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Cox N, De Swaef E, Corteel M, Van Den Broeck W, Bossier P, Dantas-Lima JJ, Nauwynck HJ. The Way of Water: Unravelling White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Transmission Dynamics in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp. Viruses 2023; 15:1824. [PMID: 37766231 PMCID: PMC10534367 DOI: 10.3390/v15091824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot disease (WSD) is a severe viral threat to the global shrimp aquaculture industry. However, little is known about white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) transmission dynamics. Our aim was to elucidate this in Litopenaeus vannamei using peroral in vivo WSSV challenge experiments. We demonstrated that WSD progression was rapid and irreversible, leading to death within 78 h. Viral DNA shedding was detected within 6 h of disease onset. This shedding intensified over time, reaching a peak within 12 h of the time of death. Isolating shrimp (clinically healthy and diseased) from infected populations at different time points post-inoculation showed that host-to-host WSSV transmission was occurring around the time of death. Exposing sentinels to environmental components (i.e., water, feces, molts) collected from tanks housing WSSV-infected shrimp resulted in a significantly (p-value < 0.05) increased infection risk after exposure to water (1.0) compared to the risk of infection after exposure to feces (0.2) or molts (0.0). Furthermore, ingestion of WSSV-infected tissues (cannibalism) did not cause a significantly higher number of WSD cases compared to immersion in water in which the same degree of cannibalism had taken place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Cox
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | | | - Mathias Corteel
- IMAQUA, 9080 Lochristi, Belgium; (E.D.S.); (M.C.); (J.J.D.-L.)
| | - Wim Van Den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | | | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Krishnan K, Katneni VK, Prabhudas SK, Kaikkolante N, Jangam AK, Katneni UK, Hauton C, Peruzza L, Mudagandur SS, Koyadan VK, Poochirian JK, Jena J. MRF: a tool to overcome the barrier of inconsistent genome annotations and perform comparative genomics studies for the largest animal DNA virus. Virol J 2023; 20:72. [PMID: 37072853 PMCID: PMC10111743 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genome of the largest known animal virus, the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) responsible for huge economic losses and loss of employment in aquaculture, suffers from inconsistent annotation nomenclature. Novel genome sequence, circular genome and variable genome length led to nomenclature inconsistencies. Since vast knowledge has already accumulated in the past two decades with inconsistent nomenclature, the insights gained on a genome could not be easily extendable to other genomes. Therefore, the present study aims to perform comparative genomics studies in WSSV on uniform nomenclature. METHODS We have combined the standard mummer tool with custom scripts to develop missing regions finder (MRF) that documents the missing genome regions and coding sequences in virus genomes in comparison to a reference genome and in its annotation nomenclature. The procedure was implemented as web tool and in command-line interface. Using MRF, we have documented the missing coding sequences in WSSV and explored their role in virulence through application of phylogenomics, machine learning models and homologous genes. RESULTS We have tabulated and depicted the missing genome regions, missing coding sequences and deletion hotspots in WSSV on a common annotation nomenclature and attempted to link them to virus virulence. It was observed that the ubiquitination, transcription regulation and nucleotide metabolism might be essentially required for WSSV pathogenesis; and the structural proteins, VP19, VP26 and VP28 are essential for virus assembly. Few minor structural proteins in WSSV would act as envelope glycoproteins. We have also demonstrated the advantage of MRF in providing detailed graphic/tabular output in less time and also in handling of low-complexity, repeat-rich and highly similar regions of the genomes using other virus cases. CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic virus research benefits from tools that could directly indicate the missing genomic regions and coding sequences between isolates/strains. In virus research, the analyses performed in this study provides an advancement to find the differences between genomes and to quickly identify the important coding sequences/genomes that require early attention from researchers. To conclude, the approach implemented in MRF complements similarity-based tools in comparative genomics involving large, highly-similar, length-varying and/or inconsistently annotated viral genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthic Krishnan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Vinaya Kumar Katneni
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India.
| | - Sudheesh K Prabhudas
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Nimisha Kaikkolante
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Jangam
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Upendra Kumar Katneni
- The Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
| | - Chris Hauton
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK
| | - Luca Peruzza
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Shashi Shekhar Mudagandur
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Vijayan K Koyadan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
| | - Jithendran Karingalakkandy Poochirian
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600028, India
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Hernández-Montiel Á, Giffard-Mena I, Weidmann M, Bekaert M, Ulrich K, Benkaroun J. Virulence and genetic differences among white spot syndrome virus isolates inoculated in Penaeus vannamei. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 152:85-98. [PMID: 36453457 DOI: 10.3354/dao03707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infects several economically important aquaculture species, and has caused significant losses to the industry. This virus belongs to the Nimaviridae family and has a dsDNA genome ranging between 257 and 309 kb (more than 20 isolate genomes have been fully sequenced and published to date). Multiple routes of infection could be the cause of the high virulence and mortality rates detected in shrimp species. Particularly in Penaeus vannamei, differences in isolate virulence have been observed, along with controversy over whether deletions or insertions are associated with virulence gain or loss. The pathogenicity of 3 isolates from 3 localities in Mexico (2 from Sinaloa: 'CIAD' and 'Angostura'; and one from Sonora: 'Sonora') was evaluated in vivo in whiteleg shrimp P. vannamei infection assays. Differences were observed in shrimp mortality rates among the 3 isolates, of which Sonora was the most virulent. Subsequently, the complete genomes of the Sonora and Angostura isolates were sequenced in depth from infected shrimp tissues and assembled in reference to the genome of isolate strain CN01 (KT995472), comprising 289350 and 288995 bp, respectively. Three deletion zones were identified compared to CN01, comprising 15 genes, including 3 envelope proteins (VP41A, VP52A and VP41B), 1 non-structural protein (ICP35) and 11 other encoding proteins whose function is currently unknown. In addition, 5 genes (wsv129, wsv178, wsv204, wsv249 and wsv497) presented differences in their repetitive motifs, which could potentially be involved in the regulation of gene expression, causing virulence variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Hernández-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada No. 3917, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
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Rapid regulation of hemocyte homeostasis in crayfish and its manipulation by viral infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Liu LK, Chen XX, Gao RL, Wang KJ, Zheng WY, Liu HP. A cytokine receptor domeless promotes white spot syndrome virus infection via JAK/STAT signaling pathway in red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 111:103749. [PMID: 32505616 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway is pivotal in immune responses for a variety of pathogens in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Domeless (Dome), as a unique cytokine receptor, involves in the upstream JAK/STAT pathway in invertebrates. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of a cytokine receptor Dome was identified from red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (named as CqDome), which contained an open reading frame of 4251 bp, encoding 1416 amino acids. The CqDome contained extracellular conservative domains of a signal peptide, two cytokine binding modules (CBM), three fibronectin-type-III-like (FN3) domains and a transmembrane region. Tissue distribution analysis showed that CqDome generally expressed in all the tissues selected with a high expression in hemocyte. The gene expression of both the viral immediately early gene (IE1) and a late gene envelope protein VP28 of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) were significantly decreased after gene silencing of CqDome in crayfish haematopoietic tissue (Hpt) cells, indicating a key role of CqDome in promoting WSSV infection. Furthermore, the phosphorylation level of CqSTAT was significantly inhibited by gene silencing of CqDome in Hpt cells, indicating that CqDome participated in signal transduction of JAK/STAT pathway in red claw crayfish. These data together suggest that CqDome is likely to promote WSSV infection via JAK/STAT pathway, which sheds new light on further elucidation of the pathogenesis of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Rui-Lin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Wen-Yun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, PR China.
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Encinas-García T, Loreto-Quiroz DL, Mendoza-Cano F, Peña-Rodriguez A, Fimbres-Olivarria D, Re-Vega ED, Sánchez-Paz A. White spot syndrome virus down-regulates expression of histones H2A and H4 of Penaeus vannamei to promote viral replication. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 137:73-79. [PMID: 31802744 DOI: 10.3354/dao03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly lethal and contagious pathogen to most cultivated shrimp species. The WSSV genome contains the ICP11 gene and its encoded protein acts as a multifunctinal DNA mimic protein that disrupts the nucleosome assembly by binding to the histone proteins H2A and H3. In addition, WSSV provokes severe nuclear hypertrophy and DNA damage. However, little is known about the influence of WSSV on the expression of the host's genes encoding for histones. Therefore, we investigated the effect of WSSV infection on the expression of the genes encoding histones in shrimp Penaeus vannamei. An RT-qPCR assay was performed to evaluate the temporal expression of H2A and H4 transcripts in the shrimp. Significant changes were observed in the expression of these genes, which coincided with the dynamics of replication of the virus. H2A reached its maximum expression levels at 12 hpi. Thus, it may be suggested that this is a viral strategy to evade the host's immune response in order to promote viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Encinas-García
- Laboratorio de Análisis, Referencia y Diagnóstico en Sanidad Acuícola, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Calle Hermosa 101, Col. Los Ángeles, Hermosillo, Sonora 83106, México
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7
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Parrilla-Taylor DP, Vibanco-Pérez N, Durán-Avelar MDJ, Gomez-Gil B, Llera-Herrera R, Vázquez-Juárez R. Molecular variability and genetic structure of white spot syndrome virus strains from northwest Mexico based on the analysis of genomes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5090402. [PMID: 30184198 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has a ∼300 kb double-stranded DNA genome. It originated in China, spread rapidly through shrimp farms in Asia, and subsequently to America. This study determined complete genome sequences for nine historic WSSV strains isolated from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) captured in farm ponds in northwest Mexico (Sinaloa and Nayarit). Genomic DNA was captured by an amplification method using overlapping long-range PCR and sequencing by Ion Torrent-PGM. Complete genome sequences were assembled (length range 255-290 kb) and comparative genome analysis with WSSV strains revealed substantial deletions (3 and 10 kb in two regions) in seven strains, with two strains differing from the rest. Phylogenetic analysis identified that the WSSV strains from the northern area of the state of Sinaloa clustered with strains from China (LC1, LC10, DVI) and Korea (ACF2, ACF4), while those from the southern region of the state of Nayarit (AC1 and JP) differed from both of those and from strains found in Taiwan and Thailand. Our data offer insights into the diversity of the WSSV genome in one country and their divergent origin, suggest that it entered Mexico via multiple routes and that specific genome regions can accommodate substantial deletions without compromising viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Patricia Parrilla-Taylor
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096. México
| | - Norberto Vibanco-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Tepic, Nayarit. 63000. México
| | - Maria de Jesús Durán-Avelar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Tepic, Nayarit. 63000. México
| | - Bruno Gomez-Gil
- CIAD, A.C. Mazatlán Unit for Aquaculture, Sinaloa. 82000. México
| | - Raúl Llera-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología - Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Joel Montes Camarena s/n, P.O.Box 811. Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico. 82000
| | - Ricardo Vázquez-Juárez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096. México
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de Macêdo Mendes C, Teixeira DG, Lima JPMS, Lanza DCF. Characterization of putative proteins encoded by variable ORFs in white spot syndrome virus genome. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:8. [PMID: 30999895 PMCID: PMC6474068 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-019-0106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus which causes mortality of several species of shrimp, being considered one of the main pathogens that affects global shrimp farming. This virus presents a complex genome of ~ 300 kb and viral isolates that present genomes with great identity. Despite this conservation, some variable regions in the WSSV genome occur in coding regions, and these putative proteins may have some relationship with viral adaptation and virulence mechanisms. Until now, the functions of these proteins were little studied. In this work, sequences and putative proteins encoded by WSSV variable regions were characterized in silico. Results The in silico approach enabled determining the variability of some sequences, as well as the identification of some domains resembling the Formin homology 2, RNA recognition motif, Xeroderma pigmentosum group D repair helicase, Hemagglutinin and Ankyrin motif. The information obtained from the sequences and the analysis of secondary and tertiary structure models allow to infer that some of these proteins possibly have functions related to protein modulation/degradation, intracellular transport, recombination and endosome fusion events. Conclusions The bioinformatics approaches were efficient in generating three-dimensional models and to identify domains, thereby enabling to propose possible functions for the putative polypeptides produced by the ORFs wsv129, wsv178, wsv249, wsv463a, wsv477, wsv479, wsv492, and wsv497. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12900-019-0106-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayro de Macêdo Mendes
- Applied Molecular Biology Lab - LAPLIC, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Diego Gomes Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Matos Santos Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Daniel Carlos Ferreira Lanza
- Applied Molecular Biology Lab - LAPLIC, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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9
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Direct sequencing of the white spot syndrome virus from Brazil: Genome assembly and new insights on phylogeny. Virus Res 2018; 245:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Li YY, Chen XX, Lin FY, Chen QF, Ma XY, Liu HP. CqToll participates in antiviral response against white spot syndrome virus via induction of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor in red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:217-226. [PMID: 28479346 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that Tolls/Toll like receptors (TLRs), a family of pattern recognition receptors, play important roles in immune responses. Previously, we found that a Toll transcript was increased in a transcriptome library of haematopoietic tissue (Hpt) cells from the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus post white spot syndrome virus infection. In the present study, a full-length cDNA sequence of Toll receptor (named as CqToll) was identified with 3482 bp which contained an open reading frame of 3021 bp encoding 1006 amino acids. The predicted structure of CqToll protein was composed of three domains, including an extracellular domain of 19 leucine-rich repeats residues, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain of 138 amino acids. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that CqToll was expressed widely in various tissues determined from red claw crayfish with highest expression in haemocyte but lowest expression in eyestalk. Importantly, significant lower expression of the anti-lipopolysacchride factor (CqALF), an antiviral antimicrobial peptide (AMP) in crustaceans, but not CqCrustin was observed after gene silencing of CqToll in crayfish Hpt cell cultures, indicating that the CqALF was likely to be positively regulated via Toll pathway in red claw crayfish. Furthermore, the transcription of both an immediate early gene and a late envelope protein gene VP28 of WSSV were clearly enhanced in Hpt cells if silenced with CqToll, suggesting that the increase of WSSV replication was likely to be caused by the lower expression of the CqALF resulted from the loss-of-function of CqToll. Taken together, these data implied that CqToll might play a key role in anti-WSSV response via induction of CqALF in a crustacean C. quadricarinatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China; School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feng-Yu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qiu-Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xing-Yuan Ma
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, PR China.
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Li F, Gao M, Xu L, Yang F. Comparative genomic analysis of three white spot syndrome virus isolates of different virulence. Virus Genes 2016; 53:249-258. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pace BT, Hawke JP, Subramanian R, Green CC. Experimental inoculation of Louisiana red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 120:143-150. [PMID: 27409237 DOI: 10.3354/dao03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii represents an important aquaculture species responsible for over half of all commercial aquaculture profits in Louisiana, USA. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is highly pathogenic in crustacean species and induces mass mortality in aquaculture operations worldwide. Natural outbreaks of WSSV occur yearly in cultured populations of crayfish in Louisiana. The goal of this study was to better understand the infectivity of WSSV in P. clarkii, by determining the minimum lethal dose necessary to initiate infection and to measure the resulting cumulative mortality following infection with different doses. A real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) method was used to detect WSSV in DNA extracted from gill tissue to ensure P. clarkii study populations were WSSV-free before the start of trials. Viable viral particles were isolated from naturally infected P. clarkii gill tissue and quantified using a novel digital PCR approach. Three infectivity trials were performed, and WSSV inocula were created by serial dilution, generating 5 treatments per trial. Five crayfish (weighing ~25 g) per dilution per trial received viral inoculations. Mortality was monitored daily for the duration of the trial in order to construct a median lethal dose (LD50) curve, and probit regression analysis was used to determine LD50 concentrations of viral particles. Knowledge of the infectivity of WSSV in native crayfish populations is of critical importance to the management of the commercial crayfish aquaculture industry in Louisiana. This is the first study to investigate the infectivity and to determine the LD50 of the Louisiana strain of WSSV in native crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barcley T Pace
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Aquaculture Research Station, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, USA
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Wu J, Li F, Huang J, Xu L, Yang F. Crayfish hematopoietic tissue cells but not hemocytes are permissive for white spot syndrome virus replication. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:67-74. [PMID: 25541079 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes are the major immune cells of crustaceans which are believed to be essential for the pathogenesis of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Crayfish hemocytes and hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cells have been found to be susceptible to WSSV infection, but the procedure of WSSV infection to both cell types has not yet been carefully investigated. In this study, we analyzed the infection and proliferation of WSSV in crayfish hemocytes as well as HPT cells in detail through transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The results showed that WSSV could enter both hemocytes and HPT cells through endocytosis, but the production of progeny virus was only achieved in HPT cells. Further investigation demonstrated that although WSSV could transcribe its genes in both cell types, viral genome replication and structural protein expression were unsuccessful in hemocytes, which may be responsible for the failure of progeny production. Therefore, we propose that both hemocytes and HPT cells are susceptible to WSSV infection but only HPT cells are permissive to WSSV replication. These findings will extend our knowledge of the interaction between WSSV and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jiajun Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Limei Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China.
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