.
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Guo M, Wang H, Shao Y, Xing R, Zhao X, Zhang W, Li C. Gene identification and antimicrobial activity analysis of a novel lysozyme from razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:198-206. [PMID: 30946959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are important immune effectors present in phylogenetically diverse organisms. They play vital roles in bacterial elimination during early immune responses. In the present study, a second invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozyme gene from razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (denoted as ScLYZ-2) was cloned by RACE and nested PCR methods. The full-length cDNA sequences of ScLYZ-2 were 1558 bp, including a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 375 bp, an open reading frame of 426 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 757 bp with polyadenylation signal sequence (AATAAA) located upstream of the poly(A) tail. SMART analysis showed that ScLYZ-2 contains a signal peptide in the first 16 amino acid (AA) sequences and a destabilase domain located from 24 to 134 AA sequences. The deduced AA sequences of ScLYZ-2 were highly similar (42%-58%) to other known lysozyme genes of bivalve species. Multiple alignments of AA sequences showed that ScLYZ-2 possesses the classical i-type lysozyme family signature of two motifs ["MDVGSLSCGP(Y/F)QIK" and "CL(E/L/R/H)C(I/M)C"] and two catalytic residues (Glu35 and Asp46). Moreover, phylogenetic analysis showed that ScLYZ-2 is a new member of the i-type lysozyme family. In healthy razor clams, ScLYZ-2 was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas, followed by the gills, water pipes, and abdominal foot. Lysozyme activity and ScLYZ-2 expression levels were significantly upregulated in the hepatopancreas and gills after being infected with V. splendidus, V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus and M. luteus. Moreover, the recombinant ScLYZ-2 had strong antimicrobial activities against V. splendidus, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, the minimal inhibitory concentration of the recombinant ScLYZ-2 against V. parahaemolyticus was 7.2 μmol/mL. Taken together, our results show that ScLYZ-2 plays an important role in the immune defense of razor clam by eliminating pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guo
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Huihui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Ronglian Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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Wei Q, Mu C, Wang C, Zhao J. Molecular characterization, expression, and antibacterial activity of a c-type lysozyme isolated from the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:502-508. [PMID: 30031064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is an antibacterial enzyme that is widely distributed in nature and plays an important role in the prevention of bacterial infections. In this study, a c-type lysozyme (designated as "RpCLYZ") was cloned and characterized from the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The full-length cDNA was 619 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 447 bp, and encoded a polypeptide of 148 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 17.0 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.83. RpCLYZ was found to share high sequence similarity with c-type lysozymes from other invertebrates. The mRNA transcript of RpCLYZ was universally expressed in a wide range of tissues, especially in gills and mantle. Challenge with Vibrio anguillarum, significantly induced mRNA expression of RpCLYZ, which reached a maximum level 48 h after bacterial challenge. Recombinant RpCLYZ (rRpCLYZ) exhibited antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the optimal pH and temperature for rRpCLYZ activity were determined to be 4.5 and 20 °C, respectively. These results suggest that RpCLYZ participates in innate immune responses against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China.
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Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:99-118. [PMID: 28587860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate, oysters have evolved an integrated, highly complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders via an array of orchestrated immune reactions, such as immune recognition, signal transduction, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, as well as encapsulation and phagocytosis of the circulating haemocytes. The hematopoietic tissue, hematopoiesis, and the circulating haemocytes have been preliminary characterized, and the detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas genome has revealed massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in this animal. Moreover, immune priming and maternal immune transfer are reported in oysters, suggesting the adaptability of invertebrate immunity. Apoptosis and autophagy are proved to be important immune mechanisms in oysters. This review will summarize the research progresses of immune system and the immunomodulation mechanisms of the primitive catecholaminergic, cholinergic, neuropeptides, GABAergic and nitric oxidase system, which possibly make oysters ideal model for studying the origin and evolution of immune system and the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in lower invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Yang D, Wang Q, Chen L, Liu Y, Cao R, Wu H, Li F, Ji C, Cong M, Zhao J. Molecular characterization and antibacterial activity of a phage-type lysozyme from the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:17-24. [PMID: 28365385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A phage-type lysozyme, designed as RpPLYZ, was cloned and characterized from the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The full-length cDNA of RpPLYZ was of 699 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 534 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 177-amino acid with a calculated molecular mass of 19.6 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.05. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that RpPLYZ was a new member of the phage-type lysozyme family. The mRNA transcript of RpPLYZ was found to be constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues and mainly in hemocytes and mantle. The relative expression of RpPLYZ mRNA in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after Vibrio anguillarum challenge. The recombinant RpPLYZ (rRpPLYZ) showed high activity against Entherobacter cloacae and Staphyloccocus aureus, and less effective towards Entherobacter aerogenes and V. anguillarum. Moreover, the optimal pH, temperature and ionic strength for rRpPLYZ activity was determined to be 5.5, 50 °C and 5 mM, respectively. These results suggested that RpPLYZ was a member of the phage-type lysozyme family and perhaps played an important role in the immune responses against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China; Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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Fernández-Boo S, Villalba A, Cao A. Protein expression profiling in haemocytes and plasma of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in response to infection with Perkinsus olseni. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1369-1385. [PMID: 27233620 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The protein expression profiling in clam haemocytes and plasma in response to Perkinsus olseni was addressed. Adult Manila clams from a P. olseni-free bed were experimentally challenged with parasite zoospores to analyse immune response. In another experiment, the effects of longer term infection were assessed in adult clams collected from a P. olseni-affected bed, by comparing moderate to very heavily infected clams with non-infected ones. Haemocyte and plasma proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis; spot patterns were qualitatively compared between treatments within each experiment and the spots indicating differential protein expression associated with P. olseni challenge or with field infection were processed for protein identification. Fifteen clam proteins (four in haemocytes and eleven in plasma) of which expression was markedly affected by P. olseni were identified. Some of the identified proteins have a well-known role in clam immune response against the parasite, such as lysozyme and lectins. Rho GTPase-activating protein 6 could be a marker of resistance against P. olseni, which should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Boo
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - A Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá de Henares, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - A Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería do Mar da Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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Detree C, Chabenat A, Lallier FH, Satoh N, Shoguchi E, Tanguy A, Mary J. Multiple I-Type Lysozymes in the Hydrothermal Vent Mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus and Their Role in Symbiotic Plasticity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148988. [PMID: 26882089 PMCID: PMC4755537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was first to identify lysozymes paralogs in the deep sea mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus then to measure their relative expression or activity in different tissue or conditions. B. azoricus is a bivalve that lives close to hydrothermal chimney in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). They harbour in specialized gill cells two types of endosymbiont (gram-bacteria): sulphide oxidizing bacteria (SOX) and methanotrophic bacteria (MOX). This association is thought to be ruled by specific mechanism or actors of regulation to deal with the presence of symbiont but these mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we focused on the implication of lysozyme, a bactericidal enzyme, in this endosymbiosis. The relative expression of Ba-lysozymes paralogs and the global anti-microbial activity, were measured in natural population (Lucky Strike--1700 m, Mid-Atlantic Ridge), and in in situ experimental conditions. B. azoricus individuals were moved away from the hydrothermal fluid to induce a loss of symbiont. Then after 6 days some mussels were brought back to the mussel bed to induce a re-acquisition of symbiotic bacteria. Results show the presence of 6 paralogs in B. azoricus. In absence of symbionts, 3 paralogs are up-regulated while others are not differentially expressed. Moreover the global activity of lysozyme is increasing with the loss of symbiont. All together these results suggest that lysozyme may play a crucial role in symbiont regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Detree
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Apolline Chabenat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - François H. Lallier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Nori Satoh
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
| | - Eiichi Shoguchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Jean Mary
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
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Dai W, Wu D, Zhang M, Wen C, Xie Y, Hu B, Jian S, Zeng M, Tao Z. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel i-type lysozyme in the freshwater musselCristaria plicata. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:744-55. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Dai
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Dan Wu
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Jiangxi Biotech Vocational; Nanchang 330200 China
| | - Chungen Wen
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Yanhai Xie
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Baoqing Hu
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Shaoqing Jian
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Mingyu Zeng
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
| | - Zhiying Tao
- School of Life Sciences; Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031
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Bachère E, Rosa RD, Schmitt P, Poirier AC, Merou N, Charrière GM, Destoumieux-Garzón D. The new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: Cellular, molecular and genetic view. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:50-64. [PMID: 25753917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are sessile filter feeders that live in close association with abundant and diverse communities of microorganisms that form the oyster microbiota. In such an association, cellular and molecular mechanisms have evolved to maintain oyster homeostasis upon stressful conditions including infection and changing environments. We give here cellular and molecular insights into the Crassostrea gigas antimicrobial defense system with focus on antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs). This review highlights the central role of the hemocytes in the modulation and control of oyster antimicrobial response. As vehicles for AMPs and other antimicrobial effectors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), and together with epithelia, hemocytes provide the oyster with local defense reactions instead of systemic humoral ones. These reactions are largely based on phagocytosis but also, as recently described, on the extracellular release of antimicrobial histones (ETosis) which is triggered by ROS. Thus, ROS can signal danger and activate cellular responses in the oyster. From the current literature, AMP production/release could serve similar functions. We provide also new lights on the oyster genetic background that underlies a great diversity of AMP sequences but also an extraordinary individual polymorphism of AMP gene expression. We discuss here how this polymorphism could generate new immune functions, new pathogen resistances or support individual adaptation to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bachère
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France; Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad, Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Aurore C Poirier
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Merou
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- Ifremer, UMR 5244, IHPE Interaction Host Pathogen Environment, UPVD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CC 80, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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Ding J, Wang R, Yang F, Zhao L, Qin Y, Zhang G, Yan X. Identification and characterization of a novel phage-type like lysozyme from Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:81-9. [PMID: 24995730 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel lysozyme gene (RpLysPh) with high similarity to the bacteriophage lysozymes was identified in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The full length cDNA of RpLysPh is 828bp and contains a 462bp open reading frame (ORF) that codes for a 154 amino acid protein. Multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed that the three residues essential for catalytic activity in phage-type lysozyme (Glu(20), Asp(29), and Thr(35)) are conserved in RpLysPh. The comparison of the 3D models of RpLysPh and Coxiella burnetii lysozyme also suggested that the active sites involved in the binding of substrate have similar conformations. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that RpLysPh shares a similar origin with the bacterial phage-type lysozyme group. The highest level of expression of RpLysPh was observed in hemocytes, followed by mantle. Induction of RpLysPh expression was observed in gills in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), and whole glucan particles (WGP) challenge. The recombinant protein of RpLysPh showed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Ding
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yanjie Qin
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China.
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Xu N, Pan J, Liu S, Xue Q, Zhang S. Three in one: Identification, expression and enzymatic activity of lysozymes in amphioxus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:508-517. [PMID: 24968076 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The lysozymes identified so far in animals belong to the g-type, c-type, and i-type. Vertebrate animals possess only the former two types, i.e., g- and c-types, while all the three types have been reported in invertebrates. Here we demonstrate that (1) three cDNAs that encode g-, c-, and i-type lysozymes, respectively, were identified in a single species of the amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum; (2) all the 3-type genes displayed distinct tissue-specific expression pattern; (3) recombinant g-, c-, and i-type lysozymes all exhibited enzymatic activities; and (4) native g-, c-, and i-type lysozymes were identified in the different tissues of amphioxus. Collectively, these results suggest the presence of all the 3-type lysozymes in a single animal species, first such data ever reported. The presence of biologically active i-type lysozyme in amphioxus also suggests that i-type lysozyme gene is retained at least in Protochordata, contrasting to the previous proposal that i-type lysozyme gene has been lost in a common ancestor of all chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Junli Pan
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shousheng Liu
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qinggang Xue
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA.
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Prophenoloxidase system, lysozyme and protease inhibitor distribution in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 172-173:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Yin F, Dan XM, Sun P, Shi ZH, Gao QX, Peng SM, Li AX. Growth, feed intake and immune responses of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) exposed to low infectious doses of ectoparasite (Cryptocaryon irritans). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:291-298. [PMID: 24316499 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effect of low-dose Cryptocaryon irritans infection on growth, feeding and antiparasitic immunity of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), this study utilized C. irritans at concentrations of 5500 theronts/fish (Group I, 1/10 of 96 h LC50) or 11,000 theronts/fish (Group II) to infect E. coioides weighing 38 g on average at week 0, 2 and 4, respectively. Food consumption was recorded daily; the fish were weighed weekly; serum immobilizing titer (SIT), and acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LZM) activity were recorded every 2 weeks; the fish were treated with lethal dose (70,000 theronts/fish) of C. irritans in the 8th week and death number were recorded. The result shows that in the 1st week after the first infection, the fish's weight gain (WG), length gain (LG), and specific growth rate (SGR) dropped as parasite dose increased, and WG, SGR values were negative; while, after the 2nd and the 3rd infection, no significant differences were detected among the three groups. These results indicated that the 1st infection affected the fish most, while the following infections were protected by some immunity. In the 3rd, 7th, and 8th week, condition factor (CF) increased with the increased infectious dose, indicating that the parasite affected body length more than body weight. As the experiment went on, accumulated food consumption (AFC) of all three groups steadily grew (control > Group I > Group II). But on the 2nd day after the first infection, daily food consumption (DFC) of Group I and II significantly dropped, the decline of Group II was greater than that of Group I, DFC recovered in the following week, with Group I earlier than Group II. After the 2nd infection, DFC of Group I and II dropped again, Group II still dropped more than Group I, and both groups recovered on the 3rd day after infection. The 3rd infection caused no significant difference in week food consumption (WFC). These results indicated that a higher dose of infection causes a greater drop in FC and a slower recovery. Weekly feed conversion ratio (WFCR) values of Group I and II in the 1st week was negative; in the 2nd week, WFCR was lower in the group infected by a higher dose of parasite; while in the 3rd and following weeks, no significant pattern was observed. Accumulate feed conversion ratio (AFCR) dropped as the infectious dose increased (control > Group I > Group II), AFCR of Group I and II reached above 0 in the 2nd and 4th week, respectively. From the 4th week on, the inter-group AFCR of the 3 groups still took on a declining trend with the increased infectious dose but the gap became smaller. One week after the first infection, SIT of Group I and Group II were 0; one week after the 2nd infection, SIT reached up to 8 (Group I) and 16 (Group II) respectively; and after the 3rd infection, SIT further increased and peaked in the 7th week. When challenged by lethal dose of C. irritans, fish of all 3 groups began to die since the 3rd day after infection, and the final deaths were 14, 12 and 8 for the control group, Group I and Group II, respectively. ACP activity in the 1st, 5th, 7th but the 3rd week was higher in the experiment group than that in the control group, but no significant difference was detected between Group I and II throughout the experiment. AKP activity increased as the infectious dose increased, but the difference among the three groups gradually became less obvious in latter infections, and no significant difference can be detected in the end. SOD activity increased with infection dose at each time point, while both group I and group II had their SOD activities first increased and then decreased as times of infection increased. The LZM activity of the two infection groups increased as the infectious times increased. Combining the results on growth and feeding, we speculated that the fish's physiological condition stabilized after 3 rounds of infection. To sum up, low-dose infection by C. irritans can induce the fish's immunity, but at the cost of decreasing food intake, decreased food conversion, and lagged growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, PR China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhao-Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Quan-Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shi-Ming Peng
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - An-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Products Safety of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang West Street, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, PR China.
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Host–parasite interactions: Marine bivalve molluscs and protozoan parasites, Perkinsus species. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:196-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Yue X, Huan P, Xiao G, Liu B. Expression patterns of an i-type lysozyme in the clam Meretrix meretrix along with larval development. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:27-32. [PMID: 23583308 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An i-type lysozyme (MmeLys) has been proved to function in immunity of the clam Meretrix meretrix in our previous studies. In this study, the expression patterns of MmeLys mRNA and protein at four chief developmental stages of M. meretrix were analyzed, which was able to provide information about how ontogeny of immunity and, in particular, antibacterial ability occured in the bivalve. The results of real-time PCR and western blot showed that MmeLys expressions were activated in D-veligers and dramatically increased to the highest level in pediveligers. It is proposed that the expression changes at these two stages might be due to the visceral organs changes, which were related to the archenteron formation in D-veligers and the organ-restructuring in pediveligers during metamorphosis. In addition, new methods of whole mount in situ hybridization and whole mount immunofluorescence were applied to identify the MmeLys expression tissues, and these tissues (i.e. hepatopancreas, gill, mantle, mouth, velum and foot) may be involved in the immune function during development of clams. Our study is valuable to a certain extent for exploring the origin of immune functions in clams and provides new methodology for future studies on the immune ontogeny of bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Umasuthan N, Bathige SDNK, Kasthuri SR, Wan Q, Whang I, Lee J. Two duplicated chicken-type lysozyme genes in disc abalone Haliotis discus discus: molecular aspects in relevance to structure, genomic organization, mRNA expression and bacteriolytic function. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:284-299. [PMID: 23664908 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are crucial antibacterial proteins that are associated with catalytic cleavage of peptidoglycan and subsequent bacteriolysis. The present study describes the identification of two lysozyme genes from disc abalone Haliotis discus discus and their characterization at sequence-, genomic-, transcriptional- and functional-levels. Two cDNAs and BAC clones bearing lysozyme genes were isolated from abalone transcriptome and BAC genomic libraries, respectively and sequences were determined. Corresponding deduced amino acid sequences harbored a chicken-type lysozyme (LysC) family profile and exhibited conserved characteristics of LysC family members including active residues (Glu and Asp) and GS(S/T)DYGIFQINS motif suggested that they are LysC counterparts in disc abalone and designated as abLysC1 and abLysC2. While abLysC1 represented the homolog recently reported in Ezo abalone [1], abLysC2 shared significant identity with LysC homologs. Unlike other vertebrate LysCs, coding sequence of abLysCs were distributed within five exons interrupted by four introns. Both abLysCs revealed a broader mRNA distribution with highest levels in mantle (abLysC1) and hepatopancreas (abLysC2) suggesting their likely main role in defense and digestion, respectively. Investigation of temporal transcriptional profiles post-LPS and -pathogen challenges revealed induced-responses of abLysCs in gills and hemocytes. The in vitro muramidase activity of purified recombinant (r) abLysCs proteins was evaluated, and findings indicated that they are active in acidic pH range (3.5-6.5) and over a broad temperature range (20-60 °C) and influenced by ionic strength. When the antibacterial spectra of (r)abLysCs were examined, they displayed differential activities against both Gram positive and Gram negative strains providing evidence for their involvement in bacteriolytic function in abalone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Wu D, Hu B, Wen C, Lin G, Tao Z, Hu X, Xie Y. Gene identification and recombinant protein of a lysozyme from freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1033-1041. [PMID: 23333359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are important proteins to bivalve in the innate immune responses against bacterial infections, and provide nutrition as digestion enzymes. A new LYZ1 from the freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and nested PCR method. The full-length cDNA sequence of CpLYZ1 was 763 bp. The cDNA contained a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 21 bp, a 3'- terminal UTR of 259 bp with a 29 bp poly(A) tail, a tailing signal (AATAAA) and the open reading frame of 483 bp. The CpLYZ1 cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 160 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 17.8 kDa, and a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.07. The comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with LYZs from other species showed that the enzyme belonged to i-type lysozyme. The mRNA transcript of CpLYZ1 could be detected in all the examined tissues with the highest expression level in hepatopancreas. The expression levels of CpLYZ1 in hemocytes, hepatopancreas and gill significantly increased after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. The expression level of CpLYZ1 in hemocytes sharply decreased from 6 h to 24 h and significantly increased at 48 h, and was the highest level in hepatopancreas at 24 h, and was the maximum level in gill at 48 h. Furthermore, the recombinant CpLYZ1 was induced to be expressed as an inclusion body form by IPTG at 37 °C for 4 h, and then was purified by using the Ni(2+) affinity chromatography. The relative enzyme activity of the recombinant CpLYZ1 was influenced on pH and temperature. The optimal pH and temperature was 5.5 and 50 °C, respectively. Against Escherichia coli, A. hydrophila, Staphyloccocus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus epidermidis, the recombinant CpLYZ1 had bacteriolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Bio-science, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Road, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi Province, China
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Ren Q, Qi YL, Hui KM, Zhang Z, Zhang CY, Wang W. Four invertebrate-type lysozyme genes from triangle-shell pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:909-915. [PMID: 22884462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes in animals have three types, namely chicken-type, goose-type, and invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozymes and all these 3 types have been found in bivalve mollusks. The i-type lysozymes in mollusks are involved in digestion and innate immunity. In this study, four different lysozyme genes that belong to i-type were identified from Hyriopsis cumingii. The HcLyso1 to HcLyso4 genes encode proteins with 144, 144, 161, and 228 amino acids, respectively, and contain a destabilase domain. HcLyso4 also contains SH3b domain in addition to its destabilase domain. Multiple alignments showed that two catalytic residues of Glu and Asp which were necessary for enzyme activity were present in i-type lysozymes. Phylogenetic analysis using CDS sequences of i-type lysozymes showed that these lysozymes can be divided into mollusk and crustacean clades, and that HcLyso1 to HcLyso4 all belong to the mollusk clades. Although there was no positive selection predicted in i-type lysozymes, some branches suffered rapid evolution. HcLyso1 is mainly expressed in hepatopancreas and can be detected in hemocytes. HcLyso2 is primarily expressed in hepatopancreas and can be detected in hemocytes Whereas, HcLyso3 can be detected mainly in hemocytes, hepatopancreas, gills, and mantle. HcLyso4 is expressed in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. qRT-PCR analysis showed that HcLyso1 to HcLyso4 were all nearly down-regulated by Vibrio or Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Moreover, our research indicated that HcLyso1 to HcLyso4 might play a key role in the innate immunity of mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Yue X, Wang H, Huang X, Wang C, Chai X, Wang C, Liu B. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in i-type lysozyme gene and their correlation with vibrio-resistance and growth of clam Meretrix meretrix based on the selected resistance stocks. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:559-568. [PMID: 22728564 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
I-type lysozyme is considered to play crucial roles in both anti-bacteria and digestion function of the bivalve, which signifies that it is related to both immunity and growth. In this study, based on the principle of case-control association analysis, using the stock materials with different vibrio-resistance profile obtained by selective breeding, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DNA partial sequence of an i-type lysozyme of Meretrix meretrix (MmeLys) were discovered and examined for their association with vibrio-resistance and growth. Twenty-seven SNPs were detected and fifteen of them were genotyped in clam stocks with different resistance to Vibrio harveyi (09-C and 09-R) and to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (11-S and 11-R). Allele frequency distribution among different stocks was compared. And wet weight of clams with different genotype at each SNP locus was compared. The results indicated that SNP locus 9 was associated with V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus resistance and growth of M. meretrix. Loci 12 and 14 were associated with both V. parahaemolyticus-resistance and growth, and also have the potential to be related with V. harveyi-resistance of M. meretrix. Therefore these three SNPs especially locus 9 were the potential markers which may be involved in assisting resistance selective breeding. In addition, this study showed evidence that improvements in clam resistance to vibriosis could be achieved through selective breeding. All results provided encouragement for the continuation of the selective breeding program for vibrio-resistance gain in clam M. meretrix and the application of polymorphisms in MmeLys to the future marker assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Schmitt P, Rosa RD, Duperthuy M, de Lorgeril J, Bachère E, Destoumieux-Garzón D. The Antimicrobial Defense of the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. How Diversity may Compensate for Scarcity in the Regulation of Resident/Pathogenic Microflora. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:160. [PMID: 22783227 PMCID: PMC3390580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy oysters are inhabited by abundant microbial communities that vary with environmental conditions and coexist with immunocompetent cells in the circulatory system. In Crassostrea gigas oysters, the antimicrobial response, which is believed to control pathogens and commensals, relies on potent oxygen-dependent reactions and on antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs) produced at low concentrations by epithelial cells and/or circulating hemocytes. In non-diseased oysters, hemocytes express basal levels of defensins (Cg-Defs) and proline-rich peptides (Cg-Prps). When the bacterial load dramatically increases in oyster tissues, both AMP families are driven to sites of infection by major hemocyte movements, together with bactericidal permeability/increasing proteins (Cg-BPIs) and given forms of big defensins (Cg-BigDef), whose expression in hemocytes is induced by infection. Co-localization of AMPs at sites of infection could be determinant in limiting invasion as synergies take place between peptide families, a phenomenon which is potentiated by the considerable diversity of AMP sequences. Besides, diversity occurs at the level of oyster AMP mechanisms of action, which range from membrane lysis for Cg-BPI to inhibition of metabolic pathways for Cg-Defs. The combination of such different mechanisms of action may account for the synergistic activities observed and compensate for the low peptide concentrations in C. gigas cells and tissues. To overcome the oyster antimicrobial response, oyster pathogens have developed subtle mechanisms of resistance and evasion. Thus, some Vibrio strains pathogenic for oysters are equipped with AMP-sensing systems that trigger resistance. More generally, the known oyster pathogenic vibrios have evolved strategies to evade intracellular killing through phagocytosis and the associated oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Schmitt
- Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, UMR 5119, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, IRD, Ifremer, and Université Montpellier 1, Place Eugène Bataillon Montpellier, France
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22
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Identification and expression of immune genes in the flat oyster Ostrea edulis in response to bonamiosis. Gene 2012; 492:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Yue X, Liu B, Xue Q. An i-type lysozyme from the Asiatic hard clam Meretrix meretrix potentially functioning in host immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:550-8. [PMID: 21134465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes function in animal immunity. Three types of lysozyme have been identified in animal kingdom and most lysozymes identified from bivalve molluscs belong to the invertebrate (i) type. In this research, we cloned and sequenced a new i-type lysozyme, named MmeLys, from the Asiatic hard clam Meretrix meretrix. MmeLys cDNA was constituted of 552 bp, with a 441 bp open reading frame encoding a 146 amino acid polypeptide. The encoded polypeptide was predicted to have a 15 amino acid signal peptide, and a 131 amino acid mature protein with a theoretical mass of 14601.44 Da and an isoelectric point (pI) of 7.14. MmeLys amino acid sequence bore 64% identity with the Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) i-type lysozyme and was grouped with other veneroid i-type lysozymes in a bivalve lysozyme phylogenetic tree predicted using Neighbor-Jointing method. Recombinantly expressed MmeLys showed lysozyme activity and strong antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. MmeLys mRNA and protein were detected to be mainly produced in hepatopancreas and gill by the methods of semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. In addition, MmeLys gene expression increased following Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Results of this research indicated that MmeLys represents a new i-type lysozyme that likely functions in M. meretrix immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Characterization of the major plasma protein of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and a proposed role in host defense. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 158:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Xue Q, Hellberg ME, Schey KL, Itoh N, Eytan RI, Cooper RK, La Peyre JF. A new lysozyme from the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and a possible evolutionary pathway for i-type lysozymes in bivalves from host defense to digestion. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:213. [PMID: 20633278 PMCID: PMC3020801 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysozymes are enzymes that lyse bacterial cell walls, an activity widely used for host defense but also modified in some instances for digestion. The biochemical and evolutionary changes between these different functional forms has been well-studied in the c-type lysozymes of vertebrates, but less so in the i-type lysozymes prevalent in most invertebrate animals. Some bivalve molluscs possess both defensive and digestive lysozymes. RESULTS We report a third lysozyme from the oyster Crassostrea virginica, cv-lysozyme 3. The chemical properties of cv-lysozyme 3 (including molecular weight, isoelectric point, basic amino acid residue number, and predicted protease cutting sites) suggest it represents a transitional form between lysozymes used for digestion and immunity. The cv-lysozyme 3 protein inhibited the growth of bacteria (consistent with a defensive function), but semi-quantitative RT-PCR suggested the gene was expressed mainly in digestive glands. Purified cv-lysozyme 3 expressed maximum muramidase activity within a range of pH (7.0 and 8.0) and ionic strength (I = 0.005-0.01) unfavorable for either cv-lysozyme 1 or cv-lysozyme 2 activities. The topology of a phylogenetic analysis of cv-lysozyme 3 cDNA (full length 663 bp, encoding an open reading frame of 187 amino acids) is also consistent with a transitional condition, as cv-lysozyme 3 falls at the base of a monophyletic clade of bivalve lysozymes identified from digestive glands. Rates of nonsynonymous substitution are significantly high at the base of this clade, consistent with an episode of positive selection associated with the functional transition from defense to digestion. CONCLUSION The pattern of molecular evolution accompanying the shift from defensive to digestive function in the i-type lysozymes of bivalves parallels those seen for c-type lysozymes in mammals and suggests that the lysozyme paralogs that enhance the range of physiological conditions for lysozyme activity may provide stepping stones between defensive and digestive forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xue
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
| | - Michael E Hellberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Naoki Itoh
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555 Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ron I Eytan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Richard K Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
| | - Jerome F La Peyre
- Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA
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Tang B, Liu B, Wang X, Yue X, Xiang J. Physiological and immune responses of Zhikong Scallop Chlamys farreri to the acute viral necrobiotic virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 29:42-48. [PMID: 20188840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Zhikong Scallop, Chlamys farreri, is one of the most important bivalve mollusks cultured in northern China. However, mass mortality of the cultured C. farreri has posed a serious threat to the maricultural industry in recent years. Acute Viral Necrobiotic Virus (AVNV) is believed as an important etiological agent causing the scallop mass mortalities. To understand the mechanism behind the AVNV associated scallop disease and mortality, we assessed the physiological and immune responses of C. farreri to the virus infection using oxygen consumption rate, ammonium-nitrogen excretion rate, hemocyte copper, zinc superoxide dismutase gene expression, and plasma superoxide dismutase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity as indicators. Scallops challenged by AVNV at 25 degrees C developed typical disease signs 2 days after virus injection. Before the disease manifested, scallop oxygen consumption and NH4+-N excretion rates rose and then fell back. Real-time PCR revealed that the hemocyte cytosol Cu, Zn SOD gene expression was upregulated followed by recovery. The plasma SOD activity, however, augmented consistently following virus injection. Moreover, plasma AKP activity first lowered and then elevated gradually to the highest level at 24 h post virus injection. Scallops challenged by AVNV at 17 degrees C neither developed notable disease nor showed obvious responses that could be associated with the virus infection. While the results suggested a correlation between the elevated seawater temperature and the AVNV infection associated C. farreri mortalities, they also indicated that the viral infection provoked multiple physiological and immune responses in the host scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Tang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Shanghai 200090, China
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Itoh N, Okada Y, Takahashi KG, Osada M. Presence and characterization of multiple mantle lysozymes in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 29:126-135. [PMID: 20211734 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mantle tissue extracts from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, exhibited anti-Gram-positive bacterial and lysozyme activities over a wide pH range, suggesting that multiple defensive mantle lysozymes were present. Degenerated reverse-transcription PCR detected the expression of two mantle lysozymes, CGL-1 and a novel lysozyme CGL-3, confirming the presence of multiple lysozymes in the mantle. Since CGL-3 is a cognate protein of the digestive lysozyme CGL-2, it is assumed that CGL-3 has evolved specifically a defensive function. Functional assays using recombinant CGL-1 and CGL-3 suggested that CGL-1 and CGL-3 play a major defensive role in the mantle tissue, and that they are responsible for lysozyme activity under different pH, ionic strength and temperature conditions. Based on these observations, we conclude that multiple mantle lysozymes in the Pacific oyster are better for host-defense under broader conditions than a single lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Itoh
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan.
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Williams HR, Macey BM, Burnett LE, Burnett KG. Differential localization and bacteriostasis of Vibrio campbellii among tissues of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:592-600. [PMID: 19022286 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In bivalve mollusks the roles of individual tissues in antimicrobial defense remain unclear. In this study, Crassostrea virginica were injected in the adductor muscle with 10(5) live Vibrio campbellii. Major tissues were dissected at 10, 30, 60 or 120 min postinjection (PI); in each tissue undegraded (intact) bacteria were quantified by real-time PCR and culturable bacteria were enumerated by selective plating. At 10 min PI, accumulation of bacteria varied among tissues from approximately 2.4 x 10(3) (labial palps, digestive gland) to 24.2 x 10(3) (gonads) intact Vibrio g(-1). Neither distribution nor accumulation of intact bacteria changed with time except in the hemolymph. In most tissues, more than 80% of intact bacteria were culturable at 10 min PI and culturability decreased with time. In contrast, only 19% of intact bacteria in gonadal tissue could be cultured at 10 min PI, pointing to a major role for the gonadal tissues in antibacterial defense of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi R Williams
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Itoh N, Takahashi KG. Distribution of multiple peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the tissues of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:409-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li H, Parisi MG, Toubiana M, Cammarata M, Roch P. Lysozyme gene expression and hemocyte behaviour in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, after injection of various bacteria or temperature stresses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 25:143-152. [PMID: 18495491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of the Mytilus galloprovincialis lysozyme gene in different in vivo stress situations, including injection of bacteria Vibrio splendidus LGP32, Vibrio anguillarum or Micrococcus lysodeikticus, as well as heat shock at 30 degrees C and cold stress at 5 degrees C. Injection of V. splendidus LGP32 resulted in: (i) a general down-regulation of lysozyme gene expression, as quantified by Q-PCR; (ii) reduction in the number of circulating hemocytes; (iii) decrease in the percentage of circulating hemocytes expressing lysozyme mRNA which was now restricted to only small cells, as observed by ISH; and (iv) accumulation of hemocytes expressing lysozyme in the muscle sinus where injection took place. Injection of V. anguillarum or M. lysodeikticus induced significant up-regulation of lysozyme gene expression, but only 2-3days post-injection, with no change in the total hemocyte counts but an increased percentage of hemocytes expressing lysozyme mRNA. Neither the control injection of PBS-NaCl nor temperature stress modified the lysozyme expression pattern. Consequently, the hemocyte population appears to be capable of discriminating between stress factors, and even between 2 Vibrio species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Ecosystèmes Lagunaires UMR5119, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, IFREMER, cc093, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Itoh N, Takahashi KG. cDNA cloning and in situ hybridization of a novel lysozyme in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 148:160-6. [PMID: 17584512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel lysozyme cDNA from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, was identified. This second lysozyme from the Pacific oyster was designated as CGL-2. The complete CGL-2 cDNA sequence comprises of 536 bp, and 429 bp of the open reading frame encodes 147 bp of amino acid residues. Estimated CGL-2 molecular characteristics (isoelectric point and numbers of peptide recognition sites) resembled those of cv-lysozyme 2, a digestive lysozyme of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Moreover, CGL-2 is phylogenetically homologous to the cv-lysozyme 2, indicating that CGL-2 and cv-lysozyme 2 evolved from the same ancestor protein for adaptation to the digestive environment. In situ hybridization revealed that the CGL-2 gene is expressed in digestive cells. It is noteworthy that the other Pacific oyster lysozyme, CGL-1, was also transcribed in the same cells. Presence and expression of multiple lysozymes in the digestive diverticula suggest that CGL-1 and CGL-2 might play complementary roles in digestive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Itoh
- Aquacultural Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
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