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Johny A, Ilardi P, Olsen RE, Egelandsdal B, Slinde E. A Proof-of-Concept Study to Develop a Peptide-Based Vaccine against Salmon Lice Infestation in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.). Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:456. [PMID: 38793707 PMCID: PMC11125789 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins present in blood samples from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) infected with salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) were analyzed using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Bioinformatic analyses revealed 1820 proteins, of which 58 were assigned to lice. Among these, peroxiredoxin-2, an antioxidant protein, was found relevant with respect to blood feeding of the parasite. The three-dimensional structure analysis of the protein revealed a surface amino acid sequence of interest. A 13-amino-acid peptide was selected as a potential antigen due to its predicted solubility, antigenicity, probable non-allergenic, and non-toxic nature. This peroxiredoxin-2-derived peptide was synthesized, combined with a commercially available adjuvant, and used for vaccination. The test vaccine demonstrated a 60-70% protection rate against early-stage Lepeophtheirus salmonis infection in a challenge trial in Norway. Additionally, the vaccine was tested against salmon lice (Caligus rogercresseyi) in Chile, where a remarkable 92% reduction in the number of adult lice was observed. Thus, in combination with the selected adjuvant, the peptide showed antigenic potential, making it a suitable candidate for future vaccine development. The approach described holds promise for the development of peptide vaccines against various ectoparasites feeding on blood or skin secretions of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Johny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway; (B.E.); (E.S.)
| | - Pedro Ilardi
- Farmacologia en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A., 295, Pedro de Valdivia Avenue, Santiago 7500524, Chile
| | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Sealab, 7010 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Bjørg Egelandsdal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway; (B.E.); (E.S.)
| | - Erik Slinde
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Aas, Norway; (B.E.); (E.S.)
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Tartor H, Karlsen M, Skern-Mauritzen R, Monjane AL, Press CM, Wiik-Nielsen C, Olsen RH, Leknes LM, Yttredal K, Brudeseth BE, Grove S. Protective Immunization of Atlantic Salmon (S almo salar L.) against Salmon Lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infestation. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010016. [PMID: 35062677 PMCID: PMC8780844 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a means of control that averts the negative effects of chemical approaches. Here, we studied the immunogenicity and protective effect of a vaccine formulation (based on a salmon lice-gut recombinant protein [P33]) against Lepeophtheirus salmonis infestation in Atlantic salmon in a laboratory-based trial. Our findings revealed that P33 vaccine can provide a measure of protection against immature and adult salmon lice infestation. This protection seemed to be vaccine dose-dependent, where higher doses resulted in lower parasitic infestation rates. We also provide immunological evidence confirming that P33-specific immune response can be triggered in Atlantic salmon after P33 vaccination, and that production of P33-specific antibodies in blood can be detected in vaccinated fish. The negative correlation between P33-specific IgM in salmon plasma and salmon lice numbers on vaccinated fish suggests that protection against lice can be mediated by the specific antibody in salmon plasma. The success of P33 vaccination in protecting salmon against lice confirms the possibility of employing the hematophagous nature of the parasite to deliver salmon-specific antibodies against lice-gut proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Tartor
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433 Ås, Norway; (H.T.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Marius Karlsen
- PHARMAQ AS, P.O. Box 267 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway; (M.K.); (C.W.-N.); (R.H.O.); (L.M.L.); (K.Y.)
| | | | | | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway;
| | - Christer Wiik-Nielsen
- PHARMAQ AS, P.O. Box 267 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway; (M.K.); (C.W.-N.); (R.H.O.); (L.M.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Rolf Hetlelid Olsen
- PHARMAQ AS, P.O. Box 267 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway; (M.K.); (C.W.-N.); (R.H.O.); (L.M.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Lisa Marie Leknes
- PHARMAQ AS, P.O. Box 267 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway; (M.K.); (C.W.-N.); (R.H.O.); (L.M.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Karine Yttredal
- PHARMAQ AS, P.O. Box 267 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway; (M.K.); (C.W.-N.); (R.H.O.); (L.M.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Bjørn Erik Brudeseth
- PHARMAQ AS, P.O. Box 267 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway; (M.K.); (C.W.-N.); (R.H.O.); (L.M.L.); (K.Y.)
- Correspondence: (B.E.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +47-9288-1518 (B.E.B.); +47-4588-2346 (S.G.)
| | - Søren Grove
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433 Ås, Norway; (H.T.); (A.L.M.)
- Institute of Marine Research, 5005 Bergen, Norway;
- Correspondence: (B.E.B.); (S.G.); Tel.: +47-9288-1518 (B.E.B.); +47-4588-2346 (S.G.)
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3
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Botwright NA, Mohamed AR, Slinger J, Lima PC, Wynne JW. Host-Parasite Interaction of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) and the Ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans in Amoebic Gill Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672700. [PMID: 34135900 PMCID: PMC8202022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are susceptible to recurrent amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans over the growout production cycle. The parasite elicits a highly localized response within the gill epithelium resulting in multifocal mucoid patches at the site of parasite attachment. This host-parasite response drives a complex immune reaction, which remains poorly understood. To generate a model for host-parasite interaction during pathogenesis of AGD in Atlantic salmon the local (gill) and systemic transcriptomic response in the host, and the parasite during AGD pathogenesis was explored. A dual RNA-seq approach together with differential gene expression and system-wide statistical analyses of gene and transcription factor networks was employed. A multi-tissue transcriptomic data set was generated from the gill (including both lesioned and non-lesioned tissue), head kidney and spleen tissues naïve and AGD-affected Atlantic salmon sourced from an in vivo AGD challenge trial. Differential gene expression of the salmon host indicates local and systemic upregulation of defense and immune responses. Two transcription factors, znfOZF-like and znf70-like, and their associated gene networks significantly altered with disease state. The majority of genes in these networks are candidates for mediators of the immune response, cellular proliferation and invasion. These include Aurora kinase B-like, rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 25-like and protein NDNF-like inhibited. Analysis of the N. perurans transcriptome during AGD pathology compared to in vitro cultured N. perurans trophozoites, as a proxy for wild type trophozoites, identified multiple gene candidates for virulence and indicates a potential master regulatory gene system analogous to the two-component PhoP/Q system. Candidate genes identified are associated with invasion of host tissue, evasion of host defense mechanisms and formation of the mucoid lesion. We generated a novel model for host-parasite interaction during AGD pathogenesis through integration of host and parasite functional profiles. Collectively, this dual transcriptomic study provides novel molecular insights into the pathology of AGD and provides alternative theories for future research in a step towards improved management of AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Botwright
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Amin R Mohamed
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joel Slinger
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Woorim, QLD, Australia
| | - Paula C Lima
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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4
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Hudson J, Nowak BF. Experimental Challenge Models and In Vitro Models to Investigate Efficacy of Treatments and Vaccines against Amoebic Gill Disease. Microorganisms 2021; 9:710. [PMID: 33808191 PMCID: PMC8065880 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) severely affects salmonid mariculture due to fish losses and costs associated with management of the disease. Continued research into management solutions, including new treatments and vaccine development, is highly important for the future of salmonid production worldwide. This requires both in vitro (both pathogen only and host-pathogen models) and in vivo (disease challenge) testing. Challenge models are still widely varied, in particular with regard to: infection methods (cohabitation or immersion), source of the pathogen (isolated from infected fish or cultured), infectious dose, environmental conditions (in particular temperature) and the endpoints across experimental treatment and vaccine studies which makes comparisons between studies difficult. This review summarises in vitro assays, the challenge methods and endpoints used in studies of experimental treatments and vaccines for AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia;
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5
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Lima PC, Hartley-Tassell L, Cooper O, Wynne JW. Searching for the sweet spot of amoebic gill disease of farmed Atlantic salmon: the potential role of glycan-lectin interactions in the adhesion of Neoparamoeba perurans. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:545-557. [PMID: 33675796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
One of the first critical steps in the pathogenesis of amoebic gill disease (AGD) of farmed salmon is the adhesion of the causative amoeba to the host. The current study aimed to investigate the potential involvement of glycan-binding proteins expressed on the extracellular surface of Neoparamoeba perurans in gill tissue recognition and binding. The glycan-binding properties of the surface membrane of N. perurans and the carbohydrate binding profile of Atlantic salmon gill-derived epithelial cells were identified through the use of glycan and lectin microarrays, respectively. The occurrence of specific carbohydrate-mediated binding was then further assessed by in vitro attachment assays using microtitre plates pre-coated with the main glycan candidates. Adhesion assays were also performed in the presence of exogenous saccharides with the aim of blocking glycan-specific binding activity. Comparative analysis of the results from both lectin and glycan arrays showed significant overlap, as some glycans to which binding by the amoeba was seen were reflected as being present on the gill epithelial cells. The two main candidates proposed to be involved in amoeba attachment to the gills are mannobiose and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Adhesion of amoebae significantly increased by 33.5 and 23% when cells were added to α1,3-Mannobiose-BSA and GalNAc-BSA coated plates. The observed increased in attachment was significantly reduced when the amoebae were incubated with exogenous glycans, further demonstrating the presence of mannobiose- and GalNAc-binding sites on the surfaces of the cells. We believe this study provides the first evidence for the presence of a highly specific carbohydrate recognition and binding system in N. perurans. These preliminary findings could be of extreme importance given that AGD is an external parasitic infestation and much of the current research on the development of alternative treatment strategies relies on either instant amoeba detachment or blocking parasite attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Lima
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - L Hartley-Tassell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - O Cooper
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - J W Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Livestock & Aquaculture, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS 7004, Australia
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6
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Miccoli A, Manni M, Picchietti S, Scapigliati G. State-of-the-Art Vaccine Research for Aquaculture Use: The Case of Three Economically Relevant Fish Species. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:140. [PMID: 33578766 PMCID: PMC7916455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, the aquaculture sector has experienced a 527% growth, producing 82 million tons for a first sale value estimated at 250 billion USD. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites are the major causes of mortality and economic losses in commercial aquaculture. Some pathologies, especially those of bacterial origin, can be treated with commercially available drugs, while others are poorly managed. In fact, despite having been recognized as a useful preventive measure, no effective vaccination against many economically relevant diseases exist yet, such as for viral and parasitic infections. The objective of the present review is to provide the reader with an updated perspective on the most significant and innovative vaccine research on three key aquaculture commodities. European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were chosen because of their economic relevance, geographical distinctiveness, and representativeness of different culture systems. Scientific papers about vaccines against bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases will be objectively presented; their results critically discussed and compared; and suggestions for future directions given.
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7
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Fernandez-Senac C, Fridman S, Sokolowska J, Monaghan SJ, Garzon T, Betancor M, Paladini G, Adams A, Bron JE. A comparison of the use of different swab materials for optimal diagnosis of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1463-1472. [PMID: 32882753 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Routine gill swabbing is a non-destructive sampling method used for the downstream qPCR detection and quantitation of the pathogen Neoparamoeba perurans, a causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD). Three commercially available swabs were compared aiming their application for timelier AGD diagnosis (Calgiswab® (calcium alginate fibre-tipped), Isohelix® DNA buccal and cotton wool-tipped). Calcium alginate is soluble in most sodium salts, which potentially allows the total recovery of biological material, hence a better extraction of target organisms' DNA. Thus, this study consisted of (a) an in vitro assessment involving spiking of the swabs with known amounts of amoebae and additional assessment of retrieval efficiency of amoebae from agar plates; (b) in vivo testing by swabbing of gill arches (second, third and fourth) of AGD-infected fish. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments identified an enhanced amoeba retrieval with Calgiswab® and Isohelix® swabs in comparison with cotton swabs. Additionally, the third and fourth gill arches presented significantly higher amoebic loads compared to the second gill arch. Results suggest that limiting routine gill swabbing to one or two arches, instead of all, could likely lead to reduced stress-related effects incurred by handling and sampling and a timelier diagnosis of AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Fridman
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jadwiga Sokolowska
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Sean J Monaghan
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Teresa Garzon
- Mowi Scotland, Blar Mhor Industrial Estate, Fort William, UK
- PatoGen, The Moorings, Suite 7, Malin House European Marine Science Park, Dunbeg, Oban, UK
| | - Monica Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Giuseppe Paladini
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Marcos‐López M, Rodger HD. Amoebic gill disease and host response in Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar
L.): A review. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12766. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Flores-Kossack C, Montero R, Köllner B, Maisey K. Chilean aquaculture and the new challenges: Pathogens, immune response, vaccination and fish diversification. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:52-67. [PMID: 31899356 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Chile, the salmon and trout farmed fishing industries have rapidly grown during the last years, becoming one of the most important economic sources for the country. However, infectious diseases caused by bacteria, virus, mycoses and parasites, result in losses of up to 700 million dollars per year for the Chilean aquaculture production with the consequent increase of antibiotic and antiparasitic usage. After 30 years of its first appearance, the main salmon health problem is still the salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), which together with other disease outbreaks, reveal that vaccines do not provide acceptable levels of long-lasting immune protection in the field. On the other hand, due to the large dependence of the industry on salmonids production, the Chilean government promoted the Aquaculture diversification program by 2009, which includes new species such as Merluccius australis, Cilus gilberti and Genypterus chilensis, however, specific research regarding the immune system and vaccine development are issues that still need to be addressed and must be considered as important as the farm production technologies for new fish species. Based on the experience acquired from the salmonid fish farming, should be mandatory an effort to study the immune system of the new species to develop knowledge for vaccination approaches, aiming to protect these aquaculture species before diseases outbreaks may occur. This review focuses on the current status of the Chilean aquaculture industry, the challenges related to emerging and re-emerging microbial pathogens on salmonid fish farming, and the resulting needs in the development of immune protection by rational designed vaccines. We also discussed about what we have learn from 25 years of salmonid researches and what can be applied to the new Chilean farmed species on immunology and vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flores-Kossack
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Montero
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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Cano I, Taylor NG, Bayley A, Gunning S, McCullough R, Bateman K, Nowak BF, Paley RK. In vitro gill cell monolayer successfully reproduces in vivo Atlantic salmon host responses to Neoparamoeba perurans infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:287-300. [PMID: 30458309 PMCID: PMC6380893 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro model to study the host response to Neoparamoeba perurans, the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD), was evaluated. The rainbow trout gill derived cell line, RTgill-W1, was seeded onto permeable cell culture supports and maintained asymmetrically with apical seawater. Cells were inoculated with either a passage attenuated or a recent wild clone of N. perurans. Amoebae, loaded with phagocytosed fluorescent beads, were observed associated with host cells within 20 min post inoculation (pi). By 6 h small foci of cytopathic effect appeared and at 72 h cytolysis was observed, with total disruption of the cell monolayer at 96 h pi. Due to cell monolayer disruption, the platform could not support proliferation of amoebae, which showed a 3-log reduction in parasite 18S rRNA mRNA after 72 h (106 copies at 1 h to 103 at 72 h pi). SEM observations showed amoebae-like cells with either short pseudopodia and a malleiform shape, or, long pseudopodia embedded within the gill cells and erosion of the cell monolayer. To study the host immune response, inoculated gill cells were harvested from triplicate inserts at 0, 1, 3, 6, 24 and 48 h pi, and expression of 12 genes involved in the Atlantic salmon response to AGD was compared between infected and uninfected cells and between amoebic clones. Both clones induced similar host inmate immune responses, with the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokine IL1β, complement C3 and cell receptor MHC-1. The Th2 pathway was up-regulated, with increased gene expression of the transcription factor GATA3, and Th2 cytokines IL10, IL6 and IL4/13A. PCNA and AG-2 were also up-regulated. The wild clone induced significantly higher up-regulation of IL1β, MHC-1, PCNA, lysozyme and IL10 than the attenuated clone for at least some exposure times, but AG-2 gene expression was higher in cells inoculated with the attenuated one. A principal component analysis showed that AG-2 and IL10 were key genes in the in vitro host response to N. perurans. This in vitro model has proved to be a promising tool to study host responses to amoebae and may therefore reduce the requirement for in vivo studies when evaluating alternative therapeutants to AGD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
| | - Nick Gh Taylor
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Bayley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Susie Gunning
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Robin McCullough
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Bateman
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- IMAS, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, 7250, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard K Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
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11
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Valdenegro-Vega VA, Cook M, Crosbie P, Bridle AR, Nowak BF. Vaccination with recombinant protein (r22C03), a putative attachment factor of Neoparamoeba perurans, against AGD in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and implications of a co-infection with Yersinia ruckeri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:592-602. [PMID: 25804487 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) affects salmonids during the marine grow-out phase in the Tasmanian industry and in other major salmonid producing countries. During the period post-transfer to seawater, the bacterial condition yersiniosis can also cause high levels of mortality in Atlantic salmon grown in Tasmania, in addition to the hatchery outbreaks. The recombinant protein r22C03, a mannose-binding protein-like (MBP-like) similar to attachment factors of other amoebae, was tested as a vaccine candidate against AGD in a large scale challenge trial. Fish were immunised with r22C03 combined with FCA via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, and given a booster five weeks later by either i.p. injection (RP group) or by a dip-immersion (mRP). Fish were then challenged twice with Neoparamoeba perurans: the initial challenge 16 weeks after primary immunisation was terminated due to presence of ulcerative lesions in the skin of salmon; the second challenge was carried out after five weeks of treatment with oxytetracycline. These skin lesions might have been associated with a concurrent infection with Yersinia ruckeri, which was detected by real-time qPCR in serum of a large proportion of moribund and survivor fish after the AGD challenge. Before and during the N. perurans infection, levels of antibodies against r22C03 were measured by ELISA in serum, skin mucus and supernatant from skin and gill explants. For the second challenge, the average size of AGD lesions was recorded from histology sections and survival curves were obtained. Before AGD challenge, r22C03 induced antibody responses in serum and explants with both vaccination strategies. At the end of the challenge, levels of antibodies were lower than before challenge irrespective of treatment. Both vaccinated groups presented increased serum antibody responses, while only mRP presented antibody responses in skin mucus, and no significant antibody responses were measured in the explants. Antibodies did not confer protection to N. perurans infection, as no difference was observed in the survival curves of the vaccinated and control groups, and there was no effect on the gill lesion size. The concurrent yersiniosis infection probably represented more closely infection patterns observed in commercial settings. However, it could have interfered with the survival results and with the ability of the fish to respond to the amoebae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Valdenegro-Vega
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia.
| | - Mathew Cook
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Philip Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Sciences, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas 7250, Australia
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Nowak B, Valdenegro-Vega V, Crosbie P, Bridle A. Immunity to amoeba. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:257-267. [PMID: 23921258 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic infections in fish are most likely underestimated and sometimes overlooked due to the challenges associated with their diagnosis. Amoebic diseases reported in fish affect either gills or internal organs or may be systemic. Host response ranges from hyperplastic response in gill infections to inflammation (including granuloma formation) in internal organs. This review focuses on the immune response of Atlantic salmon to Neoparamoeba perurans, the causative agent of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nowak
- NCMCRS, AMC, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | - Philip Crosbie
- NCMCRS, AMC, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Andrew Bridle
- NCMCRS, AMC, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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